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CSE30337

WaterandWasteManagement

Dr.DanTsang
Office:ZS946/dan.tsang@polyu.edu.hk
OfficeHours:Opendoorpolicy orbyappointment

CourseOutline
Drinkingwater
waterdemandandsupply;watersupplysystem(lecture1)
watertreatment coagulation/flocculation(lecture23)
watertreatment filtration(lecture4)
test1(lecture5)
watertreatment disinfection(lecture6)
Wastewater
sewerageengineering(lecture7)
wastewatertreatment sedimentation(lecture89)
test2(lecture10)
wastewatertreatment biological(lecture9,11)
Solidwaste
wastegenerationandcollection(lecture12)
wasterecyclingandreduction(lecture13)
31469
Week Lecture Remarks
1 waterdemandandsupply;watersupplysystem
2 watertreatment coagulation/flocculation
3 watertreatment coagulation/flocculation Tutorial1a
4 watertreatment filtration Tutorial1b
5 Test1 Tutorial1c
6 watertreatment disinfection
7 sewerageengineering Tutorial2a;
8 wastewatertreatment sedimentation Tutorial2b;LAB1a,d
9 wastewatertreatment sedimentation;biological Tutorial2c;LAB1b,e
10 Test2 Lab001c;LAB2d
11 wastewatertreatment biological Tutorial3a;LAB2a
12 wastegenerationandcollection Tutorial3b;LAB2b
13 wasterecyclingandreduction Tutorial3c;LAB2c,e

31472
Week Lecture Remarks
1 waterdemandandsupply;watersupplysystem
2 watertreatment coagulation/flocculation Tutorial1
3 watertreatment coagulation/flocculation
4 watertreatment filtration
5 Test1
6 watertreatment disinfection
7 sewerageengineering LAB001
8 wastewatertreatment sedimentation Tutorial2
9 wastewatertreatment sedimentation;biological LAB002
10 Test2
11 wastewatertreatment biological LAB001
12 wastegenerationandcollection Tutorial3
13 wasterecyclingandreduction LAB002
CourseOutline
Continuousassessment
tutorials(0%)(Z406)
discussandaskquestions
twolabreports(2%each)(ZS1102)
dueintwoweeksafterthelabsessions
twotests(13%each)(Lecture5and10)
45min,week5,lecture14
45min,week10,lecture69
exam(70%)
3hours,endofsemester,comprehensive,lecture113

CourseOutline
SuggestedReferences
Davis,M.L.,WaterandWastewaterEngineering:DesignPrinciplesandPractice.McGraw
Hill,NewYork,2011
Peavy,H.S.,Rowe,D.R.,Tchobanoglous,G.,EnvironmentalEngineering.McGrawHill,
NewYork,1985
Henry,J.G.,Heinke,G.W.,EnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,PrenticeHall,1996
Davis,M.L.,Masten,S.J.,PrinciplesofEnvironmentalEngineeringandScience,2nd
edition.McGrawHill,NewYork,2009
Masters,G.M.,IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringandScience,2ndedition.
PrenticeHall,NewJersey,1997
Tchobanoglous,G.,Burton,F.L.,Stensel,H.D.,WastewaterEngineering:Treatmentand
Reuse,4thedition.McGrawHill,NewYork,2003
Crittenden,J.C.,Trussell,R.R.,D.W.,Howe,K.J.,Tchobanoglous,G.,WaterTreatment:
PrinciplesandDesign,2ndEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Hoboken,NewJersey,2005
http://www.epd.gov.hk
http://www.wsd.gov.hk
http://www.dsd.gov.hk
WaterSupply

Dr.DanTsang

WaterSupply
15conventionalreservoirs,2
reservoirsinthesea(PloverCove
ReservoirandHighIslandReservoir)
storagecapacity=586Mm3
7080%ofrawfreshwater
suppliedfromtheDongjiangRiver
inGuangdongprovince
83kmnorthofHongKong
WaterSupply
closedaqueductsystemto
bypassallsourcesofpollution
onthesupplyroutebetween
Dongjiangintakeand
ShenzhenReservoir
markedimprovementin
Dongjiangwaterqualitysince
thesystemoperationinJune
2003

