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EO-102
Fundamentals of Electronics & Instrumentation
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 1
Transducers/ Sensors
For example:
Temperature Sensor
Humidity Sensor
Radiation Sensor
Ultrasonic Sensor
Infrared Sensor
Vibration Sensor
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Global System for Mobile Module (GSM)
Optical/ Hyper spectral Camera etc.
Measurand
Transducer Electrical
output
Excitation
R R0 (1 T )
where
R = the resistance of the conductor at temperature t (0C)
R0 = the resistance at the reference temperature, usually
200C
= the temperature coefficient of resistance
T = the difference between the operating and the
reference temperature
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 11
2) Thermocouple
Where
c and k = constant of the thermocouple
materials
T1 = The temperature of the hot
junction
T2 = The temperature of the cold or
reference junction
Note!
The resistance
decreases as their
temperature rises-NTC
Creep-action: coil or
spiral that unwinds
or coils with
changing
temperature
R: resistance change
: density
L: Length
A: area
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 21
Contd
The resistance between the slider and one end of the resistance element
depends on the position of the object. The output voltage depends on
the wiper position and therefore is a function of the shaft position
V0 R2
VT R1 R2
This equation shows that the output voltage is directly proportional to
the position of the wiper, if the resistance of the transducer is distributed
uniformly along the length of travel of the wiper
EXAMPLE 1
Processing circuit
kA 0
C ( Farads)
d
where
k = dielectric constant
A = the area of the plate, in m2
o = 8.854 x 10-12 F/m
d = the plate placing in m
Rectilinear Capacitance
Rotary plate capacitor Transducer
Thin diaphragm
Rectilinear capacitance
transducer:
Thin diaphragm:
A transducer that varies the
spacing between surfaces. The
dielectric is either air or vacuum.
Often used as Capacitance
microphones.
Disadvantages:
1. Sensitivity to temperature variations
2. the possibility of erratic or distortion signals owing to
long lead length
Applications:
1. As frequency modulator in RF oscillator
2. In capacitance microphone
3. Use the capacitance transducer in an ac bridge circuit
1. Number of turns
2. Geometric configuration
3. Permeability of the magnetic material or magnetic circuits
L
R
Where,
A
: the specific resistance of the conductor material in ohm meters
L : length of conductor (meters)
A : area of conductor (m2)
R / R
K
G
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 37
From Hooke theory, stress, S, is defined as internal force/area.
F
S
A
Where
S= the stress in kilograms per square meter
F= the force in kilograms
A= area in square meters
Where,
S
E E= Young modules in kg per square meter
S= the stress in kilograms per square meter
G G= the strain (no units)
An iron core slides within the tube and therefore affects the magnet
coupling between the primary and the two secondaries. When the core is in
the centre, voltage induced in the two secondaries is equal. When the core
is moved in one direction from centre, the voltage induced in one winding
is increased and that in the other is decreased. Movement in the opposite
direction reverses this effect
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 41
Cont..
electrons
Piezoelectricity is due to
asymmetries in the
crystallographic structure.
Drawbacks
Curie Temperature, Tc
Resonant behaviour
High output impedance
Cannot be used to detect static quantities
For example:
GPIO
DSI Ethernet
CSI
SD
HDMI
Power CPU/GPU
200 C overrange
Required parts
Raspberry Pi
MCP3008 8 channel ADC
Light dependent resistor (LDR)
TMP36 temperature sensor
10 Kohm resistor
VDD 3.3V
VREF 3.3V
AGND GROUND
CLK GPIO11 (P1-23)
DOUT GPIO9 (P1-21)
DIN GPIO10 (P1-19)
CS GPIO8 (P1-24)
DGND GROUND
FEATURES
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // sets the serial
port to 9600
}
void loop()
{
sensorValue = analogRead(0); // read
analog input pin 0
Serial.println(sensorValue, DEC); //
prints the value read
delay(100); // wait 100ms
for next reading
}
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 90
MQ-7 Gas sensor
This is a simple-to-use Carbon Monoxide (CO) sensor, suitable for sensing CO
concentrations in the air. The MQ-7 can detect CO-gas concentrations anywhere
from 20 to 2000ppm.This sensor has a high sensitivity and fast response time.
