Vince John B.

Sevilla All Organisms Are Composed of

BSN-1 Cells
MICROBIOLOGY
1838 - 1839
1. Timeline about the development
and history of microbiology.

Invisible Organisms Mathias Schleiden and Theodor

Schwann propose that all organisms
1546 are composed of cells.

Germ Theory of Disease

Girolamo Francastro He suggest that 1840

invisible organisms may cause
disease.

The Discovery of Cells J. Henle Proposes the germs are the

cause of diseases.
1665
Spread of Cholera

Robert Hooke publishes his discovery
of cells and sees he first
microorganism.
The First Observation of Bacteria
1676
1853 - 1854
John Snow demonstrates the epidemic
spread of cholera through a
contaminated water supply.
Sanitation of Wine

1864
Antony Leewenhoek observed the first
bacteria.
He was observing the lake water and Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization
found these organisms. This sparked a to destroy organisms in wine.
start to microbiology.
The Cause of Anthrax
Vaccination of Smallpox
1876
1796

Robert Koch demonstrates that a

Edward Jenner introduced the bacterium causes anthrax.
vaccination of smallpox.
Pure Culture
1881 Alexander Fleming discovers first
antibiotic, penicillin.

Transforming principle of DNA

Robert Koch introduces pure culture
techniques in the laboratory. 1944

Agar Plate

1882 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Walter an Franny Hesse introduce the
agar plate as a solidifying gel for the
culturing medium.
demonstrate that Griffith's
Transforming principle is DNA.
Structure of DNA
1953

Phagocytic cells

1884 Watson, Crick, and Franklin determine

the structure of DNA being a double
helix structure.
Elie Methnikoff discovers phagocytic Viroids v.s. Virusis
cells which engulf bacteria.
1971
Gram Negative Stain

1884
Theodor Diener demonstrates
fundamental differences between
Christian Gram describes the Gram viroids and viruses.
stain. DNA Clone
Genetic transformation 1973
1928

Boyer and Cohen Clone DNA

Frederick Griffith discovers genetic Domains of Organisms
transformation in bacteria.
1977
First Antibiotic

1929
Carl Woese classifies all organisms
into three domains.
Nuclotide Sequences The first complete nucleotide

1995

2. Enumerate at least 5 significance of microbiology

Medical and most populous group of organisms and are found everywhere on
the planet
Play a major role in recycling essential elements
Source of nutrients and some carry out photosynthesis
Benefit society by their production of food, beverages, antibiotics and
vitamins
Causative agents of some important diseases

3. Enumerate at least 2 practical application of microbiology then provide discussion

or explanation about application.

A. Climate Change

Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are single celled cyanobacteria. Researchers

estimate that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus remove about 10 billion tons of
carbon from the air each year; this is about two-thirds of the total carbon fixation
that occurs in the oceans.

Carbon fixation or arbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon

(carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms. The most prominent
example is photosynthesis, although chemosynthesis is another form of carbon
fixation that can take place in the absence of sunlight. Organisms that grow by
fixing carbon are called autotrophs.

B. Air/Water/Land Pollution Air Pollution

When applied to air filtration and purification, biofilters use microorganisms to

remove air pollution. The air flows through a packed bed and the pollutant transfers
into a thin biofilm on the surface of the packing material. Microorganisms, including
bacteria and fungi are immobilized in the biofilm and degrade the pollutant.
Trickling filters and bioscrubbers rely on a biofilm and the bacterial action in their
recirculating waters.

Filtration: Types of Filters

Several types of filters are available for use in the microbiology laboratory. Inorganic
filters are typified by the Seitz filter, which consists of a pad of porcelain or ground
glass mounted in a filter flask.

Organic filters:
Organic filters are advantageous because the organic molecules of the filter attract
organic components in microorganisms. They are given below:

1) Berkefeld filter: 3) HEPA filters:

2) Membrane Filter: