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INTRODUCTION
Supplies of good quality irrigation water are expected to decrease in future because the development of new water resources will not keep pace
with increasing water needs of agriculture, industries and municipalities. some of these future water needs can be met by using available water
supplies more efficiently but in many cases it will be necessary to make increased use of municipal waste waters and agricultural drainage water.
agricultural and landscape irrigation can offer significant opportunity for waste water reuse in arid and semi arid regions, since 70-90% of water
resources are used for irrigation. In many countries of the world, treated waste water is considered as an important element in water resources
planning. The sewage is a rich source of plant nutrients and other organic wastes.
SEWAGE
Sewage indicates the liquid waste from the community. It includes sludge, discharge from latrines, urinals, stable industrial waste and also the
ground surface and storm water that may be admitted into the sewer. It is extremely putrescible; its decomposition produces large quantities
malodorouse gases and it may contain numerous pathogenic or disease producing bacteria.
TYPS OF SEWAGE
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
It is the sewage obtained lavatory basins, urinals and water closets of residential buildings, office buildings, theatres and other institutions. Since
it contains human excreta and urine, it is extremely foul in nature.
INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE
It is waste water obtained from the industrial and commercial establishments. it may contain objectionable organic compounds that may not be
amenable to conventional treatment processes. Combination of industrial sewage and domestic sewage together is called sanitary sewage.
STORM SEWAGE
It includes run off resulting from rain fall.
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE
After conveying the waste water through sewers, the next step is its disposal, either after treatment or even before treatment.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF WASTE WATER
NATURAL METHOS
By dilution
By land treatment
ARTIFICIAL METHOD
PRILIMINARY TREATMENT
PRIMERY TREATMENT
SECONDARY TREATMENT
TERITIARY TREATMENT
DILUTION
The disposal of sewage by discharging it into water courses such as streams, rivers or large body of water such as lake, sea is called dilution.
While discharging the sewage in this way care should be taken that the sewage may not pollute the natural water render it unfit for any purpose
such as drinking, bathing, fish cultivation and industrial as well as irrigation uses.
The dilution method of disposing off sewage can be favourably adopted under the following.
When the city is situated near the sea, river or lake etc..
When the sewage is fresh, non-septic and free from floating and setteable solids.
When the volume of receiving water is large enough to take the load of sewage safely without causing it any pollution problems.
When the dilution water has a high dissolved oxygen content(do content)
When the sewage will not cause the dilution of aquatic life and contaminants of shell fish.
BY LAND TREATMENT
When the sewage is evenly spread over the surface of the land , the method is called land treatment. The water of sewage perculates in the grown
and suspended solids remains at the ground. The suspended solids remains at the surface of the ground. The suspended solids are acted by the
bacteria and are partially oxidized by exposure atmospheric action of heat, height and air. The land treatment can be classified as below
FILTRATION
BROAD IRRIGATION
SEWAGE FARMIG
Filtration of sewage is by strong action of ground soil and, oxidation and biochemical action of organic matters. The complex compounds of
sewage are converted into the harmless mineral salts which serve as valuable fertilizer. In filtration more depth of soil below the ground level
taken part in the sewage treatment.
BROAD IRRIGATION
In this method, the sewage is stabilized by aerobic action. In this method under drainage system is laid below ground level to collect the effluent
of sewage after filtration through the ground soil.
The under drainage system usually consist of 15cm to 20cm diameter porous pipes which are laid open joined at the spacing of 10-30 cm. The
effluent which is unfoul can be directly disposed off into the water courses.
SEWAGE FARMING
When the sewage is used for growing crops, it is called sewage farming. The fertilized elements of sewage are consumed by the root of crops.
The minerals, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates are main fertilizer constituents of sewage. The method in addition to disposing of the sewage
may also help in increasing crop yield by 30% and so.
APPLICATION OF SEWAGE
SURFACE IRRIGATION
In this method the parallel drains are constructed in the fields. All the drains are connected to a distributery drain by means of regulatory devices.
This method is most suitable for dry areas.
SUBSOIL IRRIGATION
In this method a network of porous open joint pipe is laid about 30 cm below the ground level. The sewage is allowed to flow through these
pipes, which is absorbed by the subsoil. The remaining quantity of sewage can be used for irrigation to another place or discharged in natural
water course.
In this method is not properly supervisioned the land may become useless.
In this method disposal attention is to be taken against the spreading of diseases.
This method is not suitable for land consisting of clayey soil.
PLANT NUTRIENTS
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and pottasium are often referred to as the primary macronutrients because of the general probability of plants being
deficient in these nutrients and the large quantities taken up from the soil relative to other essential nutrients
CONCLUTION
By the controlled sewage irrigation, we can attain both the safe disposal of sewage and increased crop yield. The sewage water provides nutrients
for the plants which helps in their vegetative growth. However, waste water irrigation should be in optimum level; otherwise the high metal
content will cause health problems and soil sickness.
Reference: http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-sewage-water-as-the-source-of-irrigation-and-plant-nutrients-full-report#ixzz0qKXjMchK