Builders Line

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 2

Mob: 9500008150 / 9940111589
contents
Chenanai - Nashri Tunnel 08
22
Indian Construction Wonder
CREDAI Leadership to herald a new Era 16

in Real Estatre
Types of Masonry Walls 18
16
Horizantal Bands in Masonry Buildings 22
Masonry Re Inforcement and Accessory 30

metals or masonry Wall Construction
5 Safety Tips to Protect 34

Construction Workers in the Summer
34
How to Improvr masonry Resistance
against penetration of water
Saint- Gobaim`s Infinity range trans- 36
38
forms high- reses with solar luxury and
comfort to living spaces
Types of Bonds 38
in Brick Masonry wall
Construction & Wall
28
52
46 April 2017 Volume 2 issue 10
46
40 Benifits of using Concrete pump in
Construction Projects
42 Definition of terms Brick Masonry
44 Valuation of Old Flats

The legal Procedures of Old Flats
Valuation and not a Hassle Purchase
46 Brick Masonry Construction Tips

for Quality and Durability
48 48 Properties of Materials
for Reinforced Concrete
Masonry Walls Construction
8
50 Green panel defers decision on JSW
Cements limestone mine project
in Gulbarga.
50 Economic Lighting on Site , Choosing Light

Tower Rentals for Your Construction Project
52 Load bearing Masonry
56 Conmax - Cool coat
48 Owned By:
Prompt Publication
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Chennai - 600 006, Tamil nadu, India
E: englishbuildersline@gmail.com,
Mob: 98417 43850, W: www.buildersline.in
CHENANI-NASHRI TUNNEL
INDIAN
CONSTRuCTION WONDER
C
henani-Nashri tunnel, Indias longest million).It is the first tunnel in the country with a fully
highway tunnel, on the Jammu-Srina- integrated tunnel control system.
gar national highway, was inaugura The tunnel reduces the distance between
ted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi Jammu and Srinagar by 30.11 km (18.7 mi) and
on April 2. cut travel time by two hours. The all-weather tun-
The prime minister was accompanied by road nel bypasses snowfall and avalanche prone areas
transport and highways and shipping minister Nitin in winter at places like Patnitop, Kud, and Batote
Gadkari and minister of state for PMO and MP from that obstruct NH 44 every winter and cause long
Kathua-Udhampur constituency, Jitendra Singh. queues of vehicles - sometimes for days at length.
chenani-Nashri Tunnel, also known as Patnitop Location
Tunnel, is a road tunnel in the Indian state of Jammu The tunnel is located on the lower Himalayan
and Kashmir on NH 44 (former name NH 1A before range at an altitude of 1,200 metres.The Southern
renumbering of all national highways). The work portal (end) of the tunnel is at 33.0463N 75.2793E
was started in 2011 . and the Northern portal (end) of the tunnel is at co-
It is India's longest road tunnel with a length of ordinates 33.1285N 75.2928E. The tunnel has
9.28 km (5.8 mi).[4] The original estimate to build been excavated starting from about 2 km (1 mi)
this two-lane tunnel was 2,520 crore (US$370 mil- from Chenani town south of Patnitop to Nashri vil-
lion), but escalated to a total of 3,720 crore (US$550 lage north of Patnitop.
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Construction
The foundation was laid for the project in July 2011 by the then Jam-
mu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah with Union Health Minister
Ghulam Nabi Azad, under the ruling UPA government.The initial estimated
budget for the project was Rs 2519 crore.
The scheduled date of completion for the project was May 2016 and
the executing agency was hopeful of finishing the job by December 2015,
which was around five months ahead of the deadline. Later, due to a dis-
pute between the construction workers and the executing agency, the work
was delayed and the target of completion ahead of schedule couldn't be
achieved. The next planned date was June 2016 which was then further
extended to July 2016.
On 12th October 2016, Greater Kashmir reported, Deputy Commis-
sioner of Ramban, Mohammad Aijaz had confirmed that almost all the work
had been completed and the remaining work was planned to be finished in
a few days. It said that the official sources informed, 98 percent civil work
including construction of 9 kilometer tunnel and its approach road has been
completed while the installation of equipment and gadgets like sound diffus-
ers, ventilators, fans, firefighter equipment, electrical panels, transformers,
lighting etc. inside the tunnel is under progress and likely to be completed in
next 20-30 days. They added that after the completion of remaining work,
it has to pass the quality and commuters safety tests, and that the entire
process would be completed by last week of November and authorities will
either inaugurate the "ambitious" project in last week of November of first
week of December, depending upon the availability of representatives from
Union Government.
However in January 2017, the project did not yet reach its completion,
and there was an uproar in the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly, where the
opposition legislators demanded to know why the tunnel was not opened.
Congress MLA from Inderwal, Ghulam Mohammad Saroori said that both
Jammu-Srinagar and Jammu-Kishtwar National Highways are closed at
various places due to land sliding and added that several passengers were
trapped on both the Highways at various places. He demanded immediate
opening of Chenani-Nashri tunnel so that the inconvenience caused to the
people could be addressed, besides, the trapped passengers and vehicles
could reach to their destinations.

On 3 February 2017, the official sources said that the project is getting
delayed due to bad weather conditions and snowfall on the highway, which
snapped the electricity supply to the area and so the executing agency was
unable to continue with the required testing and inspection processes.
According to Kashmir Life's news article on 1 March 2017, the Inde-
pendent engineers (IEs) reported that the demonetization from November
8, 2016, till then resulted in work getting affected drastically, since the con-
tractors failed to pay the labour involved in the work.
Their report said that the contractors were unable to collect the tools
and tackles of small amount due to the restrictions of amount withdraw-
al from the Bank accounts, and the sub-contractors were not able to pay
to daily labour wage which was around Rs. 200, besides being unable to
purchase the essential material from local market due to non-availability of
cash. Business Development Executive (BDE) of Since such a long tunnel could present the
Beigh Construction Company (BCC), Shafaq Syed problem of a lack of oxygen, to ensure that there
also confirmed, Demonetization crippled our is no excessive carbon-dioxide build-up inside, there
working. We were unable to make payments to are several exhaust meters that will check the air
our sub-contractors. Paying wages had become all through the length of the tunnel. With inlets, ev-
impossible. ery 8 meters, bringing fresh air into the main tube,
The tunnel was finally opened on 2 April and exhaust outlets every 100 m opening into the
2017. It was inaugurated by the Prime Minister escape tube, the tunnel is the countrys first and
Narendra Modi. The construction involved nearly the worlds sixth road tunnel with a transverse
1,500 engineers, geologists and labourers, be- ventilation system.
sides skilled workers. The National Highway Au- Transverse ventilation will keep tailpipe smoke
thority of India has spent Rs 3,720 crore on the inside the tunnel at a minimum level in order to pre-
project. vent suffocation and keep visibility at acceptable
Features and benefits levels, especially since the tunnel is so long. The 29
The Chenani-Nashri tunnel comprises two cross passages between the two tunnels will be used
tubes that run parallel to each other the main to evacuate, through the escape tunnel, a user who
traffic tunnel of diameter 13 m, and a separate might be in distress or to tow away any vehicle that
safety or escape tunnel of diameter 6 m along- might have broken down in the main tunnel. A total
side. The two tubes each approximately 9 km of 124 cameras and a linear heat detection system
long are connected by 29 cross passages[13] inside the tunnel will alert the Integrated Tunnel Con-
at regular intervals of every 300 meters along the trol Room (ITCR) located outside the tunnel to the
entire length of the tunnel. These passages add need for intervention. In the case of a traffic viola-
up to about 1 km of tunnel length, and the main tion, the Control Room will inform the traffic police
and escape tubes, plus the cross passages make deployed outside the tunnel, who will impose a fine
up about 19 km of tunnel length. on errant drivers on the spot.
SOS boxes installed every 150 m will act as
emergency hotlines for commuters in distress. To
connect to the ITCR to seek help, one would only
need to open the door of the SOS box and say Hel-
lo, said the IL&FS (Infrastructure Leasing & Financial
Services Ltd) Project Director J S Rathore. Commut-
ers can use their mobile phones inside the tunnel. To
prevent diminution of vision as a result of change in
the light while going in or coming out of the tunnel,
the lighting inside has been adjusted at a gradient of

luminous strength. The tunnel is built with fire safety
measures. As soon as sensors detect fire, a safety
protocol will kick in, and the pushing of fresh air will
stop and only exhausts will function. Longitudinal
exhaust fans installed at regular intervals will con-
centrate on 300 m on either side of the fire, pushing
the smoke upward. Ambulances or vehicles carrying
foam will rush through the escape tunnel to evacu-
ate commuters and fight the fire..
The heat detection system inside the tunnel will
record rises in temperature in the tunnel the re-
sult of excessive emissions which may be caused by
one or more vehicles. In such cases, the ITCR will
get in touch with staff inside the tunnel, and the of-
fending vehicle will be pulled over into a lay-by and
subsequently removed by a crane through the paral-
lel escape tunnel.
The tunnel is located at an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet
in difficult Himalayan terrain. Despite having been excavat-
ed in such geographic conditions, both tubes are completely
waterproof.
Because of this two-lane tunnel, the distance between
Jammu and Srinagar is reduced by 30.11 km (18.7 mi) and
travel time is cut by two hours. Also, the distance between
Chenani and Nashri will be reduced to 9.2 km from 41 km.
It will also bypass 44 avalanche and landslide-prone spots
on the highway. It is an all-weather tunnel and is said to en-
able an increase in trade and tourism in the state. Deputy
commissioner of Ramban, Aijaz Asad said, "This state-of-
the-art tunnel will also have parking spots in case of vehicle
breakdowns"
After Chenani-Nashri tunnel, here are Narendra Modis
top infrastructure projects for Jammu and Kashmir
Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led Union government
has planned a number of infrastructure projects in Jammu
and Kashmir.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led Union government
has planned a number of infrastructure projects in Jammu
and Kashmir. The state has seen a rise in separatist activi-
ties, with scores of youth taking to stone pelting against India
security forces, in the last one year. The Government of In-
dia hopes that the infrastructure and development projects
would encourage the misled Kashmiri youth to utilise their
energy for creative purposes and join the mainstream de-
velopment process of the rest of the country.
On April 2, PM Modi dedicated Indias longest highways Another ring road around Srinagar will be built at a cost
tunnel Chenani-Nashri tunnel in Jammu and Kashmir to of Rs 2200 crore. According to Union Transport Minister Ni-
the nation. Modi said the longest tunnel between Udhampur tin Gadkari, the work on this project will start within three
and Ramban in J&K would will not only reduce the distance months.
between Jammu and Srinagar, but also promote tourism in The government is building the Zojila tunnel between
the valley, open up employment opportunities for the youth Leh and Ladakh at a cost of Rs 6000 crores.
and give a boost to development in the state.
According to Gadkari, during the year 2016-17, Rs 1019
Here are the top infrastructure projects planned crore have been sanctioned for 72 projects in Jammu and
by Modi government for Jammu and Kashmir: Kashmir.
Ring Road around Jammu will be built at a cost of Rs The Chenani-Nashri tunnel is a part of the 286-km-long
2100 crores. four-laning of the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway. The

structure consists of a 9-km long, two-lane main tunnel with
a parallel escape tunnel of the same length.
The two tunnels are connected by 29 cross
passages at regular intervals along the entire
length of the tunnel.
In January 2015, Modi government had
approved two highway projects in Jammu and
Kashmir involving the total investment of about
Rs 3,383 crore. The first project of four-laning
of Ramban-Banihal section of National High-
way 1A (now NH-44) in Jammu and Kash-
mir was estimated to cost Rs 1,623.98 crore,
while another project related to four-laning of
Udhampur- Ramban section of National High-
way. The 40.07-km road project was estimated
to shun terrorism and adopt tourism. The Kashmiri youth
have a choice to select one of the two paths- one of tourism
the other of terrorism. The path of bloodshed has not helped
anyone and will never help anyone, the PM said.
One hopes that the infrastructure projects would inspire
misled Kashmiri youth to give up terrorism.
Chenani-Nashri tunnel: Prime Minister Narendra Modi
today inaugurated South Asias longest road tunnel which
will connect the 9.2 km stretch from Chenani to Nashri in
Jammu and Kashmir. The tunnel is one of the most tech-
nologically advanced and is all set to give a massive push
to countrys economy. It is Indias first and the worlds sixth
tunnel which has a transverse ventilation system. The tunnel
apart from reducing travel time by 2 hours will also protect
tarvellers from dangers of land and snow slides. The tun-
to cost Rs 1,758.68 crore. nel would be unmanned and would be controlled externally.
According to reports, BSNL, Airtel and Idea have equipped
The government is building the tallest bridge in the
the tunnel to ensure signals for cell phone connectivity 24/7.
world over river Chenab at Doda (359 metre above the riv-
SOS boxes have also been installed every 150 m for pas-
er). The bridge had earlier remained in controversy because
sengers with basic first aid kit and medicines. 124 cameras
of politics. The bridge would be built at a cost of Rs 1198
have been installed in the tunnel for proper surveillance.
crore. After construction, it will surpass the current record
held by Beipan river Shuibai railway bridge (275m) in Gui- The tunnel is a part of NHAIs project between Srinagar
zhou province of China. and Jammu along with National Highway 44 and cost Rs
3,720 crore. The tunnel was built in less than 6 years and
Hydropower projects: The government is planning to
is expected to bring down the travel time between Chenani
start six hydro-power projects worth $15 billion in Kash-
and Nashri by two hours. The tunnel is expected to save fuel
mir. According to news agency Reuters, the government
worth Rs 27 lakh per day. Speaking after the inauguration,
has fast-tracked the projects, ignoring Pakistans warning
Nitin Gadkari promised Rs 60,000 crore road infrastructure
that the hydropower projects would disrupt water supply to
projects in the next two years. Gadkari said that the tun-
the Islamic country. While inaugurating the Chenani-Nashri
nel will create job opportunities for unemployed youth in the
bridge on April 2, PM Modi had appealed Kashmir youth
valley and will give a boost to the economy.
lane project on the Jammu-Srinagar

CHENANI-NASHRI HERE ARE 10 FACTS ABOUT highway.
9. It is meant to avoid stretches
1. The length of the tunnel is 6. The main tunnel is 13 metre of National Highway 44 prone to ava-
9.28 km. The worlds longest high- in diametre, the parallel escape tun- lanches and landslides. Patnitop, Kud,
and Batote will be bypassed now.
way tunnel is 24.51 km and is in nel is 6 metre diametre and are con-
Norway. nected by 29 cross passages at 300- 10. The speed limit in the tunnel
2. It will reduce the travel dis- metre gap. will be 50km/hour and headlights will
tance between Jammu and Srina- 7. The tunnel have to be low beam
gar by 30.11 km, which will help boasts of an inte-
save fuel worth Rs 27 lakh daily. grated system that
3. Built on the lower Hima- will control com-
layan range at a height of 1,200 munication, venti-
metres, it will cut travel time be- lation, video sur-
tween the two cities by at least veillance, power
two hours. supply, SOS call box,
fire fighting and in-
4. The project cost is Rs 3,720
cident detection
crore, Rs 1,200 crore more than
and an FM signal
the initial estimated cost.
repeater.
5. Work on the tunnel system
8. It is part of a
started on May 23, 2011.
286-km-long four-
CREDAI LEADERSHIP TO HERALD Extends support to the
A NEW ERA Governments Mission of
Housing for All by announc-
IN REAL ESTATE ing the launch of 250 Af-

fordable Housing Projects
across India
T
he New Leadership under Shri.
Jaxay Shah will focus on Afford-
ability, Accountability, Employment and
seasonal employment providers in India
next only to agriculture, creating more
than 45 million jobs either directly or in-
CREDAI, said, The real estate sector
has seen its share of ups and downs in
the past two years. With RERA, GST and
Revenue generation for driving growth in directly. In the coming years, real estate Demonetisation, 2017 is marked as one
the real estate industry and construction sector is set to become of the most crucial years for the sector.
Showing solidarity for the Govern- the prime employment generator in India, CREDAI welcomes the transition and be-
ments Mission of Housing for All, CRE- registering the maximum rise in human lieves that Mr. Jaxay Shahs team is fully
DAI today announced the launch of 250 resource requirement from 2013-2022, prepared to take ahead what has begun
affordable housing projects across India according to National Skill Development and consolidate the sector into a trans-
under the leadership of Mr. Jaxay Shah Corporation (NSDC) as there is an esti- parent, accountable, professional and fi-
President Elect, CREDAI. The Project mated need of around 76.5 million work- nancially viable industry.
aims to launch more than 200 affordable ers in the building, construction and real
Mr. Jaxay Shah President Elect,
housing projects through CREDAI mem- estate sector by 2022 and Affordable
CREDAI, added, It is truly a Naya Daur
bers, under the purview of the various housing alone is expected to need 38 mil-
for the sector as finally we will be able to
CREDAI State or City Chapters accord- lion workforce by 2030 from 29 million at
realize the full potential of the sector. Go-
ing the guidelines laid down by CREDAI present, predictably becoming the key
ing forward, our Team will strive on our
National. Through this initiative, CREDAI job creator in the industry.
core pillars of affordability, accountabil-
aims to create a considerable inventory Realizing this potential of the Real ity, employment and revenue to ensure
of affordable housing so as to enable con- Estate Industry, CREDAI is mobilizing its that the contribution made by the sector
sumers and its member developers to member developers to join the Housing towards the economy and Housing for
take benefit of various government incen- for All mission and undertake affordable All will not only match, but exceed ex-
tives announced for the segment as well housing projects to achieve the Govern- pectations Speaking on behalf of the New
as tackle the shortage of housing in the ments vision. At the same time, CREDAI Team at CREDAI I feel that this is a good
country. also understands the value of robust pro- time for the sector and we understand our
The real estate sector is the second cesses and new policy reforms such as responsibility. It is this commitment to our
largest employer, which contributes 9% awarding infrastructure status to afford- responsibility that has driven us towards
to Indias GDP. It is one of the largest able housing, RERA and GST for unlock- the endeavor of 250 Affordable Housing
ing the full potential of the sector, as an
Projects wherein CREDAI members will

industry as well as an investment option. launch affordable housing projects un-
In this regard, Mr. Jaxay Shahs team will der the purview of various CREDAI City
be working collectively on their four key Chapters under the criteria laid down by
pillars of affordability, accountability, em- CREDAI National. We have set out to es-
ployment and revenue generation to cre- tablish a model and accelerate the afford-
ate a holistic growth environment of the able housing segment, especially in the
industry that takes into account all stake- post budget scenario where the demand
holders and consumer needs to ensure for the same has been highlighted and in-
that the sector and the economy are on centivized.
the path of sustainable growth, which is
Mr. Shah concluded, Mr. Anand and
spearheaded by transparent, professional
his team have a set an excellent example
and financially viable businesses.
and we have to set that as a benchmark
Highlighting the work down by CRE- going forward, helming the weight of the
DAI and its members in the past two sector and the expectations that will come
years, Mr. Getamber Anand President, with this new age.
N RY TYPES OF
S O
A Pages
M
MASONRY
Er. Dinesh Chandar
WALLS
M
asonry walls are the most durable part of any
building or structure. They provide strength,,
durability to the structure and also helps to control
any other. The durability and strength of masonry wall
construction depends on the type and quality of material
used and workmanship. Based on the type of individual
indoor and outdoor temperature. It separates a building units used for masonry walls and their functions, the
from outside world. types of masonry walls are:
Masonry is the word used for construction with 1. Load Bearing Masonry Walls:
mortar as a binding material with individual units of Load bearing masonry walls are constructed with
bricks, stones, marbles, granites, concrete blocks, bricks, stones or concrete blocks. These walls directly
tiles etc. Mortar is a mixture of binding material with transfer loads from the roof to the foundation. These
sand. Binding materials can be cement, lime, soil or
walls can be exterior as well
as interior walls. The con-
struction system with load
bearing walls are economical
than the system with framed
structures.
The thickness of load
bearing walls is based on the
quantity of load from roof it
has to bear. For example a

load bearing wall with just a
ground floor can have its out-
er walls of 230mm, while with
one or more floors above it,
based on occupancy type, its
thickness may be increased.
The load bearing walls
can be reinforced or unrein-
forced masonry walls.
2. Reinforced Masonry
Walls:
Reinforced masonry
walls can be load bearing
walls or non-load bear-
further reduce the ingress of moisture.
4. Composite Masonry Walls:
These walls are constructed with two or more units
such as stones or bricks and hollow bricks. This type of
masonry wall construction is done for better appearance
with economy.
In composite masonry walls, two wythes of masonry
ing walls. The use of reinforcement in walls helps it to

withstand tension forces and heavy compressive loads.
The un-reinforced masonry walls are prone to cracks
and failure under heavy compressive loads and during
earthquakes. They have little ability to withstand lateral
forces during heavy rain and wind. Cracks also develop
in un-reinforced masonry walls due to earth pressure or
differential settlement of foundations.
To overcome such problems, reinforced masonry
walls are used. Reinforcement in walls are at required
intervals both horizontally and vertically is used. The size
units are constructed bonding with each other. While one
of reinforcement, their quantity and spacing are deter-
wythe can be brick or stone masonry while the other can
mined based on the loads on the walls and structural
be hollow bricks. A wythe is a continuous vertical section
conditions.
of masonry one unit in thickness.
3. Hollow Masonry Walls:
These wythes are interconnected either by horizon-
Hollow or Cavity masonry walls are used to prevent tal joint reinforcement or by using steel ties.
moisture reaching the interior of the building by provid-
5. Post-tensioned Masonry Walls:
ing hollow space between outside and inside face of
the wall. These walls also helps in temperature control Post-tensioned masonry walls are constructed to
inside the building from outside wall as the hollow space strengthen the masonry walls against the forces that
restricts heat to pass through the wall. may induce tension in the wall such as earthquake forces
or wind forces.