WaterSupply
Closedaqueductsystem
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Multiplebarrierprinciple
shiftfrom solely
monitoringwaterquality
to requirementof
multiplebarriers:
engineeringcontrolsto
preventwater
contamination
catchment
treatmentplant
distributionsystem

WaterSupply
TotalWaterManagementStrategy
introducedin2008
optimalbalancebetweenwaterdemandandwatersupply
ensurethesustainableuseofresources
TotalWaterManagement
WaterDemandManagement
enhancepubliceducationonwaterconservation
promoteuseofwatersavingdevices
enhancewaterleakagecontrolandimproveleakagedetection
replaceandrehabilitateagedwatermains
extenduseofseawaterfortoiletflushing

TotalWaterManagement
WaterDemandManagement
enhancepubliceducationonwater
conservation
publiceducationandpublicity
programmes,particularlytargetingat
theyoungpeople
newinitiativesofpubliceducation
programmes(television
documentariesandwebsites)
TotalWaterManagement
WaterDemandManagement
enhancepubliceducationonwaterconservation
behavioralchangetoconserveeverydropofwater

TotalWaterManagement
WaterDemandManagement
promoteuseofwatersavingdevices
lowflowshowerheads(30%),tapsthatlimitflow(4555%)
highwaterefficiencywashingmachines(50%)anddishwashers(60%)
WaterEfficiencyLabellingScheme(WELS)
voluntaryscheme,facilitateconsumerstochoosewatersavingdevices
similartoEnergyEfficiencyLabellingSchemeforelectricalappliances
TotalWaterManagement
WaterDemandManagement
activewaterleakagecontrol
ageingof6,150kmfreshwatermains(some
partsconstructed>30yearsago)
majorfactorofleakage
newtechnologies:comprehensivepressure
management,telemetricdistrictmetering
replaceandrehabilitateagedwatermains
aimstoreducewaterleakagetosave85Mm3
ofwatereachyearby2030
ReplacementandRehabilitation
Programme
3,000kmofwatermains(2,500kmof
freshwatermains)by2015,cost$19.2billion

TotalWaterManagement
Video(6min)
WaterDemandManagement (waterleakage_Nov2013)
activewaterleakagecontrol
replaceandrehabilitateagedwatermains

WorldBank(Water&SanitationSector)
TotalWaterManagement
WaterDemandManagement
extenduseofseawaterfortoiletflushing
preparatoryworkinprogressforthesupply
toDisneyland,PokFuLam,TuenMunEast,
YuenLongandTinShuiWai

WaterSupply
seawaterfortoiletflushingca.80%coverage
TotalWaterManagement
WaterSupplyManagement
strengthenprotectionofwaterresources
activelyconsiderwaterreclamation(includingreuseofgreywaterand
rainwaterharvesting)
developtheoptionofseawaterdesalination

TotalWaterManagement
WaterSupplyManagement
strengthenprotectionofwaterresources
developthewaterpollutionrisksand
impactsassessmentframework
improvetheexistingcatchwater
systemforsafeandeffectivecollection
ofsurfacewater
continueclosedialoguewiththe
GuangdongAuthoritiestoensurethe
highestqualityofimportedwater
TotalWaterManagement
WaterSupplyManagement
activelyconsiderwaterreclamation
uselowerqualitywatertoreplacehighqualitywatercurrently
usedfornonpotablepurposes
toiletflushingandlandscapeirrigation
plantoprovidereclaimedwaterfromShekWuHuiSewage
TreatmentWorksforconsumersinSheungShuiandFanling
fortoiletflushingandothernonpotableuses
leadtimemaytakeeightyears
estimatedtosave21Mm3 ofwatereachyear
reuseofgreywaterandrainwaterharvesting
e.g.,newMTRpropertydevelopmentinTseungKwanO
forirrigation,streetcleaningandwaterfeatures
TotalWaterManagement
WaterSupplyManagement
developtheoptionofseawaterdesalination
expandingreservoir highcostsand
negativeenviron.impact
reverseosmosis(RO)technology
TuasSeawaterDesalinationPlant
(Singapore)withacapacityofproducing
10%ofnationaldemand(50Mm3 peryear)
PerthSeawaterDesalinationPlant
(Australia)providing17%ofPerthswater
demandatfullcapacity
energyintensiveduetohighpressure
highercostthanimportedrawwater