The sensors output is an analog resistance.
FEATURES
High sensitivity to carbon monoxide
Stable and long life
Heating consumption About 350mW
APPLICATION
They are used in gas detecting equipment for
carbon monoxide(CO) in family and industry or car.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // sets the serial
port to 9600
}
void loop()
{
sensorValue = analogRead(0); // read
analog input pin 0
Serial.println(sensorValue, DEC); // prints
the value read
delay(100); // wait 100ms for
next reading
}
APPLICATIONS
1.Telephones
2.Handheld devices
3.Recording devices
4.2-way
communications
5.Audio/visual
equipment
6.Flow detectors
7.GPS systems
void setup()
{ Serial.begin(9600); }
void loop()
{ Serial.println(analogRead(0));
delay(300); }
FEATURES
1. Operating voltage: 4.5V to 20V DC
2. Static power consumption: 65 micro-amps
3. Output Logic level : High-3.3V, Low-0V
4. Delay Time: adjustable (5-200S +-3%)
5. Blocked Time: 2.5 Seconds Default
6. Trigger Jumper: L No Repeat, H Repeated
Trigger(Default)
7. Sensing range: <1400 , 3-7 meters(Adjustable)
8. Operating temperature: -20 -+800 C
void setup()
{ Serial.begin(9600);}
Serial.println("Warming up...");
delay(20000); }
void loop()
{ Serial.print("IN2 = ");
Serial.println(digitalRead(2), DEC);
delay(200); }
Features
1. Distance measuring range : 20 to 150
cm
2. Analog output type
3. Package size : 29.51321.6 mm
4. Consumption current : Typ. 33 mA
5. Supply voltage : 4.5 to 5.5 V
Applications
1. Touch-less switch
(Sanitary equipment, Control of
illumination, etc. )
2. Sensor for energy saving
(ATM, Copier, Vending machine, Laptop
computer,
LCD monitor)
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 97
Interfacing with Arduino
const int x;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);}
void loop()
{
x = analogRead(2);
Serial.println(x);
}
2Applications
HVAC, dehumidifier, testing and inspection
equipment, consumer goods, automotive, automatic
control, data loggers, weather stations, home
appliances, humidity regulator, medical and other
humidity
measurement and control.
3Features
Low cost, long-term stability, relative humidity and
temperature measurement, excellent quality, fast
response, strong anti-interference ability, long
distance signal transmission, digital signal output,
and
precise calibration.
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 99
Interfacing with Arduino
int potpin=0;
int ledpin=12;
int potval=0;
Void setup()
{
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);
}
Void loop(){
Potval= analogRead(potpin);
digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);
Delay(potval);
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);
Delay(potval);
}
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 100
Accelerometer sensor
The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accel-erometer with
signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a
minimum full-scale range of 3 g
FEATURES
Small and thin
4 mm 4 mm 1.45 mm LFCSP package
Wide supply voltage range: 2.4 V to 5.25 V
Low power: 350 A at VS = 2.4 V (typ)
Good sensitivity accuracy
X-axis and Y-axis aligned to within 0.1 (typ)
Single-supply operation
10,000 g shock survival
APPLICATIONS
Cost-sensitive motion- and tilt-sensing applications
Smart hand-held devices
Sports and health-related devices
PC security and PC peripherals
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 101
Interfacing with Arduino
const int groundpin = 18; // analog input pin 4
const int powerpin = 19; // analog input pin 5
const int xpin = A3; // x-axis of the accl.
const int ypin = A2; // y-axis
const int zpin = A1; // z-axis (only on 3-axis
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(groundpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(powerpin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(groundpin, LOW);
digitalWrite(powerpin, HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.print(analogRead(xpin));
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(analogRead(ypin));
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(analogRead(zpin));
Serial.println();
Electronics & Instrumentation EO-102 102
delay(100);