When the wall is exposed to moisture for a sus-
These walls are constructed from the foundation
level and post-tensioning rods are anchored into the

foundation. These rods are run vertically between the
wythes or in the core of concrete masonry units.
tained period and penetrates through the outer face, the
water reaches the cavity or the hollow space and flows After the masonry wall construction is completed
down. Then they are drained through the weep holes to and cured, these rods are tensioned and anchored on the
the exterior of the building. These hollow spaces may be steel place at the top of the wall.
coated with water repellent coating or damp-proofing to
TATA HOUSING TO BUILD INDIAS BIGGEST
GYMNASTIC CENTRE IN THANE
~facility at par with international standards will serve all six disciplines, will span 1.2 lakh sq. ft. ~
T
ata Housing, one of the largest
real estate developers in India,
will build the countrys biggest gymnas-
ment. We are committed to supporting
the state and the nation in its efforts to
nurture world class gymnasts, and we
a closely held public limited company
and a subsidiary of TATA Sons Lim-
ited. TATA Sons Limited holds 99.86%
tics center in Thane near Mumbai in believe this facility built exclusively for of equity share capital of the company.
partnership with the Thane Municipal gymnastsis a step in that direction. Since its revival in 2006, the company
Corporation.The 1.2 lakh-square foot Ms. Pooja Surve, International has grown exponentially establishing
centre will be developed in a public-pri- Gymnast and Coach and Shiv Chha- itself as the fastest growing real estate
vate partnership modelwith the Thane trapati AwardeeThis facility, including developers in India, with 70 million sq.ft
Municipal Corporation at one of the flooring and equipment, will be designed under various stages of planning and
most premium location Pokhran Road as per international standards and serve execution and an additional 19 million
No. 2 in Thane. all six disciplines of gymnastics. More- sq.ft in the pipeline. Tata Housing has
The multi-story facility will include over, it will exclusively focus on the sport stood out in the industry with quality
an arena to accommodate all six disci- of gymnastics allowing young and sea- construction, ethical and transparent
plines of gymnastics, two team rooms soned players to train in an uninterrupted business practices, rapidly acquiring
with separate areas for players and and safe environment. I believe facilities an image as a Quality Conscious and
coaches, a physiotherapy room, a mu- of this kind will encourage younger play- Reliable Developer.
sic room, VIP rooms, a jury room, an ers to pursue the sport and be trained up Today, Tata Housing is develop-
administration area, a gymnasium, and to Olympic standards. ing large townships and differentiated
a yoga room. It will also be designed to Situated at the Pokhran Road II and theme based projects in major and
host 300 viewers, complete with park- close proximity to the Upvan Lake, this mini metros. As a comprehensive
ing space. location is famous for hosting the San- real estate developer of choice, Tata
Announcing this facility, Brotin Ba- skruti Arts Festival. Being one of the big- Housing straddles across all consumer
nerjee, MD & CEO, Tata Housing, said, gest lakes in Thane, surrounded by Yeo- segments from value to luxury hous-
We are honored to associate with the or Hills, and lies in the Pokhran-II, Upvan ing, by offering products ranging from
Thane Municipal Corporation to develop Lake is regarded as the most premium Rs. 12 lakhs to Rs. 14 crores. All proj-
Indias largest gymnastics center. The location in Thane. ects developed by Tata Housing are
Centre will be designed to international About Tata Housing certified sustainable green develop-
specifications, will provide access to ments, designed by top internationally
world class training facilities and equip- Established in 1984, Tata Housing is renowned architects.
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COOL COAT
HORIZONTAL BANDS IN
N RY
S O
A Pages
Masonry Buildings
M Types, locaTion, design and applicaTions
Chris Lorries
Horizontal bands in masonry build- At the plinth level of the building

ings are seismic bands consisting of sistance from the whole building, other
than having an individual contribution. At the levels of lintels (i.e. at door
reinforced concrete. Types of horizontal
What are Horizontal Bands in and windows)
band, their location, design and applica-
tions are discussed. Masonry Buildings? At the ceiling levels
As the demand for masonry build- The horizontal band can be The requirement of horizontal
ings is still a prominent method existing defined as a method of reinforcing the bands in roof level is not necessary if
masonry buildings by providing bands the roofs are reinforced concrete or
for building construction, it is necessary

to bring up with additional innovations with higher tension strength. This is reinforced masonry slab units given
to make them perform more resistant enabled in areas where two structural that they have a depth of 2/3rd wall
towards the seismic demands. elements of a building meet, so that a thickness.
From past records, it has been connection is formed all together and Types of Horizontal Bands
seen that a higher rate of masonry they would behave like a single unit.
Based on the area where a
buildings undergo sudden collapse Horizontal bands can be also horizontal band is provided, it can be
under earthquake motion. This is due to termed as seismic bands which consist classified as follows
its brittle property i.e. it has no appre- of reinforced concrete running flat
throughout all the external and internal Gable Band
ciable ductility stages.
masonry wall elements. Roof Band
One of the most important meth-
ods of increasing the seismic resis- Location of Horizontal Bands in Lintel Band
tance of masonry buildings is by the Buildings Plinth Band
incorporation of horizontal bands. The Horizontal bands are implemented The figure below depicts the
use of horizontal bands will help all the at the following levels: important elements of an earthquake
elements to be confined together as a
resistant masonry buildings.
single unit. This would have a total re-
Fig.4: reinforced concrete band and Wooden band
A brief explanation on each indi-
vidual bands are given below: Gable Band
in table-1. These recommenda-
Plinth Band Those buildings that have sloped
tions are for buildings located in Zone
This type of horizontal bands is es- roof i.e. truss construction, gable bands
5, as per Indian code.
sential in those areas where the soil on are necessary. Now the incorporation
of Gable band is not shown in the figure Fig.3: Reinforcement Details of
which the building has to be construct- Horizontal Bands in Masonry Walls
ed is weak. The soil will be soft with un- as the building have a flat roof. When
even properties. This problem is mainly the roof construction is by using a truss, The details of sizes and recom-
found in soils found in hilly areas. This the requirement of gable band comes mendations of bands are provided by
band is hence not necessary if we have into play. Indian Standards IS 4326-1993 and IS
a stronger soil and substructure. Design Details of Horizontal Band 13828(1993). The bands used can be
either wooden material or reinforced
Lintel Band The recommendations on the
concrete. R.C bands are the best ones.
As the names tells these are design of horizontal bands are provided
A minimum of 75mm x 38mm is used
horizontal bands provided at the lintel by IS:4326-1996 Code of practice. This
for runners and 50mm x 30mm mini-
level. And it is provided in almost all is applicable for the buildings from brick
mum for spacers as shown in figure 4.
buildings. Under the action of earth- or concrete block walls and also those
with RC flat slab roofs. The dimen- When reinforced concrete bars
quake ground motion, the lintel band is are used , at least 75mm thickness
subjected to constant bending as well sion of the horizontal band and the
reinforcement details depend upon the has to be provided. A minimum of two
as pulling as shown in figure 2. Hence bars of 8mm diameter is required that
the construction of lintel band has to length of the walls which is between the
perpendicular cross walls. is tied across with the help of steel
done with special care and supervision. links. The steel links , with a minimum
Roof Band The details of the dimension of the
of 6mm diameter with a spacing of
band and its reinforcement details with
These bands are mainly employed 150mm center to center distance, is
respect to the wall thickness for build-
in buildings with roofs made of flat incorporated as shown in figure 4.
ings with different functionality is shown

timber or CGI sheets. If the building roof
is made of reinforced concrete slabs or
brick roofs as mentioned before, there
is no need of these bands. As R.C slabs
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Expert Speaks..
T
19
Useful Questions & Answers on Practical Civil Engineering Works
Piles and Foundation

98. In designing reservoirs, the indirect ten-
sile strength of the concrete mix is specified to
be less than a specific value (e.g. 2.8N/mm2) for
potable water. Why should engineers put an up-
per limit of indirect tensile strength?
The crack width formation is dependent on the early ten-
sile strength of concrete. The principle of critical steel ratio
also applies in this situation. The amount of reinforcement order to control the formation of such wide crack widths,
required to control early thermal and shrinkage movement the concrete mix is specified to have an indirect tensile
is determined by the capability of reinforcement to induce strength at 7 days not exceeding a certain value (e.g. 2.8N/
cracks on concrete structures. If an upper limit is set on the mm2 for potable water). Reference is made to R. D. An-
early tensile strength of immature concrete, then a range chor, A.W. Hill and B. P. Hughes (1979).
of tiny cracks would be formed by failing in concrete ten- 99. In designing the lateral resistance of piles,
sion. However, if the strength of reinforcement is lower should engineers only use the earth pressure
than immature concrete, then the subsequent yielding of against pile caps only?
reinforcement will produce isolated and wide cracks which In some design lateral loads are assumed to be resist-
is undesirable for water-retaining structures. Therefore, in ed by earth pressure exerted against the side of pile caps
only. However, it is demonstrated that the soil resistance
of pile lengths do contribute a substantial part of lateral re-
sistance. Therefore, in designing lateral resistance of piles,
earth pressure exerted on piles should also be taken into
consideration.
In analysis of lateral resistance provided by soils, a se-
ries of soil springs are adopted with modulus of reaction
kept constant or varying with depth. The normal practice of
using a constant modulus of reaction for soils is incorrect
because it overestimates the maximum reaction force and
underestimates the maximum bending moment. To obtain
the profile of modulus of subgrade reaction, pressuremeter
tests shall be conducted in boreholes in site investigation.