Video(6min)
TotalWaterManagement (watercharges_Apr2014)
(TWMreview_Mar2014)
WaterSupply

(CivicExchange)
WaterSupply
Watersupplysystem(17reservoirs,21treatmentworks,
6,300kmofwatermains)
WaterSupply Video(7min)
(waterstorage_Nov2013)

Freshwatersupplysystem

WaterSupply
Seawatersupplysystem(1,619kmofwatermains)
WaterSupply
Distribution
delivereithermaximumhourlyflowormaximumdailydemandplusfire
requirements (whicheverisgreater)toanypointinthemunicipality
mainsatleast150mmindiameterinresidentialarea
shutoffvalvesatgridjunctions
isolateanypipesegmentformaintenanceorrepairwithoutinterrupting
servicetootherpartsofthegrid
importantfeatureforsystemreliability,particularlyincaseoffire

WaterSupply
Distribution
waterpressures inthedistributionnetwork
130260kPainresidentialareaswithbuildingsnotoverfourstoriesinheight
400500kPainareaswithtallercommercialorresidentialbuildings
impracticaltoinstallcostlyadditionalpumpsattheplantorreservoirto
increasesystempressuresenoughtosupplytheupperfloorsofverytall
buildingswithadequatewater
boosterpumpsinthebuildingspumpwatertorooftopreservoirs,which
servetheupperfloorsandprovidewaterforfirefighting
WaterSupply
Distribution
watermainslocatedwithinmunicipalroadallowancessoastobeaccessible
formaintenance
atsufficientdepthtobesafefromtrafficloadsandbelowfrostlevel(13m)

Video(15min)
WaterSupply (RTHK watersupplyinHK_Aug2015)

Distribution
Topography
highpipepressureincreaseswaterleakageandpossiblydamageshot
watertanks
lowpressureisinconvenient andpossiblyresultsincontamination of
themainsandinadequatefireprotection
dividethedistributionsystemintoseparatezones
withareservoirandpumpingstationineachzonefeddirectlybyhigh
pressurefeedermainsfromthewaterplantormainreservoir
designingapipenetwork
selectasystemofpipesthatvaryinsize
providedesiredflowsandpressuresforreasonablecombinationof
demandsatdifferentlocations
WaterSupply
Flowinpipenetworks
waterdistributionsystems
interconnectedpipesandappurtenances
hydraulicconditions flowcapacities andpressures inthemainsand
atpointsofwaterwithdrawal
simplifyorskeletonizethesystem
replacingmanysmallerwatermainsbyequivalentpipestoreduce
thenumberofloopsandinterconnections
conductedconceptuallyintheory,i.e.,existingpipesnotactually
replacedinthestreets
networkanalysismethods
performedtoplanforpossibleexpansionorupgradingofwater
supplynetwork

WaterSupply
Flowinpipenetworks
equivalentpipe
onethathasthesamehydrauliccharacteristicsasthepipesit
theoreticallyreplaces
foranygivenflowrate,pressuredropthroughtheequivalentpipeis
thesameastotalpressuredropthroughtheoriginalpipes
foranygivenpressuredrop,flowrateintheequivalentpipeisthe
sameastotaldischargethroughtheoriginalpipes
WaterSupply
Flowinpipenetworks
equivalentpipe
pipesinseries

pipesinparallel

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PipesinSeries
Apipelineseriesconsistsof500mof200mmdiameterpipefrompointA
topointBand800mof300mmdiameterpipefrompointBtopointC
Determinetheequivalentdiameterofasingle1300mlongpipelinefrom
AtoCthatcouldtheoreticallyreplacethepipesABandBC
WaterSupply
PipesinSeries
Step1:assumeanyflowrateQ
theoretically,anyflowratecanbeselected
flowrateshouldgenerallybeselectedwithintherangeofflowson
theHazenWilliamsnomograph
Thus,assumeaflowrateQ=

Step2:usingthenomograph,lineupflowrateQanddiameterDforeach
sectionoftheoriginalseriespipeline
readslopeSandcomputeheadlosshL =S Lforeachsection,where
Listhelengthofthesection
Thus,forsectionAB,lineupQ=andD=ontheHazenWilliams
nomograph
S=;hL =
SimilarlyforsectionBClineupQ=andD=
S=;hL =

WaterSupply
Flowrate

Diameter

Slope

HazenWilliamsEquation:

V=kCR0.63S0.54
WhereV=flowvelocity;R=hydraulicradius
(i.e.,areaofflowdividedbywetted
perimeter);S=slope;andC=roughness
factor;k=conversionfactorforunitsystem
(k=1.318forUSunits,k=0.849forSIunits)
WaterSupply
PipesinSeries
Step3:adduptheheadlossesforallsectionsintheseries
determineatotalheadlosshL fortheassumeddischargeQinpipelines
Thus,totalheadlossfromAtoCashL =

Step4:convertthetotalheadlosshL toanoverallhydraulicgradient
S=hL/L,whereListhespecifiedtotallengthoftheequivalentpipe
Thus,overallhydraulicgradientfromAtoCasS=

Step5:enterthenomographagainwiththeassumedvalueofQandthe
computedvalueS;readtherequireddiameterDoftheequivalentpipe
Thus,lineupQ=andS=onthenomograph
D=
Anequivalentpipeforthisproblemhasadiameterofmmanda
lengthofm (nomographreadingsareapproximate)

WaterSupply
PipesinParallel
TwopipelinesareconnectedinparallelfromjunctionAtojunctionB
BranchAIBconsistsof500mof300mmdiameterpipe,andbranchAIIB
consistsof1500mof200mmpipe
Determinetheequivalentdiameterofasingle500mlongpipelinefrom
AtoBthatcouldreplacethegivenloop
WaterSupply
PipesinParallel
Step1:assumeatotalheadlosshL acrosstheloopfromthefirstpipe
junctionatAtosecondpipejunctionatB
assumedheadlossmustbethesameforbothtopbranchandbottom
branchoftheloop,sincethepressuresattheendsofeachpipeare
thesameatthejunctions
Thus,assumethathL =

Step2:forbranchAIB,computeS=hL/L,whereListhelengthofAIB
Thus,forbranchAIB,S=

Step3:entertheHazenWilliamsnomograph withDandSforbranchAIB
determineQI inthatbranch
Thus,fromtheHazenWilliamsnomographwithD=andS=
QI =

WaterSupply
Flowrate

Diameter

Slope

HazenWilliamsEquation:

V=kCR0.63S0.54
WhereV=flowvelocity;R=hydraulicradius
(i.e.,areaofflowdividedbywetted
perimeter);S=slope;andC=roughness
factor;k=conversionfactorforunitsystem
(k=1.318forUSunits,k=0.849forSIunits)
WaterSupply
PipesinParallel
Step4:repeatsteps2and3forbranchAIIBtodetermineQII
Thus,ForbranchAIIB,S=
Fromthenomograph,withD=andS=,QII =
Step5:computethetotalflowrateQenteringjunctionAasQ=QI +QII
Thus,totalflowQ=
Step6:determineanoverallhydraulicgradientS
S=assumedhL/L,whereListhespecifiedlengthofequivalentpipe
Thus,overallhydraulicgradientS=
Step7:enterthenomographagainwiththeQandS;readtherequired
diameterDoftheequivalentpipe
Thus,fromthenomograph,withQ=andS=
D=
Anequivalentpipeforthisproblemhasadiameterofmmanda
lengthofm

WaterSupply
PipeNetworkAnalysis
HardyCrossmethod
trialanderrorprocedure
correctionsareappliedtoassumedflowratesinamannerthatleads
quicklytoahydraulicallybalancedsystem

atanyjunction
Q in Qout
foranyloop
h L 0

HardyCrossformula

Q
h L

1.85 ( h L / Q)
WaterSupply
PipeNetworkAnalysis
HardyCrossmethod
insteadofreplacingtheloopofparallelpipeswithanequivalentpipe
ifaflowof400L/senterstheloopatjunctionA,whatwillbetheflow
ratesQI inbranchAIBandQII inbranchAIIB?

