SHALLOW WATER AFFECT

AND SQUAT

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 SHALLOW WATER AFFECT
Shallow water is practically known as
when the UKC distance will be equal or
less than half of the vessel draft.
(UKC Draft )

2h
h

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 SHALLOW WATER AFFECT
Or it is also known as when the water
depth to draft ratio is equal or less than
1.5. (Depth 1.5
Draft )

2
h
3h

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 SHALLOW WATER AFFECT
Shallow water effect;
Squat
Bank effect

2
h
3h

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SHALLOW WATER AFFECT INDICATIONS

Vessel draft increases depending on vessel

speed.
Vessel speed reduces slowly.
Propeller and main engine loads will increase.
Trim by head will increase gradually.
Effectiveness of rudder and propeller will
reduce.
Turning circle will increase more than twice.
Stopping distance of ship will increase.

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SHALLOW WATER AFFECT

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 SQUAT
Squat will be occurred when UKC distance will be
equal or less than half of the vessel draft.
When the vessel sailing in shallow waters, the water
which would normally pass under the ship is
severely restricted.

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 SQUAT
Firstly, the water being forced under the bow at a
higher speed than normal and creates low pressure.
This let the vessel to loss of buoyancy .
Secondly, the building of water ahead of the ship
increases longitudinal resistance. Thus, pivot point
(PP) moves towards to the stern.

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 SQUAT
When the pp moves aft, steering lever is reduced .
The ship will squat (sinkage) by the bow which in turn
makes the problem even worse.
Bow sinkage can be seen up to 2 meter depending on
the ship size.

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 SQUAT
Trim is also important factor for squat. Therefore,
most of pilots may refuse to handle certain ship if
the ship has a trim by head and may even request a
small trim by the stern.
Squat effect will vary with the square of the ship
speed or water flow.

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 SQUAT
Squat of the vessel may produce bigger waves on the forward.
Accordingly wave trough can be occurred at amidships of vessel.
Wave crest can be seen at aft of the vessel.
When the vessel continue sail in shallow water, the buoyancy of
hull is affected negatively because of wave fluctuating.
This effect increases the more sinking of vessel due to
accelaration of water velocity (which produce low pressure )under
the keel.

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 SQUAT
Bernoulli rules;

P2 < P1
P2 = low pressure
P1 = high pressure
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SQUAT

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 SQUAT
Factors Effecting Squat;

*The speed of the vessel over sea.

*Type of bow. This influences the bow wave
produced and the distribution of pressure.
*Position of the longitudinal centre of buoyancy
(LCB):
If the LCB is aft of midships, 'squat' by the stern
should be expected.
If the LCB is forward of midships, 'squat' by the
head should be expected.
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 SQUAT
Factors Affecting Squat;
Depth to draft ratio (H/D)
Block coefficient (Cb= V/LxBxD)
Acceleration of vessel
Displacement of vessel

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 SQUAT FORMULA
If Shallow water in open
sea

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 SQUAT FORMULA
Block coefficient (Cb) is the volume (V) divided
by the LWL x BWL x D.
If you draw a box around the submerged part
of the ship, it is the ratio of the box volume
occupied by the ship.
It gives a sense of how much of the block
defined by the LWL, beam (B) & draft (D) is
filled by the hull.
Full forms such as oil tankers will have a high
Cb where fine shapes such as sailboats will
have a low Cb.
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 SQUAT FORMULA
Large size ships such as bulk carriers and tankers
have bigger block coefficiency.
Therefore, there would be more squat.
Generally, Cb will be 0.80 or more for these type of
vessels.
On the other hand, vessel such as container or
passenger ship have relatively smaller block
coefficiency.
Therefore, squat effect will be partly less than
other ships.
Genrally, Cb will be less than 0.80 for these type
of vessel. 18
 SQUAT FORMULA
If ship is even keel and Cb = 0,7
Ship keep her trim and will be squat.
If ship is even keel and Cb > 0,7
Ship will be squat by triming head
If ship is even keel and Cb < 0,7
Ship will be squat by triming stern

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 SQUAT FORMULA
Excessive speed is the main contributing factor
under such circumstances for squat effect.
Therefore, before entering shallow waters vessel
should sail with safe speed and will not continue to
sail with very high speed.
Reducing ship speed relatively is essential point to
minimize squat effect.
While sailing in shallow waters; in order to overcome
squat effect, ship speed will be increasing gradually.
Example; dead slow ahead will increase to slow
ahead instead directly ordering full ahead.
Always keep in mind that Squat effect will vary with
the square of the ship speed or water flow.
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 SQUAT
Ship speed (knot)
Squat in (mtr)

Ship in restricted waters

Ship in open sea

Block coefficiency
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 SQUAT CALCULATIONS
OPEN WATER CONDITION ;
Max squat, 'f' = CB x V2/100 meters
CB = Block co-efficient
V = Vessel's speed in knots
CB = Volume of Displacement(m3 )/(LxBxD)
L = Length Overall (meters)(Waterline)
B = Breadth of Ship (meters) )(Waterline)
D = Draught of Ship (meters)
Volume of Displacement =
Displacement/Density 22
 SQUAT CALCULATIONS
CONFINED WATER CONDITION ;
Max squat, 'f' = 2 x CB x V2/100 meters
CB = Block co-efficient
V = Vessel's speed in knots
CB = Volume of Displacement(m3 )/(LxBxD)
L = Length Overall (meters)(Waterline)
B = Breadth of Ship (meters) )(Waterline)
D = Draught of Ship (meters)
Volume of Displacement =
Displacement/Density 23
 SQUAT CALCULATIONS
SQUAT CALCULATION EXAMPLE ;
L = 199,5 meters (Waterline)
B = 32,3 meters (Waterline)
D = 6,9 meters
Displacement = 19 587 tonnes
Density = 1,023 t/m3
V = 10 knots. Water depth=10 meters.
Depth/Draught=10/6,9= 1,44 1,44 is smaller than 1,5,
Shallow water condition.
19 587/1,023
CB = ----------------------------------------- = 0,43

199,5 x 32,3 x 6,9

0,43 is smaller than 0,7, squat by trimming stern

Max squat, 'f' = 2 x CB x (V2/100) meters

= 2 x 0,43 x (100/100)
= 0,86 meters=86 cm. 24