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Reference is made to Bryan Leach (1980). piles are proven to have sufficient capacity by using dynamic
7. In some codes, they limit the ratio of weight method. In this case, static method should be employed to
of hammer to weight of pile for pile driving. What ascertain if the soil foundation could support these H-piles.
is the reason behind this? 101. What is the function of drilling fluid in ro-
When a hammer with initial motion collides with a sta- tary drilling in site investigation?
tionary pile, the transfer of energy is ost efficient when the Drilling fluid in rotary serves two main purposes:
two masses are comparable. That is the reason why some
(i) Facilitate the rotation of drilling tube during rotary drilling;
codes limit the ratio of weight of hammer to the weight of
pile to be more than 0.5. If the weight of hammer is too low, (ii) Act as a cooling agent to cool down heat generated dur-
most of energy during hammer driving is distributed to the ing drilling operation.
hammer and this causes tension induced in hammer and Traditionally, water is normally employed as drilling fluid.
results in inefficient transfer of energy. However, it suffers from the
100. Should engineers rely solely on Hileys following drawbacks:
formula in the design of H-piles? (i) It affects the stability of nearby ground with the introduc-
About 90% of H-piles adopt Hileys formula for design. tion of water into the
However, this formula is only applicable to pile lengths less borehole (borehole for soil; drillhole for rock);
than 30m and is suitable for course-grained materials (not (ii) It affects the quality of sample by changing the water
suitable to fine-grained soils) as suggested by GEO (1996). content of soil samples
In Hileys formula, by observing the penetration of piles af-
collected from the borehole/drillhole.
ter the hammer impact, the pile capacity could be readily
obtained from the response of the impacting force. There- Substitutes are available in market to replace water as drill-
fore, the individual pile capacity could be obtained by this ing fluid (e.g. white foam).
dynamic method. 102. What are the differences in function be-
However, in normal foundation, groups of H-piles are tween rock anchors and rock sockets?
present and the soil foundation may not be able to sup- Rock anchors are used primarily for resisting uplift forces.
port these H-piles simultaneously even though individual On the contrary, rock sockets
serve three main purposes:
(i) Rock socket friction and end bearing to

resist vertical load;
(ii) Passive resistance of rock sockets
contribute to resistance of lateral load; and
(iii) Socket shaft friction is also used for
resisting uplifting forces. But only 70% of this
capacity should be used because of the ef-
fect of negative Poisson ratio.
Note: Rock anchors, which may consist
of a high tensile bar or a stranded cable, are
provided for tension piles
when there are insufficient soil covers to
develop the required uplifting resistance
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House of the Month : Architectural Record
A Unique of
Privacy and
Serenity
Milwaukee, US
Johnsen Schmaling
Architects A Sunken Pation attached to the
lower-level guest suit containes
a fire pit
J
ust a stones throw from Lake Michi-
gan, in a neighborhood of postwar
single-family homes, Johnsen Schmal-
ing Architects has designed a vibrant house for
a couple that enjoys entertaining but also values
privacy and serenity. Nestled into a sloped site,
the split-level structures interlocking volumes
separate public and private wings, defining sev-
eral outdoor spaces.
A deeply recessed entrance leads directly
to the center of the T-shaped house. On one
side is the open living, dining, and kitchen area,
its ceiling and walls wrapped with white oak. A
glasswalled staircase leads up to the fireplace-
centered observatory and down to the guest The master bedroom opens to a
suite and a sunken patio. On the opposite side of amaal private patio
the entrance, a linear, one-story, cedar-clad wing
contains the master bedroom, a large double
Builders line English Monthly |April 2017 | 28
bath, a secluded garden, and the garage. The

architects chose the furnishings and worked with Much of our discussion with the clients focused on how to cre-
the clients to select, frame, and hang art from ate a mood-enhancing space, says Sebastian Schmaling. Organized
their collection. around perpendicular axes of activity, the homes layout contributes
to a sense of order and peacefulness,
The glass- walles Staircase
seperates a covered patio
from a sitting area facing
while material and color choices help

the building harmonize with its forested
context.
the kitchen Island
The site is lush and verdant in

the summer, Schmaling explains, but
things change very dramatically with the
seasons. Winters here are harsh, and
theres a long period when everythings
just gray, brown, and white. As a result,
the Milwaukee-based design team
Architechts Diary
Light wood on ceiling of the living
and dining room wraps down to form
the entertainment center
Bar seating, in addition to a sitting area

near the main staircase, allows the kitchen
to serve as an informal entertaining space
From the upstairs observatory, the

clients and their dogs can access a
The cozy upstairs obseveatory, green roof
complete with a fireplace, looks
out on a green roof
infused the public volume with different

shades of green, matching the interior walls
to the painted fiber cement panels of the
facade, which are interspersed with floor-
to-ceiling glazing between layers of white
brick. It lifts your spirits when you look
outside during the winter, says Schmaling.

The wavelength of visible green light, 510
nanometers, became the houses name- Floor Plan of this house
sake.
While some sustainability choices, like
high-efficiency glazing and geothermal heat-
ing and cooling, are functional but not read-
ily evident, the green roof, which reduces
stormwater runoff and increases insulation,
also improves the occupants living experi-
ence. Environmentally, its great, says
Schmaling. But visually and functionally,
he adds, its a boon for the coupleand
for their two dogs. They look out from the
observatory at grass instead of just roof and
membrane, and have another point of ac-
cess to the outdoors from their home.
MAsonRy ReinfoRceMenT
AND ACCESSORY
N RY METALS OR
S O
MA Page
s
MAsonRy WAll
CONSTRUCTION
Er.SelaVanth
pression strength of masonry structure.

Masonry bond beams, lintels, and walls are examples
in which steel reinforcement are applied to improve tensile
strength of the member whereas reinforcement bars
are used in masonry column to increase its compression
strength. Hot rolled deformed bars, which possess ribs
on its surface to enhance bond strength, are employed in
masonry structure.
As per ACI 530.1-11, the maximum reinforcement
steel bar size is No.11. The restriction on the size of rein-
forcing bars depends on the accepted construction practice
and performance of the masonry structure.
It is claimed that, using and distributing small size steel
bars in masonry provides better performance compared
Fig.1: reinforcement placement in Masonry Wall with small number of large size reinforcement placed in
the masonry structure. Figure-3 demonstrates installed
deformed steel reinforcement bars in the masonry wall.
S
pecifications for reinforcement and accessory metals
used in the construction of masonry walls is pro-
vided by International Building Code (IBC 2009) and Building
The steel reinforcement bars are usually categorized
based on minimum yield stress of the steel which em-
Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures (ACI ployed to manufacture the steel bars. Both epoxy coated
530.1-11). and zinc coated steel bars are permitted to use in masonry
structures and they may be utilized when corrosion pro-
Various types of reinforcement and metal accessories is tected reinforcement are specified as per the design.
discussed in the following sections.
Both epoxy and zinc coat protect steel bars in severe
Masonry Reinforcement, its Types and Accessory Metals condition and consequently increase the life span of the
for Masonry Structure structure.
Masonry reinforcement and accessories includes: If steel bars are covered with epoxy coat, then it is
Steel reinforcement required to increase its development length and it
Connectors should be 1.5 times the development length of
uncovered bars. In contrary, bars cov-
Sealants ered with zinc coat do not need
Flashings to increase the development
Coatings length because zinc provides
the same property as uncoated
Vapor and moisture barriers bars.
Steel Reinforcement for Masonry Structure It should be said that, deliv-
Steel reinforcement used in masonry structure involves ering and installation of coated
reinforcement bars, joint reinforcement, and deformed rein- bars need considerable atten-
forcing wire. tion to avoid coating
Steel bars are utilized to improve both tension and com- damages other-
Based on the anticipated service life of sealants, deterio-
rated sealants need to be replaced by new ones. It is claimed
that, ordinary life span of majority of sealants, which are
placed at exterior face or walls are around seven year.
The main factor behind sealant deterioration is due to
sealant exposure to ozone and ultraviolet light. This is because
polymers which are utilized to manufacture sealants are dam-
aged under such conditions.
Figure- 3 illustrates the application of sealants in the ma-
sonry wall joint, and Figure-13 shows sealant before and after
the masonry wall expansion.
flashings for construction of Masonry Walls
Flashing is changeable and adaptive watertight material
Fig.3: utilization of Deformed steel bars that may be manufactured from copper, stainless steel, plastic,
in Masonry Wall plastic coated aluminum, and rubberized asphalt.
wise the purpose of steel coating will not be achieved. So, The life service of metallic flashing is considerably longer
any damages experienced by steel coating need repair than plastic flashing that is prone to tearing. Rubberized
prior to installation. asphalt flashing, which adhere itself to the masonry, can be
The fiber reinforced polymer bars can be employed installed easily and demonstrate reasonable durability.
in masonry structures as a replacement of both zinc and Flashings are installed at different location of masonry
epoxy coated bars in aggressive environments. walls, for example, all interrupted drainage cavity, bottom of
Figure-6 provides different types of fiber reinforced each story level, under the sills of windows and doors, and
polymer bar. The FRP bar are available in different sized over lintels of windows and doors.
and they are considerably light which is advantageous It is applied to drain water that penetrate external Wythe
because it substantially decreases the cost of delivering, of masonry wall. Weep holes at spacing of around 61cm above
handling, and installation. the level of flashing.
Regarding joint reinforcement, there are three
types of joint reinforcement involves welded wire fabric,
deformed reinforcing wire, and ladder or truss type joint
reinforcement.
Joint reinforcement is provided for different reason
for example increase the size of a panel, increase the
spacing between movement joints, and control differential
movements. Added to that, it improved horizontal bending
and restricts cracks in masonry structure. Joint reinforce-
ment applications are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

Connectors for Construction of Masonry Structures fig.4: epoxy coated steel Bars for Masonry structures
There are various types of connectors which are
used to connect or secure two members or parts together.
For instance, ties can joint two Wythes of masonry wall
together and adjustable ties may be employed to make
rooms for differential elevation in masonry bed joints.
sealants in Masonry Walls
Sealants are employed to fill and seal the spaces or
joints which are created deliberately in masonry walls for
specific purposes. There are three major joints in masonry
structures includes construction joints, expansion joints,
and control joints.
Sealants are usually produced from manmade poly-
mers such as latex, silicone, neoprene, and butyl rubber.
The elastic property of sealant including compressibility is
equal to ratio of minimum thickness to original thickness. fig.5: installation of Joint Reinforcement in Masonry Walls
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fig.6 : installation of flashing in Masonry Wall the dust. The batteries are compatible with other
FESTOOL tools and the saw runs on their standard
Figure-6 shows the installation of flashing and weep tracks.
hole exactly above it in masonry wall.
coatings for Masonry structures
Masonry structure Coating involves application of paints
and water repellent coatings. Comparatively, the effect of
water repellent admixture is better than that of water repel-
lent coatings.
The latter cannot bridge considerably wide cracks but
rather it traps water behind them and consequently damages
behind coating will occur due to freezing and thawing affect.
Vapor and moisture barriers for Masonry Structures
Vapor barrier is a watertight membrane applied to
prevent the vapor or water penetration into masonry walls
and consequently avoid interstitial condensation inside the air
space of drainage wall.
The vapor membrane is used for exterior face of inner
CARBON FIBER COM-
Wythe wall in warm conditions whereas it is applied for
the interior surface of outer Wythe in cold condition. This is
POSITE LEVEL
because warm air around the structure can go though outer
Wythe and condense within the inner Wythe while in cold
LIGHTWEIGHT BUT
condition warm air inside the building will pass through inner TOUGH
Wythe and condense in the
cavity.
Vapor barrier are prac-
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aluminum levels arent really all that heavy. But the
Moisture barrier carbon fiber composite that makes this new level light
impedes water penetra- is the same reason that its tough enough to spring
tion into the masonry wall back from impacts that would permanently throw an
whereas it does not prevent aluminum level out of whack. The DWHT43134 level
vapor penetration and is also mar-resistant, partially because of the design,
hence it allows condensation partially because its 35% lighter than its aluminum
in air space of drainage wall. counterpart.
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HOW TO IMPROVE MASPO NRY