Q in Qout

h L 0

WaterSupply

HazenWilliamsEquation:

V=kCR0.63S0.54
WhereV=flowvelocity;R=hydraulicradius
(i.e.,areaofflowdividedbywetted
perimeter);S=slope;andC=roughness
factor;k=conversionfactorforunitsystem
(k=1.318forUSunits,k=0.849forSIunits)
WaterSupply
PipeNetworkAnalysis
HardyCrossmethod
assumethattheflowrateQI =300L/sandQII =100L/s
minussignindicatesacounterclockwisedirectionofflow
magnitudesoftheflowsmustaddupto400(300+100=400)
usetheHazenWilliamsnomographtofind
PipeAIB:ForQ=andD=
S=andhL =
PipeAIIB:ForQ=andD=
S=andhL =
hL =
theloopisnotbalancedandourassumedflowsareincorrect
usetheHardyCrosscorrectionformula

Q
h L

1.85 ( h L / Q)

WaterSupply
PipeNetworkAnalysis
HardyCrossmethod
addtheflowcorrectionQ=totheassumedflows
QI =andQII = (note:)
usetheHazenWilliamsnomographagain
PipeAIB:ForQ=andD=
S=andhL =
PipeAIIB:ForQ=andD=
S=andhL =
hL =
makeananotherattemptusingtheHardyCrosscorrectionformula
WaterSupply
PipeNetworkAnalysis
HardyCrossmethod
addtheflowcorrectionQ=(roundedoffforpracticalpurpose)to
theassumedflows
QI =andQII = (note:)
usetheHazenWilliamsnomographagain
PipeAIB:ForQ=andD=
S=andhL =
PipeAIIB:ForQ=andD=
S=andhL =
hL =
theloopisapproximatelybalancedwithQI =andQII =
pressuredropfromAtoBisabout

WaterSupply
ComplexNetworks
Step1:foreachpipeinthenetwork,assumeaflowrateandflow
direction
theonlyrestrictiononthisinitialassumptionforflowsisthatthe
totalflowgoingintoapipejunctionmustequalthetotalflowgoing
outofthatjunction(Qin =Qout)
Step2:solvingonlyoneloopatatime,usetheHazenWilliams
nomographtodetermineSandhL foreachpipeintheloop
Step3:computehL andhL/Q,usingtheappropriatesigns(+or)
hL/Qtermsarealwayspositive
Step4:computeQ,theflowcorrectionfortheloop,usingtheHardy
Crossformula
addQtotheflowineachpipeofthatloop,usingappropriatesign
donotchangetheflowsintheotherloop(s)withthisQ
WaterSupply
ComplexNetworks
Step5:repeatsteps2to4foranadjacentloopinthenetwork
atleastoneofthepipesinthefirstloopispartoftheadjacentloop
usethepreviouslycorrectedflow(s)inthecommonpipe(s)
butthealgebraicsignsoftheflowsandheadlossesinthecommon
pipe(s)change,dependingonwhichloopisbeingevaluated
Step6:alternativelyrepeatsteps2to4foreachloopinthenetwork
asmanytimesasneededtoarriveatareasonablybalancedsystem
adifferenceoflessthan10percentbetweenthepositiveand
negativeheadlossesinaloopisacceptable,inlieuofhL =0

HandsonExercise
Awaterdistributionsystemhasbeenskeletonizedandreducedtothe
twoloopnetworkshownbelow
Aflowrateof60L/sispumpedintothenetworkatpointA,andtwo
majorwaterwithdrawalpoints,atCandD,discharge20L/sand40
L/s,respectively
Determinetheflowratesinallthepipesofthenetwork

Q in Qout

h L 0

Q
h L

1.85 (h L / Q)
HandsonExercise
Assumethefirsttrial

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