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Eulerian-Granular Flow
Introduction
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
Use user-defined function (UDF) to specify a model which is not available with ANSYS
FLUENT.
Set up the reaction of coal particles using the eulerian-granular multiphase flow.
Solve the case using appropriate solver settings and solution monitors.
Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed
Tutorial 1 from ANSYS FLUENT 13.0 Tutorial Guide, and that you are familiar with the
ANSYS FLUENT navigation pane and menu structure. Some steps in the setup and solution
procedure will not be shown explicitly. For more information on species transport model
and standard k-epsilon viscous model, see Sections 16, Modeling Species Transport and Finite-
Rate Chemistry and 13.5.1, Setting Up the Standard or Realizable k- Model in the ANSYS
FLUENT 13.0 Users Guide.
Problem Description
In this tutorial, a two dimensional riser geometry is considered to simulate the combustion
of coal particles using eulerian-granular multiphase flow. The gas and coal particles simulta-
neously enter the domain from the same inlet. In this case, both the phases are modeled as
mixture. The dry coal particles contain 2% char and 2% volatiles. The primary phase is a
gaseous mixture consisting of O2 , N2 , CO, CO2 , tar, and H2 O, while the secondary phase is
a coal mixture of C(s), volatiles, H2 O(l), and ash-coal. In this example, two heterogeneous
reactions are considered, one for devolatilization and the other for char combustion. A
homogeneous reaction of carbon monoxide converting to carbon-di-oxide is also considered.
To demonstrate the case setup for eulerian-granular flow with the heterogeneous and
homogeneous reactions, consider the coal composition and the geometry.
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Modeling Heterogeneous Reactions with Eulerian-Granular Flow
For the realistic coal combustion or gasification process, you need to consider more hetero-
geneous and homogeneous reactions.
Preparation
1. Copy the mesh file (euler.msh.gz) and the UDF source file (mass xfer rate.c) to
the working folder.
4. Click the UDF Compiler tab and ensure that the Setup Compilation Environment for
UDF is enabled.
The path to the .bat file which is required to compile the UDF will be displayed as
soon as you enable Setup Compilation Environment for UDF.
If the UDF Compiler tab does not appear in the FLUENT Launcher dialog box by default,
click the Show Additional Options >> button to view the additional settings.
The Display Options are enabled by default. Therefore, after you read in the mesh, it
will be displayed in the embedded graphics window.
Step 1: Mesh
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Step 3: Models
Models
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Step 4: Materials
Materials
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i. Select coal-hv-volatiles (hv vol) from the FLUENT Fluid Materials drop-down
list.
ii. Select none from the Mixture drop-down list.
iii. Enter tar as the Name and Chemical Formula.
iv. Enter 1000 kg/m3 for Density and 1200 j/kg-k for Cp (Specific Heat).
v. Enter 0.1 w/m-k for Thermal Conductivity.
vi. Enter 0.001 kg/m-s for Viscosity.
vii. Enter 144 kg/kgmol for Molecular Weight.
viii. Enter 331176 J/kgmol for Standard State Enthalpy.
ix. Retain 0 j/kgmol-k for Standard State Entropy.
x. Click Change/Create and click No in the Question dialog box that appears.
(f) Create a new mixture, mixture-coal.
i. Select mixture from the Material Type drop-down list.
ii. Select mixture-template from the FLUENT Mixture Materials drop-down list.
iii. Enter mixture-coal as the Name.
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iv. Click the Edit... button for Mixture Species to open the Species dialog box.
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vi. Click the Edit... button for Mechanism to open the Reaction Mechanisms
dialog box.
A. Deselect reaction-1.
B. Click OK to close the Reaction Mechanisms dialog box.
vii. Select volume-weighted-mixing-law from the Density drop-down list.
viii. Ensure mixing-law is selected from the Cp (Specific Heat) drop-down list.
ix. Enter 1.5 W/m-K for Thermal Conductivity.
x. Enter 1e-12 m2 /s for Mass Diffusivity.
xi. Click Change/Create.
(g) Create a new mixture, mixture-gas.
i. Select coal-hv-volatiles-air from the FLUENT Mixture Materials drop-down list.
ii. Enter mixture-gas as the Name.
iii. Click the Edit... for the Mixture Species to open the Species dialog box.
A. Remove n2 from the Selected Species list.
B. Add tar and carbon-monoxide (co) to the Selected Species list.
C. Add n2 to the Selected Species list.
This ensures that n2 appears last in the Selected Species list.
Ensure that the Selected Species list contains hv vol, o2, co2, h2o, tar,
co, and n2. The last species in the Selected Species list is n2.
D. Click OK to close the Species dialog box and click Yes in the dialog box
that appears.
iv. Select mixture-gas from the FLUENT Mixture Materials drop-down list.
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v. Click Edit... for Mechanism to open the Reaction Mechanisms dialog box.
A. Ensure that reaction-1 is selected and click OK to close the Reaction
Mechanisms dialog box.
B. Enter 0.06 W/m-K for Thermal Conductivity.
C. Enter 6e-05 W/m-K for Viscosity.
D. Enter 1e-07 m2 /s for Mass Diffusivity.
vi. Click Change/Create in the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.
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(h) Enter 2.239e+12 and 1.7e+08 for Pre-Exponential Factor and Activation En-
ergy J/kgmol respectively.
(i) Click OK to close the Reactions dialog box.
(j) Click Change/Create and close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.
Step 5: Phases
Phases
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(a) Click Add... and select the source file, mass xfer rate.c.
(b) Click Build and then click Load to load the library.
(a) Click Edit... for Adjust to open the Adjust Functions dialog box.
i. Select gasification::libudf from the Available Adjust Functions list.
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ii. Click Add and click OK to close the Adjust Functions dialog box.
(b) Click OK to close the User-Defined Function Hooks dialog box.
Phases... Interaction...
2. Click the Collisions tab and enter 0.8 for Restitution Coefficient.
3. Click the Heat tab and select gunn from the Heat Transfer Coefficient drop-down list.
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5. Increase ID to 2.
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i. Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-
down list in the Turbulence group box.
ii. Enter 1% for Backflow Turbulent Intensity and 0.05 m for Backflow Hydraulic
Diameter.
iii. Click the Thermal tab and enter 1144 K for Backflow Total Temperature.
iv. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
(b) Select phase-2 from the Phase drop-down list and click Edit... to open the Pressure
Outlet dialog box.
i. Click the Thermal tab and enter 1144 K for Backflow Total Temperature.
ii. Click the Species tab and enter 0.02 for volatile and carbon-solid (c<s>).
iii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
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Modeling Heterogeneous Reactions with Eulerian-Granular Flow
1. Enable Gravity and enter -9.81 m/s2 for Y in Gravitational Acceleration group box.
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Modeling Heterogeneous Reactions with Eulerian-Granular Flow
Figure 2: Convergence History of Volume Fraction on fluid riser After 1000 Time Steps
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Summary
This tutorial demonstrates the use of heterogeneous reactions for modeling gasification
problems. In this tutorial, only three reactions are used.
Further Improvements
While working on realistic cases, you can include more number of heterogeneous as well as
volumetric reactions. Further, heterogeneous stiff solvers can be used for the stiff reactions.
Instead of using the UDF for heterogenous reaction rate you can use arrhenius-rate for
Reaction Rate Function.
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