ages
MASONRY RESISTANCE AGAINST PENETRATION OF WATER?
Masonry resistance against water penetration depends on mate-
rials used, types of wall, and quality of workmanship. Methods
to improve water penetration resistance of masonry is discussed.
T
here are number of methods by which the ma-
sonry water penetration resistance can be further
increased.
These methods, which are explained in this article, can
be categorized into two major groups which are methods
related to masonry design and methods related to masonry
construction.
Methods to Improve Masonry Resistance Against Water
Penetration
Methods related to design and specifications of ma-
sonry
Fig.1: Masonry structure
Methods of masonry construction under service load should be prevented.
Methods Related to Design and Specifications of Ma- When masonry cement is employed, the lower tensile
sonry bond strength of the cement should be considered in speci-
fying whether the veneer will crack or not whereas if steel
It is advised to select and design type of a wall that is
studs are utilized it is recommended to consider the steel
suitable for the degree of forced rain severity anticipated
flexibility in determining whether the veneer cracks or not.
in the location of the project. Completely grouted barrier
wall or drainage wall with minimum thickness of 20 mm is The sealant of the outer Wythe joint must be specified
recommended for seriously driven rain condition. carefully to prevent rainwater penetration through joints.
Design of Drainage Wall to Improve Water Penetration Drainage Masonry Wall
Resistance of Masonry Cavity walls Design to Improve Masonry Water Pen-
When drainage wall is selected, the wall should be etration Resistance
designed in such a way that prevents the water penetration If the cavity wall is determined to be employed, the de-
through the outer Wythe of the wall. For the outer Wythe sign needs to be carried out to maintain the wall open and
masonry wall maintain its water resistance ability, cracks drained successfully. Appropriate flashing and weep holes
must be determined to drain water out of the wall cavity in
the case it enters the wall cavity.
Masonry wall cavity should be kept clean by employ-
ing a board to remove mortar debris and 50 mm is advised
to be used for the cavity width.
Interstitial condensation must be avoided within the
inner Wythe and this may be obtained by vapor barrier on
the exterior face of interior Wythe.
Either stainless steel or hot dip galvanized ties is rec-
ommended to apply.
Cavity Masonry Wall
Design and Detail Consideration to Make Rooms for
Fig.2: Drainage Masonry Wall Differential Movements
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The following considerations are recommended to be
for the applicator gun that will save your back from
considered to further increase the water penetration resis-
a whole lot of bending over.
tance of the masonry wall:
a) Clay masonry walls commonly expand because of
moisture and freezing and thawing. Therefore, expansion
joints which are directed horizontally need to be installed.
The location of these joints in the clay masonry walls
are recommended to be under shelf angles whereas
concrete masonry walls shrinks which is opposite to clay
masonry.
It is demonstrated that, the joint under the shelf should
not be less than 3.65 mm because it is anticipated such gap
is possible to be closed completely during the service life of
the wall. This joint distance should be double because the
size of the most of sealant is decreased by 50%.
Finally, the veneer is likely to buckle, crack, and spall
unless adequate joint is provided.
b) Vertical expansion joint should be built at corners of
clay masonry walls to prevent cracks. if the clay masonry
walls are fixed close to the angle of the building, the wall Compatible mortar and clay masonry units should be
expansion generate moments near the angle and eventu- laid together. The mortar mix design and batching must be
ally initiate cracks which compromise the water penetration conducted properly.

resistance of the wall.
Initially, it is the best practice to blend cementitious
c) The bond between clay masonry and concrete ingredients with a portion of sand and a portion of water
slabs, roofs, and foundation should be prevented because otherwise the ingredients will not combine adequately and
concrete shrinkage and expansion of clay masonry form the mixture will be too fluid. Therefore, the blending steps
differential strain that leads to cracks in the foundation if the provided by ASTM C780 should be employed.
bond between concrete elements and clay masonry is not
broken. Prior to first masonry layer installation, the foundation
should be washed and cleaned thoroughly and the masonry
d) Shrinkage at concrete masonry openings such as unit must be placed immediately after the mortar bed is
doors and windows must be accommodated by introducing spread, and excessive masonry unit tapping is not allowed.
control joints at the openings to avoid tensile stress genera-
tion. Full head and bed joints shall be applied and raked
joints should be employed for interior masonry.
e) When brick and block masonry wall is selected, the
influence of restricted differential movement on wall defor- Mortar workability need to be kept at required level
mation must be considered through retempering and it is not permissible to utilize mor-
tar after 2 hours from initial blending. It is advised to damp
Construction Methods to Improve Masonry Water wall masonry to help the curing of mortar.
Penetration Resistance
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n bustling cities, ground space
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spaces for the neighborhood.
While designing high-rise build- spaces. Saint-Gobains Infinity offers Under Infinity, Saint-Gobain also of-
ings, it is essential that the materials a range of products and solutions to fers a bundle of allied solutions and ad-
used in them are lighter in weight. the architect and builder community. visory that complement and go beyond
Glass, weighing lesser than concrete Infinitys products include a range of the product offerings - Product Man-
walls, achieves this purpose and also High-Performance Glass Products and agement for quality assurance, Design
provides the desirable advantage of Glazing Solutions that are sustainable Ace solutionsthat advise on a near per-
enjoying majestic views from living even while delivering aesthetic value. fect glazing design and building simula-
tion andResearch Solutions, which are
custom solutions for specific glazingre-
quirements that deal with building sci-

ence and physics.
The Infinity bouquet of glass products
from Saint-Gobain offers a wide range
of solar control and thermal insulation
solutions for architectural applications.
The line of products is manufactured
using state-of-the-art Nanotechnology,
in a plasma environment and combine
energy efficiency with various other
features such as minimum visual glare,
advanced thermal insulation to provide
multi-comfort living spaces.
Based on the Comfort Meter de-
vised by Saint-Gobain, the range of-
fers multiple tints and different levels
of Light Transmission, Solar Factor,
U-Value (Insulation), UV Protection and
Daytime Privacy. NAMI ( CHINA)sustainable building materials
Infinity products are engineered to
provide maximum /optimum daylight
inside but at the same time, keeping
S imilar to many cosmopolitan cities in the world, the high density build-
ings and roads in Hong Kong generate great environmental burden. For
instance, air conditioning inside buildings accounts for one-third of the total local
the interiors cool by cutting out undesir- electricity consumption. Meanwhile, more than 600 roads in the region are gen-
able heat. Transparency, sustainability erating high noise level of over 70dB, not to mention the neighborhood noise that
and protection from heat make Saint- also causes disturbance. Recent development of green and energy efficient build-
Gobain Infinity an attractive option for ing materials has shed light on tackling these environmental issues.
high-rise buildings. In the near future,
NAMI has identified opportunities for smart and sustainable building materials
climate-responsive faades would be
in four major focus categories - energy saving materials, waste recycling, mainte-
the befitting drape for a glazing land-
nance, and noise reduction where NAMI has been endeavoring the corresponding
scape waiting to be transformed. Infin-
core competences to meet the imminent needs of Hong Kong.
ity range also comes with a coating that
protects against the penetration of UV Here are some examples of the ready-to-market technologies:
rays into the interiors. Development and commercialization of superior thermal insulating foamed
As the world leader in glass manu- concrete and VOC-free cement-based coating for energy-saving buildings.
facturing for the construction market, Alkaline activated cement with significant CO2 reduction for rapid set applica-
Saint-Gobain worldwide has set its tions.
sights on providing innovative solu- PET recycling for buildings for water seepage related repairing application and
tions to two key challenges of the fu- green sustainable lightweight aggregates based on incinerated wastes.
ture - Environmental protection and Maintenance technologies by using fabric reinforced cementitious material for
Energy savings. Saint-Gobains range buildings retrofitting, nano-particles reinforced polymer-cementitious coating with
of products & solutions strive to bring enhancement on elongation-at-break with waterproofing features, UV resisting
wellbeing to each of us and the future of polymeric coating for floor, etc.
all by providing comfort, performance
and safety. And this way is well defined Cost-effective concrete as floor underlayment in reducing impact sound level
by the Infinity range now made in India and sound barrier in roads.
and for India. Foamed Concrete Material
About Saint-Gobain India (P) Ltd NAMI has developed an award-winning foam forming technology in cementi-
Glass Business: tious concrete which yields an excellent thermal insulation, 3 times better than that
Saint-Gobains Glass business in In- of common concrete, with a 5C temperature reduction. In addition, this porous-
dia started operations in the year 2000 based concrete material is favorable to sound diffusion and contributes to sound
in Chennai. It has cumulatively invest- insulation when being applied in the construction of roads, pavements and walls
ed over Rs 3500 crores with plants in of buildings. NAMI's foamed concrete technology has received the Hong Kong
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat Green Innovations Award (Certificate of Merits) in 2014.
and Rajasthan. Saint-Gobain pioneered NAMI has been actively developing next generation nanotechnology-based

several Product, Marketing, Manufac- foaming agent technology which is targeted not only for concrete but also for
turing, Application, Sustainability and other building materials, and even landfill odor-stopping layer.
Human Resources Innovations that Resources Recycling
helped in the emergence of product dif- Resources recycling is one of the key approaches for a city to save land and
ferentiation, segmentation and knowl- energy, and at the same time inspire emerging business opportuni-
edge / skill development in what was ties. NAMI has been actively developing Ground Gran-
seen as a commodity industry. ulated Blast-furnace Slagbased alkaline ac-
Within the global framework of Cor- tivated cement (AAC) as next-generation
porate Social Responsibility (CSR), the construction materials to substitute con-
Saint-Gobain Group in India focuses on, ventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
specific priority actions under each of which is accounting for 5% CO2 annual
the areas of Education& Employability, emission. NAMI's AAC can achieve high
Health and Hygiene, Infrastructure and strength, rapid set with superior corrosion
Disaster Relief. In addition, as an im- resistance, which will be very attractive for
portant element of its Corporate Social rapid repair, corrosion resistance protective
Responsibility. layer and even high performance concrete.
TYPES OF BONDS IN
N RY BRICK MASONRY WALL
A SPO ges
M a CONSTRUCTION &
THEIR USES
Er. Viswam M.E
T
ypes of bonds in brick masonry wall construction brick thick walls such as for the construction half brick thick
are classified based on laying and bonding style of bricks partition wall.
in walls. The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the Walls constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable
mortar filling between layers of bricks and in grooves when enough to stand alone in case of longer span and height. Thus
bricks are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in walls. they Then need supporting structure such as brick masonry
Mostly used material for bonds in brick masonry is cement columns at regular intervals.
mortar. Lime mortar and mud mortar are also used. Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or
Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction : reinforced concrete framed structures as the outer facing.
The most commonly used types of bonds in brick These are also used as the outer facing of cavity walls. Other
masonry are: common applications of such walls are the boundary walls,
Stretcher bond gardens etc.
Header bond 2. Header bond
English bond and Header is the shorter square face of the brick which
Flemish bond measures 9cm x 9cm. Header bond is also known as heading
bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed
Other Types of bonds are:
as headers on the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond
is used for the construction of walls of half brick thickness
1. Facing bond whereas header bond is used for the construction of walls
2. Dutch bond with full brick thickness which measures 18cm. In header
3. English cross bond bonds, the overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To
4. Brick on edge bond achieve this, three quarter brick bats are used in alternate
courses as quoins.
5. Raking bond
3. English Bond
6. Zigzag bond
7. Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher
as shown in the elevation of figure below. Stretcher bond,

