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A Seminar report
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
AKHIL (13071A0212)
Hyderabad-500090
VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology
CERTIFICATE
This is Certified that the SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY which is a study topic done by
G.AKHIL(13071A0212) in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, during the
year 2016-2017. The Seminar has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1
WHAT IS SMART GRID
3
CHARACTERISTICS
5
SMART GRID NEEDS
9
RELIABLITY
14
ADVANTAGES
18
SMART METERS
20
CONCLUSION
24
REFERENCES
26
Abstract
The development and implementation of a smart
grid for power supply is one of the pressing issues
in modern energy economy, given high national
priority and massive investments, although the entire
subject is still in its infancy stage. The smart grid
delivers electricity from producers to consumers
using two-way digital technology, and allows control
of appliances in the consumers' houses and of
machines in factories to save energy, while reducing
costs and increasing reliability and transparency.
Such a modern electricity network is promoted by
many governments as a way of handling energy
independence, global warming and security of
supply.. A smart grid includes an intelligent
monitoring system that keeps track of all the
electricity that flows in the system. When electricity
cost is low, the smart grid can offer the customer to
run intensive consumption household appliances,
such as washing machines, or processes in plants
that operate at flexible hours. On the other hand,
smart grid at peak hours can, in coordination with
the client, turn off selected appliances and machines
to reduce demand.
INTRODUCTION
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to
consumers using two-way digital technology to control
appliances at consumers' homes to save energy,reduce
cost and increase reliability and transparency. It is
capable of assessing its health in real-time, predicting
its behavior, anticipatory behavior, adaptation to new
environments, handling distributed resources,
stochastic demand, and optimal response to the smart
appliances. It is a tool that allows electric utilities to
focus onevolving true business drivers by enabling cost
containment, end-to-end power delivery control, and a
more secure infrastructure. The grid is considered to
have observability with nodes data integration and
analysis to support advances in system operation and
control. This includes power delivery integration and
high level utility strategic planning functions. The
existing transmission and distribution systems use
techniques and strategies that are old and there is
limited use of digital communication and control
technology. To achieve improved, reliable and
economical power delivery information flow and
secure integrated communication is proposed .The
Smart Grid with intelligent functions is expected to
provide selfcorrection, reconfiguration and restoration,
and able to handle randomness of loads and market
participants in real time, while creating more complex
interaction behavior with intelligent devices,
communicationprotocols, standard and smart
algorithms to achieve complex interaction with smart
communication and transportation systems.
for the BRP referred toas imbalance costs. This business case scenario
focuses on the balancing actionsby a BRP in the near-real time (i.e. at the
actual moment of delivery).Traditionally, these real-time balancing actions
are performed by power plantswithin the BRP portfolio. The key idea of this
function is the utilization ofreal-time flexibility of end-user customers to
balance the BRP portfolio
POWERSYSTEM
1.Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they
havebeen developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In
mostcases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct
networkconnection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation,
demandresponse, distribution automation, supervisory control and
dataacquisition(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh
networksand other technologies, power- line carrier communication s and
fiberoptics.Integrated communication will allow for real time
control,information and data exchange to optimize system reliability,
assetutilization, and security.
3.Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that
record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets(smart socket) and other smart
gridenabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during
times of peak demand.
4.Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power
electronics,and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities
and characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories
include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high
voltage direct current, first and second generation superconducting wire,high
temperature superconducting cable,
distributed energy generation andstorage devices ,composite conductors, and
intelligent appliances.
1) Transformer
2) Transmission line
3) Distribution line
TRANSFORMER LOSSES:-there is two type of losses in transformer
losses
a) IRON LOSSES:-The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field
in transformersteel core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresisloss + eddy current loss
b) COPPER LOSSES:The total power loss taking place in the winding of
transformer iscalled as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses
.Cu losses =I12R1+ I22R2Now,
ENERGY CONSERVATIONTECHNIOUES
1.ENERGY CONSERVATION IN
TRANSMISSIONSYSTEMTransmission losses can be reduced as
follows:-
1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce urs
from this surely the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or
bundled conductors or ACSR conductors. And even this method is been
adopted and also successful.
SMART METERS
A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that
identifies consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and
communicates that information back to the local utility for
monitoring and billing, a process known as telemetering.
Future
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the
smart grid from every business to every home just like the internet.
RELIABILITY
Renewable resources, while supplementing the generation capability of the
gridand addressing some environmental concerns, aggravate the reliability
due to theirvolatility. Demand response and electric storage resources are
necessary foraddressing economics of the grid and are perceived to support
grid reliabilitythrough mitigating peak demand and load variability. Electric
transportation
resources are deemed helpful to meeting environmental targets and can be
used to
mitigate load variability. Balancing the diversity of the characteristics of
theseresource types presents challenges in maintaining grid reliability
Reliability has always been in the forefront of power grid design and
operation dueto the cost of outages to customers. In the US, the annual cost
of outages in 2002 is estimated to be in the order of $79B [5] which equals
to about a third of the totalelectricity retail revenue of $249B [6]. A similar
estimate based on 2008 retailrevenue would be of the order of $109B. Much
higher estimates have beenreported by others. The reliability issues in
modern power grids are becomingincreasingly more challenging. Factors
contributing to the challenges include:Aggravated grid congestion, driven
by uncertainty, diversity and distributionof energy supplies due to
environmental and sustainability concerns. Thepower flow patterns in real-
time can be significantly different from thoseconsidered in the design or off-
line analyses.More numerous, larger transfers over longer distances
increasing volatilityand reducing reliability margins. This phenomenon is
aggravated by energymarkets.
The grid being operated at its edge in more locations and more oftenbecause of:
Insufficient investment and limited rights of way
Increasing energy consumption and peak demand creating contention for
limited transfer capability
Aging infrastructure
Maximizing asset utilization driven by modern tools for
monitoring,analyzing and controlConsolidation of operating entities giving
rise to a larger foot print withmore complex problems and requiring
smaller error margins and shorterdecision times. This problem may be
aggravated by depletion of experiencedpersonnel due to retirement, etc.
CONCLUSION
With the increasing world population, thereby
increasing demand, and depletingresources the need to
be smartand efficient in our energy usage has become
animperative. Implementation of Smart Grid concept
would go a long way in solvingmany of the present
energy issues and problems. The whole network needs
to beupgraded to meet the requirements i.e. at
transmission as well as distribution level.Researches are
going on to find the optimal solution and new
technology to makeall the desired characteristics
possible. Smart Meters, Smart Homes, Smart City and
so on would constitute the Smart Grid. As the new
technologies would be invented and existing ones
boosted up to meet the desired specifications the Smart
Grid would become a reality and change the whole
energy pattern throughout the world.
Resources of information
Articles
Energy Conservation Through Energy Management
- byProf. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)
WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power
- by Syed Khadeerullah(Electrical India magazine, January
2008)
Magazine of Electrical India 2010
Websites:-
www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com