also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid
with only their stretchers showing, overlapping midway with
the courses of bricks below and above.
Fig-2: Header Bond
Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest repeating
pattern. But the limitation of stretcher bond is that it cannot
make effective bonding with adjacent bricks in full width English bond in brick masonry has one course of
thick brick walls. They are suitably used only for one-half stretcher only and a course of
header above it, i.e. it has two
alternating courses of stretch-
Fig-3: English Bond
ers and headers. Headers are

laid centered on the stretch-
ers in course below and each
alternate row is vertically
aligned.
To break the continuity
Fig-1: Stretcher Bond of vertical joints, quoin closer
is used in the beginning and the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate
end of a wall after first header. courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their
A quoin close is a brick cut thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are used
lengthwise into two halves to achieve the bond.
and used at corners in brick Flemish bonds have better appearance but are
walls. weaker than English bonds for load bearing wall construc-
Fig
4. Flemish Bond Is-4: En tion. Thus, if the pointing has to be done for brick masonry
For the breaking of om glis walls, then Flemish bond may be used for better aesthetic
etr h B
vertical joints in the successive ic V on view. If the walls have to be plastered, then it is better to
iew d
courses, closers are inserted use English bond.
in alternate courses next to the quoin header. In walls having Flemish bonds are classified as:
their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are Single Flemish Bond ,
essentially used to achieve the bond.
Double Flemish Bond
Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by
Single Flemish bond is a combination of English bond
laying alternate headers and stretchers in a single course. The
and Flemish bond. In this type of construction, the front
next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle
exposed surface of wall consists of Flemish bond and the
of the stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers
back surface of the wall consists of English bond in each
of each course are centered on the stretcher of course below.
course. Minimum thickness required for single Flemish
Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with header at
bond is one and a half brick thickness. The main purpose
the corner.
of using single Flemish bond is to provide greater aesthetic
The thickness of Flemish bond is minimum one full brick. appearance on the front surface with required strength in
The disadvantage of using Flemish bond is that construc- the brickwork with English bond. Double Flemish Bond has
tion of Flemish bond is difficult and requires greater skill to the same appearance both in the front and back eleva-
lay it properly as all vertical mortar joints need to be aligned tions, i.e. each course consists of alternate header and
vertically for best effects. For the breaking of vertical joints in stretcher. This type of bonding is comparatively weaker
than English bond.

Josephine Minutillo
BENEFITS OF USING CONCRETE PUMP

IN CONSTRUCTION
I
t is a common sight to see UK has always been committed to There are mainly two types of con-
concrete pumps being used constant innovation and develop- crete pumps boom pumps and line
in a large-scale commercial ment of tools and techniques that pumps. Both have specific applica-
construction project. However, can simplify the process of construc- tions. You need to pick the right type
these cutting-edge concrete pump- tion, bring more quality as well as for a particular construction project
ing machines are equally effective accuracy to the job, and help cut you may have.
and economical for small to medium down on the overall construction
Advantages of Using Concrete
sized construction projects, regard- cost. And concrete pumping draws in
Pumps For Your Construction
less if it a commercial or residential all these benefits!
Project
construction project.
Concrete pumping is the most
Increase Concrete Pouring Speed
Why Choose Concrete Pumping: accurate and quality way of pouring

concrete exactly where it is needed. For any kind of construction
The construction industry in the
project, speed matters a lot. When
you choose concrete pump hire
over other alternatives of concrete
pumping, pouring concrete becomes
simpler and faster. These pumping
equipment are mounted on trucks or
a trailer to make them accessible to
all areas of the site easily.
Advantages of Using Concrete
Pumps in Construction Projects
With concrete pump hire, you will
not need wheelbarrows and cranes
to load concrete and then manually
pour it across the job site. With a
concrete pumping specialist compa-
ny, you can ensure concrete place-
ment much faster and easily meet
any short deadline without compro-
mising on the quality of the work.
Reduce The Number Of La-
bours Needed
If you are a part of the construc-
tion industry for a reasonable time
now then you must be aware of
labour scarcity issue in the country.
It is quite challenging to find skilled
labours for construction jobs these
days. And this is another big reason
why hiring concrete pump makes a
complete sense.
With concrete pumping, the
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ment is executed by several opera-
tors eliminating the need of labours concrete pumps can deliver con- less repair and maintenance cost in
to carry concrete batches manually. crete mix to almost any area without the long term. Meaning choosing
This is how concrete pump hire helps leaving spills and lumps on the way. concrete pumping helps you save a
you save on labour cost and you can Many professional concrete com- considerable amount over time.
always use free workforce for other panies in the country ensure waste
Its the most convenient way of
important activities of the project. management and site cleaning ser-
pouring concrete!
Ensure higher accuracy and vice as an integral part of concrete
pumping. If we compare concrete pumping
quality in concrete pouring
with its traditional counterparts like
No matter which concrete pump Help Improve concrete strength
barrowing, it is easy to see how the
type you choose, you benefit of Concrete pumps required less former concrete pouring technique
higher accuracy and quality con- amount of water compared to other takes out all the challenges you may
crete placement service. Accurate concrete pouring techniques. This witness during concrete placement.
concrete pumping results in a little helps prevent concrete from getting Pumps can easily access any awk-
or zero material wastage with only the shrink or seeing cracks once wardly located area of the construc-
a fewer delays. Whether you want set-up. And this ultimately preserves tion site where barrows and cranes
to pour concrete on top of a high the concretes inherent strength. cant reach. The job that would have

rise building or in a foundation slab, Stronger concrete structures incur required rigorous efforts by so many
labours can be quickly completed
using truck mounted concrete pumps
with added accuracy and safety. This
can also help contractors boost their
bottom-line.
To sum up, concrete pump hire
brings in a wide pool of benefits to
everyone involved into the construc-
tion project including contractor,
workers and structure/property
owner. There is no denying concrete
pumping is the most efficient and
cost-effective method for concrete
placement we have in todays time.
Concrete Article
N RY
SO s
MA Pag
e
Er. Rose
Definitions of terms
Brick masonry
1. Course: A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or greatest length at right angles to the face of the work..
stones. in case of stone masonry header is sometimes known as
2. Bed: it is the surface of stone perpendicular to the through stone. The course of brick work in which all the
line of pressure. It indicates the lower surface of bricks or bricks are laid as headers is known as header course.
stones in each course. 9. Stretcher: it is a brick or a stone which lies with its
3. Back: the inner surface of a wall which is not ex- longest side parallel to the face of the work. The course
posed is called the back. The material forming the back is of brick work in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers
known as backing. is known as stretcher course.

4. Face: The exterior of wall exposed to weather is 10. Bond: This is the method of arranging bricks so
known as face. The material used in the face of the wall is that the individual units are tied together. Bonding is
known as facing. essential to eliminate conyinuous vertical joints both in
concrete Pouring
body as well as on the face of wall.

5. Hearting: It is the interior portion of a wall between
the facing and backing. 11. Spalls: these are the chips of stones used for filling
the interstices in stone masonry.
6. Side: it is the surface forming the boundary of bricks
or stones in a direction transverse to the face and bed. 12. Quoins: these are the stones used for the corners
of walls of a structure.
7. Joint: It is the junction of two or more bricks or
stones. If the joint is parallel to the bed of bricks or stones 13. Bat: it is the portion of brick cut across the width.
in a course then it is termed as bed joint. The joint which 14. Closer: it is the portion of the brick cut length wise
are perpendicular to the bed joints are termed as vertical in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut.
joints or side joints or simply joints. 15. Queen closer: It is the portion of brick obtained by
8. Header: it is a brick or stone which lies with its cutting a brick length wise into two portions.
opening.
24. Jambs: these are the vertical sides of an opening for
doors and windows. These may be plain or splayed or may
be provided with recesses to receive the frames of doors
and windows.
25. Reveals: These are exposed vertical surfaces left on
the sides of an opening after the door or window frame had
been fitted in position
26. Cornice: It is a projecting ornamental course near the
top of a building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.
27. Blocking Course: It is atop most course of stone ma-
sonry provided immediately above the cornice to prevent
the tendency of the cornice to overturn. It also adds to the
16. King Closer: these are the portions of a brick obtained aesthetics of the cornice.
by cutting off the triangular piece between the center of one 28. Coping: It is a course placed upon the exposed top of
end and the center of one side. an external wall to prevent the seepage of water.
17. Bevelled Closer: it is that portion of a brick in which the 29. Corbel: It is the extension of one or more course of
whole length of the brick is beveled for maintaining half width stone or brick from the face of a wall to serve as a support
at one end and full width art the other. for wall plates.
18. Frog: it is an indentation or depression on the top face of 30. Template: Pieces of stones placed under the end of a
a brick made with the object of forming a key for the mortars. beam to distribute the load over a greater area.
This reduces the weight of the brick also.
19. Plinth: it is the horizontal course of stone or brick pro-
vided at the base of the wall above ground level. It indicates
the height of the ground level above the natural ground level. It
New Life for Old Tools
protects the building from dampness.
20. Plinth Course: It is the top most course of the plinth ma-
sonry.
21. String Course: It is a horizontal projecting course of ma-
sonry projecting out of the face of the wall for shedding rain
water off the face. It imparts an aesthetic appearance to the
structure and is generally provided at every floor level.
22. Sill: it is a horizontal member of stone, concrete or wood,
employed for the purpose of shedding off rain water from the
face of wall immediately below the window opening. It gives

support to the vertical members of a wooden window frame.
23. Lintel: it is a horizontal member of stone, brick, wood,
iron or RCC used to support the masonry or load above an
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CASE LAWS ON FLATS,

REGISTRATION & TAXATION
15
VALUATION OF OLD FLATS
THE LEGAL PROCEDURES OF OLD FLATS VALUATION AND
NOT A HASSLE-FREE PURCHASE,
I
n the sale of used flats, the arrival of the fair market
value of the property is a difficult issue. We mostly
rely what is being quoted and normally do not have methods
overheads, incidental expenses and promoters profit.
NOT A HASSLE-FREE PURCHASE
to ascertain the fair value. Based on observations of many A property sold through auctions such as the ones
transactions and after trial and error a method based on cost conducted by the Debt Recovery Tribunal or Income Tax
inflation index seems to be a reasonable method. Department is believed to be free of encumbrances. But
that is not the case always, writes.
Value of used flat = value of undivided share of land on
the rate of valuation + depreciated value of the building and It is a common belief that a property sold through auc-
amenities + inflated value as on date of overheads, inciden- tions such as the ones conducted by the Debt Recovery Tri-
tal expenses and promoters profit. bunal or Income Tax Department would be free of encum-
brances and buying them would be hassle free. But that is
The reproduction cost is obtained by multiplying the not the case always.
amount mentioned in the builders agreement by the cost
inflation index provided by the Central Board of Direct Taxes The Debit Recovery Tribunal in
(refer table below). Theoretically it is possible to evaluate a Chennai, early this year, auctioned
flat by comparing with a similar flat constructed recently and a residential property to-
the values can be obtained. This is cumbersome and can be wards bad debts. The
contested. A simpler and effective means would be to use successful bidder paid
the cost inflation index. an advance of Rs. 20 lakh
and under- took to pay the balance
This can be understood through the following example. once the other formalities were completed.
A flat constructed in January 1990 at Mandaveli with an ex- He then applied for the Encumbrance Certifi-
tent of 1050 sq.ft. super built-up area inclusive of undivided
cate and to his shock found that the name of the owner
share in common areas, with 700 sq.ft. of undivided share entered in the Encumbrance Certificate was different and the
in land is offered for sale. The building is with minimum property was mortgaged to another bank.
standard specifications with open car parking. It is a four-
storeyed building with eight flats with two flats in each floor. When clarification was sought, the Recovery Officer
The extent of land is 5600 sq.ft. told him that the property was auctioned in as it where
is condition and when the payment is made in full, a sale
Let us assume that the FSI is not exceeded, all the flats certificate will be given. After which, the bidder could take
are of equal size, the flat is well maintained, the owner has possession of the property.
not spent any additional amount in improvement like ward-
robe and electrical fittings were provided by the builder. The On further enquiry it was learnt that the auctioned
table above explains the method of valuation. property was already mortgaged with another bank by the
earlier owner of the property. Since the mortgage deed
In case the builders agreement is not made available, was not registered, it was easier for the earlier owner to
the details of reproduction cost and development charges sell the property without the knowledge of the Bank.
can be worked out from a similar project in progress. Or
this can be worked out utilizing the services of an architect / The Recovery Officer with the Debt Recovery Tribunal
engineer and to the cost of construction, a sum equivalent to refused to refund the amount to the successful builder. In
about 40% of the cost of construction be added towards the addition, the Recovery Officer also made it clear that if the
balance amount was not paid before the specified date, of the property and he filed a suit for relief.
the sum of Rs. 20 lakh already paid would be forfeited.
When the suit was pending before the Madras High
This was challenged in the High Court and the Court Court (the respondent Deve Sugars had their office in
ordered the bank to refund the amount to the bidder Chennai, hence the case was filed in Madras High Court),
without any interest. However, the bidder had to incur other persons including the Official Liquidator and debt-
an expense of about Rs. 1 lakh in order to sort out these or impleaded themselves in the case and prayed that the
issues. Since it was the Bank that was auctioning the sale confirmed by the DRT should be set aside. Another
property, the bidder did not verify the document, which suit was filed by the company which provided security
he would have normally done, and had to pay the price
for Dev Sugars stating that their salary and provident
for his mistaken impression.
fund dues to the extent of Rs. 15 crores are due from

In another case involving Subhash Kathuria and the company.
Deve Sugars Ltd. (2009) 4 MLJ 83 decided on 3rd March
2009 the petitioner, Subhash Kathuria successfully bid The Court after considering the contention of all the
for the property auctioned by the Debt Recovery Tribu- parties stated that it was satisfied that the purchaser of
nal (DRT), Bangalore. In August 2005, he paid Rs. 10.25 the property through auction had made a case for get-
crores within the specified period stipulated towards the ting possession of the subject property and directed the
purchase of the property. A confirmation of the sale let- Official Liquidator to remove the security guards and
ter was issued by DRT. The DRT then wrote to the official hand over property to the applicant within four weeks
Liquidator to withdraw the security personnel appointed from the date of the receipt of a copy of the order.
by him to enable the DRT to hand over possession of the The Court further observed that some sanctity
property. should be attached to the auction sale conducted for
The Recovery Officer also wrote a letter dated.. recovery of debt due to the Banks and Financial Institu-
to the Chief Secretary, Government of Karnataka to pro- tions, If such sales are disputed in Courts for extrane-
vide securities for the properties of the company in liqui- ous reasons, the intending purchasers would be forced
dation. A receiver was also appointed by the Recovery to think twice before participating in the auction sale as
Officer to take possession of the property. However, it they are also purchasing litigation.
was not possible for Subash Kathuria to get possession
N RY
S O
A Pages
M
Jeyasudha
Brick Masonry Construction

Tips for Quality and Durability
Special care is required during the 3. In the brick work, the bricks
7. When the mortar is green, the
construction with brick masonry. These face joints should be raked to a depth of
should be laid on their beds with the
tips for brick masonry with quality con- 12 to 19mm in order to have a proper
frogs pointing upwards.
key for plastering or pointing. The mor-
struction is discussed in this article.

4. The brick courses should be tar joints should be stuck flush and fin-
Brick Masonry construction Tips laid truly horizontal and should have ished if no plastering or pointing is to be
Following are the tips for construc- truly horizontal and should have truly done.
tion of brick masonry buildings or struc- vertical joints.
8. In order to ensure continuous
tures: 5. As far as possible the use of bond between the old and the new, the
1. Good brick masonry should uti- brick-bats should be discouraged. walls should be stopped with a toothed
lize bricks which are sound, hard, well 6. As far a possible the brick walls end.
burnt and tough with uniform colour should be raised uniformly with proper 9. Finished brickwork in lime mor-
shape and size. bond. Generally the height of brick ma- tar should be cured for a period of 2 to
2. The bricks should be compact, sonry construction in a day should be 3 weeks. This period can be reduced to
homogeneous, free from holes, cracks, less than 1.5m. 1 to 2 weeks in case of brickwork with
flaws, air-bubbles and stone lumps. The maximum difference in rise of cement mortar.
These bricks should be properly soaked the wall between the different portions 10. In order to carry out the brick-
in water for at least two hours before should not be more than one meter. work at higher level, a single scaffolding
use. is used.
TYPES OF TESTS ON BRICKS FOR dry bricks are taken and weighed. Af- they are qualified for construction work.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORKS ter weighing these bricks are placed in Color Test of Bricks
Various types of tests on bricks water with full immersing for a period
of 24 hours. Then weigh the wet brick A good brick should possess bright
are conducted to check the qualities of and uniform color throughout its body.
bricks for construction purposes. Tests and note down its value. The difference
on bricks are conducted at construction between dry and wet brick weights will Soundness Test of Bricks
site as well as in laboratory. give the amount of water absorption. Soundness test of bricks shows the
For a good quality brick the amount nature of bricks against sudden impact.
Bricks are oldest and important con- of water absorption should not exceed
struction materials because of their dura- In this test, 2 bricks are chosen randomly
20% of weight of dry brick.
bility, reliability, strength and low cost. To
produce good quality of structure, good Crushing Strength or Compressive
quality materials are required. Strength Test on Bricks
To decide the quality of the materi- Crushing strength of bricks is de-
als some tests are to be conducted on termined by placing brick in compres-
bricks. The tests which are required to sion testing machine. After placing the
find the suitability of bricks for construc- brick in compression testing machine,
tion purposes are discussed below. apply load on it until brick breaks. Note
down the value of failure load and find
Types of Tests On Bricks for Construc- out the crushing strength value of brick.
tion Purpose Minimum crushing strength of brick
Following tests are conducted on is 3.50N/mm2.if it is less than 3.50 N/ and struck with one another. Then sound
bricks to determine its suitability for con- mm2, then it is not useful for construc- produced should be clear bell ringing
struction work. tion purpose. sound and brick should not break. Then
it is said to be good brick.
Absorption test
Structure of Bricks
Crushing strength test
To know the structure of brick, pick
Hardness test
one brick randomly from the group and
Shape and size break it. Observe the inner portion of
Color test brick clearly. It should be free from lumps
and homogeneous.
Soundness test
Efflorescence Test on Bricks
Structure of brick
A good quality brick should not con-
Presence of soluble salts (Efflores-
Hardness Test on Bricks tain any soluble salts in it. If soluble salts
cence Test)
are there, then it will cause efflorescence
Absorption Test on Bricks A good brick should resist scratch-
on brick surfaces.
es against sharp things. So, for this test
Absorption test is conducted on To know the presence of soluble

a sharp tool or finger nail is used to make
brick to find out the amount of mois- scratch on brick. If there is no scratch salts in a brick, placed it in a water bath
ture content absorbed by brick under impression on brick then it is said to be for 24 hours and dry it in shade. After
extreme conditions. In this test, sample hard brick. drying, observe the brick surface thor-
oughly. If there is any white or grey
Shape and Size Test on Bricks
color deposits, then it contains soluble
Shape and size of bricks are very salts and not useful for construction.
important consideration. All bricks used
for construction should be of same size.
The shape of bricks should be purely
rectangular with sharp edges. Standard
brick size consists length x breadth x
height as 19cm x 9cm x 9cm. to per-
form this test, select 20 bricks randomly
from brick group and stack them along
its length , breadth and height and com-
pare. So, if all bricks similar size then
NRY
Properties of Materials
A SPO ges for Reinforced Concrete
M a
Masonry Walls Construction

0.065 percent otherwise walls which
are constructed from those concrete
masonry units will probably develop
shrinkage cracks.
Another limitation that the ASTM
C90 determined is water absorption of
concrete masonry units and it is pro-
vided in Table-1.( Next page)
As it can be seen from the table,
more absorption is allowed for light-
weight unit compare to medium and
normal units because aggregates
of the lightweight unit absorb more
water. Figure-2 show assembled con-
crete masonry units.
R
einforced concrete masonry wall is constructed by assembling of ma-
sonry units for example concrete block or bricks, mortars, reinforcing,
and sometimes grout that is a kind of soupy concrete. In this article properties of
materials employed in the construction of reinforced concrete masonry walls are
discussed.
Following are the types of materials used in reinforced concrete masonry
walls construction:
1. Concrete masonry units, 2. Mortar , 3. Grout
FIG -2: PLACED MASONRy UNITS
Properties of Concrete Masonry Units for Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls

ASTM C90 (Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units)
regulated the properties of concrete masonry units. Solid and hollow masonry Properties of Mortar for Reinforced
units which are made from Portland cement, water, and mineral aggregates, Concrete Masonry Walls
are covered by the ASTM C90. Mortar keeps concrete masonry
Minimum thickness limits of face shell and web of hollow concrete masonry units apart and keeps them together
units are depend on the masonry wall thickness. at the same time. Generally, the mor-
Moreover, compressive strength of concrete masonry unit specified as 13.1 tar thickness between units is about 9.5
MPa which is an average for three units and minimum of 11.72 MPa for single unit. mm but it could be modified to make
For example, if compressive strength of three units were 12 MPa, 13 MPa, and rooms for concrete masonry dimen-
13.85 MPa respectively, then the test would not be acceptable and fail because the sion variations; in this way mortar keep
average compressive strength is 12.95 MPa which is below 13.1 MPa. units apart.
Furthermore, it is uncommon to designate compressive strength larger than Moreover, mortar holds concrete
minimum value because availability and prices of units with higher strength will masonry units together by developing
become an issue when high compressive strength is specified. a bond between them through which
flexural and direct tensile strength is
ASTM C90 specification states that, dry shrinkage of unit should not surpass produced. The tensile strength might
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Type S or Type M is applied in the seismic category D or
higher.
Finally, mortars are classified by either proportion or
not be significant in reinforced concrete masonry as in unre- by property, not both. Categorizing mortars by proportion
inforced masonry; nonetheless it is still crucial for the wall. is a default in the case the designer does not determine
the mortar classification.
A horizontal joint, which is called bed joint, is laid in face
shell and mortar is placed on face shell only not the webs. Properties of Grout for Reinforced Concrete
Furthermore, vertical joints are called head joints, and mortar Masonry Walls
is poured into the head joints to a depth equal to the thickness ASTM C 476, Standard Specification for Grout for
of the face shell on both sides of the wall. Both head joint and Masonry, govern gouts employed in reinforced concrete
bed joint can be seen from Figure-3. masonry walls. The components of masonry grout are ce-
ment, water which might contain lime, sand, coarse ag-
gregate, or admixtures.
The most prime reason of grout application is for
bonding concrete masonry units to the steel reinforce-
ment. The steel reinforcement is installed in the masonry
unit cell, which is about 100 mm2, after that remaining
void of the hollow is filled with grout.
HEAD AND BED JOINTS IN REINFORCED CON-

CRETE MASONRy WALL
Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry Figure-4

(ASTM C 270), governs mortar that is used in the construc-
tion of reinforced masonry wall and the ASTM C 270 speci- Due to the absorptive property of masonry units,
fies three cementitious systems namely masonry cement, the slump of grout must be greater than that of con-
cement and lime, and mortar cement. crete. The poured grouts in masonry cell is subjected to
suction and the mixture will lose water.
Masonry cements are a mixture of Portland or other
cements, plasticizing, fillers agents, and other materials that The space in masonry cells is not filled properly un-
are intended to improve the mortar achievement. Cement- less the grout is soupy at the beginning of pouring. Wa-
lime mortar is composed by blending cement such as Port- ter absorption can be observed on the side of masonry
land cement or blended cement, hydrated lime, sand, water, unit which its color changes to grey, so lacking this color
and sometimes admixtures. after grouting might be evidence that the grout has not
reached to the bottom of the masonry units.
Mortar cement is the most desirable one because of its
extra flexural bond strength which is lacking in other types The grout is appropriate for placing if its slump is
of mortars. That is why it can be applied in high seismic between 20 cm to 28 cm. The slump of grout might seem
regions for instance seismic design category D and higher. a lot but site engineer should be aware that it is required
This application is not allowed for other types of mortar. to pour the grout properly. The mixture will lose water
short time after placing and it will be much stronger.
ASTM C 270 classified mortars into M, S, N, O types
and the strongest type is M then others respectively. The Finally, proper vibration equipment is applied to
type of mortar used in the construction of majority of rein- compact the grout. Figure-4 shows cells in concrete
forced masonry wall is either Type S or Type N. additionally, masonry units in which steel reinforcement is installed
then filled with grout.
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LOAD BEARING MASONRY
L oad bearing masonry is
among the oldest and most
widespread building techniques in
recent advancements are aerated con-
crete blocks, hollow concrete blocks,
autoclaved ceramic blocks etc.
the world. The earliest load bear- Masonry can be classified in the
RY
ing masonry consisted to stones following manner:
N
SO s
stacked one over the other. Over
Material: Stone, brick, block
MA
the passage of time, the stones were
e
Pag
chiseled and dressed to make more Cavity or non cavity
stable masonry walls. Reinforced or non-reinforced
The firing of earth blocks gave Composition: one material or com-
rise to the earliest form of brick ma- posite
sonry. Over the centuries, masonry Masonry typically involves the
has evolved into a precise science laying the masonry unit (MU) one layer
Mosas Bill with a myriad of options in materi- at a time. A mortar is used to hold the
als and styles. Some of the more MUs in place and provide them with
common load bearing masonry strength and stability. Mortars can be
used today is brick, stone and con- of several types but the broad classifi-
crete masonry units (CMU) or con- cation would be cement mortars, lime
crete blocks. Among these there are mortars and synthetic adhesives. Earth
several varieties depending on the is also used as mortar in some parts of
materials and system of laying the the world.
masonry units. Some of the more Load bearing masonry by its na-
ture, is a time consuming construction
technique. Laying brick after brick,
course upon course is a tedious pro-
cess. The advent of panelized systems,
load bearing masonry began to lose
favor with home builders in the indus-
trialized world. Advancements such
as quick setting mortars have helped
quicken the process.
Attempts to mechanize the ma-
sonry process by using brick laying ro-
bots have met with limited success and

skilled masons remain valued the world
over. Another attempt at speeding up
the masonry process has been through
the use of mortarless masonry or dry
masonry. This type of masonry uses
factory made interlocking blocks that
can be laid without the use of mortar.
There has been a recent resur-
gence in the use of load bearing mason-
ry as more and more users have begun
to recognize its advantages. Masonry
is seen as a symbol of permanence and
solidity. It is highly fire resistant and has
a high compressive strength. In addi-
tion to this the appearance and texture
walls and rat trap bonds. documented. In the United States, the
Using insulation in the form of engineering design of masonry is gov-
Exterior Insulation and Finish System erned by the American Concrete Insti-
(EIFS) tute and the American Society of Civil
Engineers. All aspects of masonry are
Interior insulation such as batt in-
clearly listed and described.
sulation and stud walls.
The code mandates that the thick-
In-wall insulation made of polysty-
ness must be at least 6 inches in case
rene, vermiculite etc.
of single story buildings and at least 8
Building codes for load bearing inches for structures more than one
masonry are well established and well story.
of masonry is preferred by many and

shim No, its not a blood pressure tester. Its
the innumerable patterns possible in
masonry make it a popular construc-
in a Bag an inflatable shim sold by Calculated indus-
tries. What in the world would you do with
tion technique. an Air Shim? Well, you could hold a window
The advantages of using load in position (by yourself) while setting the
bearing masonry are: permanent shims, or prop up a door slab
during installation without scratching the
Load bearing masonry is solid and hardwood floor. Use it to align base cabi-
durable. nets or level appliances. You could even
It is fire resistant. trick your big, burly buddy by betting him
There are several colors and tex- that your 10-year-old can pick him up off the
tures available. ground. And you will win that bet because
The tools and implements used the Air Shim is easy to pump and it holds up
are simple and low-tech. to 300-lbs. Deflate it as slow as you want for
uber precision adjustments.
Does not require a great deal of
preparation or fabrication in advance.
Load bearing masonry has high
compressive strength.
Aesthetically attractive.
The disadvantages of load bearing
masonry are:
A slow and tedious process.
space saving
Dust collector
Requires skilled masons.
Cost of bricks can make it unvi-
able. Limited floor space is a prob-
Low tensile strength, can fail dur- lem in most shops, but thats no
ing earthquakes. longer an excuse for kicking up a
Load bearing masonry, especially bunch of dust without a dust col-
brick masonry is porous and needs to lection system. Grizzly now makes
be protected from water. a wall-mounted dust collector. Its
equipped with a powerful 1-HP mo-
Load bearing masonry has a high tor prewired for 120V. It features a
self weight. canister filter with six times the sur-
It has poor thermal insulation face area of a standard bag-filter,
properties. yet it takes up less space. The filter
The problem of high heat conduc- is easy to keep clean with the hand
tance can be reduced in the following crank filter-cleaning brush.
ways:
By providing air traps double
REGD. NEWS MAGAZINE POSTED AT EGMORE RMS / 1 PATRIKA CHANNEL
BUILDERSLINE - ENGLISH Monthly Regd. with registrar of news paper for india. No.TN/TAM 2000/3801
Regn. TN/CH(c)/376/15-17 licenced to post without prepayment under TN/PMG (CCR)/WPP No.776/15-17
Date of Publication : 15.04.2017

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Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 2

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 3

CREDAI Leadership to herald a new Era 16

Types of Masonry Walls 18

Masonry Re Inforcement and Accessory 30

5 Safety Tips to Protect 34

Saint- Gobaim`s Infinity range trans- 36

42 Definition of terms Brick Masonry

44 Valuation of Old Flats

46 Brick Masonry Construction Tips

50 Economic Lighting on Site , Choosing Light

56 Conmax - Cool coat

Manufacturers of Concrete / Construction Chemicals

Aluminium Oxide Foaming Agent Zeolite

11, Moores Road, Thousand Lights, Chennai - 600 006

Mobile : +91-9840083947 / 9952940973 / 9940493947.

could reach to their destinations.

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 11

2100 crores. four-laning of the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway. The

lane project on the Jammu-Srinagar

IN REAL ESTATE ing the launch of 250 Af-

Projects wherein CREDAI members will

has to bear. For example a

ing walls. The use of reinforcement in walls helps it to

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 19

level and post-tensioning rods are anchored into the

No:61, Reddy Palayam Road, Email: cryst.solution@gmail.com Landline: 044-43525392

Horizontal bands in masonry build- At the plinth level of the building

for building construction, it is necessary

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 23

Useful Questions & Answers on Practical Civil Engineering Works

Piles and Foundation

SREE MURUGAN TILE WORKS

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 25

Flooring Tiles Roong Tiles

Weathering Course Wire-cut Bricks Decorative Tiles

(i) Rock socket friction and end bearing to

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Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 27

bath, a secluded garden, and the garage. The

while material and color choices help

The site is lush and verdant in

Bar seating, in addition to a sitting area

From the upstairs observatory, the

infused the public volume with different

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 29

pression strength of masonry structure.

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 31

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 33

Manual V Cleaning, External Cleaning,

No.10, Bhavani sankar Street, Email: giri@howzzat.net Call : 98430 49458,

HOW TO IMPROVE MASPO NRY

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 35

quirements that deal with building sci-

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 37

as shown in the elevation of figure below. Stretcher bond,

ers and headers. Headers are

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 39

BENEFITS OF USING CONCRETE PUMP

Why Choose Concrete Pumping: accurate and quality way of pouring

Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 41

known as backing. is known as stretcher course.

body as well as on the face of wall.