Unit 07 February

1. DEFINITION OF TRIGONOMETRY.

Trigonometry (from Greek trigonom triangle + metron measure) is a

branch of mathematics that studies Triangles and the relationships between their
sides and the angles between these sides.

Trigonometry defines the Trigonometric Functions, which describe those

relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as Waves. It is also the
foundation of the practical art of Surveying.

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MATH VOCABULARY: Trigonometry, Triangle, Trigonometric Functions, Wave,

Surveying, Angle.

2. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT FOR ANGLES.

There are two commonly used units of measurement for angles. The more
familiar unit of measurement is that of Degrees. A circle is divided into equal
degrees, so that a right angle is .

The other common measurement for angles is Radians. One Radian is the angle
subtended at the center of a circle by an arc that is equal in length to the radius of the
circle.

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Since the length of a the circumference is :

=
Therefore:

MATH VOCABULARY: Degree, Right Angle, Radian.

3. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF AN ANGLE.

When we draw a perpendicular line to one side of the angle we get a right-
angled triangle. The legs of this triangle are called Opposite and Adjacent.

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Opposite Leg is opposite the angle , and Adjacent Leg is adjacent (next) to
angle . There are six ways to form ratios of the three sides of this triangle, and each
of these ratios has a name:

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If we drew other different right triangles for the same angle, what would
happen to the trigonometric ratios?

in in in

Since the triangles , and are similar:

= =

Therefore, the value of does not depend on the right triangle that we
use. The same thing can be said about the other trigonometric ratios.

MATH VOCABULARY: Trigonometric ratios, Hypotenuse, opposite Leg, Adjacent Leg,

Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant, Cotangent.

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4. BASIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF AN

ANGLE.

The trigonometric ratios of angle are not independent. They have some
relations between them. The Fundamental Relationships between the trigonometric
ratios of an angle are:

PROOF:

sin
tan = = = = = tan
cos

+ =

PROOF:

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2
sen + cos = + = 2 + 2 = = 2=1
2

+ =

PROOF: If we divide the second equation by 2 :

sen2 + cos2 2 cos 2 1

2
= + = = 2 + 1 = 2
cos cos cos cos 2
2 2

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5. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 30, 45 AND 60.

If we have , the two legs have the same length :

We have:

= + =

= = = = =

= =

For calculate the trigonometric ratios of and , we take the half of an

equilateral triangle of side :

Firstly we calculate :

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= = =

Therefore:


= = =

= = =

= = =

= =

6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS: FROM 0 TO 360.

We can represent angles in a circumference which centre is the Origin of

Coordinates:

Take the origin of coordinates as a Vertex of the triangle.

Use the radius on the positive Semiaxis of abscissas as origin of the angle.
Draw the extreme of the angle by measuring it:

If the radius is one, the circumference is called Goniometric Circumference.

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If we represent an angle in this circumference, we get the point (, ). This

point is the intersection of the side of the angle that is not on the x-axis with the
circumference.

(, ) is 1 unit away from the origin. Therefore, the sine of is the value of
the ordinate of P, and the cosine of is the value of the abscissa of P:

=
=

=

MATH VOCABULARY: Origin of Coordinates, Vertex, Semiaxis, Abscissas,

Counterclockwise, Clockwise, Goniometric Circumference.

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7. SIGNS TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS. QUADRANTS.

The Coordinate Axes divide the plane into four equal parts called Quadrants.

< <

< <

< <

< <

7.1. FIRST QUADRANT.

> > >

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7.2. SECOND QUADRANT.

> < <

7.3. THIRD QUADRANT.

< < >

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7.4. FOURTH QUADRANT.

< > <

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7.5. REDUCE TO THE FIRST QUADRANT.

Let be an angle in the first quadrant. Then, is an angle in the

second quadrant, + is an angle in the third quadrant, and is an
angle in the fourth quadrant. The trigonometric ratios of , + and
can be expressed in terms of the trigonometric ratios of .

( ) =
( ) =
( ) =

( + ) =
( + ) =
( + ) =

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( ) =
( ) =
( ) =

MATH VOCABULARY: Coordinate Axes, Quadrants.

8. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ANY ANGLE.

8.1. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES.

Two angles are Complementary when they add up to 90 degrees.

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( ) =
( ) =

( ) =

8.2. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES.

Two Angles are Supplementary when they add up to 180 degrees.

+ = =

We will have the same result as reducing from second to first quadrant:

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8.3. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF CONJUGATE ANGLES.

Two angles that sum to a complete angle (1 turn, 360, or 2 radians) are
called Explementary Angles or Conjugate Angles.

+ = =

We will have the same result as reducing from fourth to first quadrant:

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8.4. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF NEGATIVE ANGLES.

It is almost the same case as above. Negative Angles are a way of measuring an
angle from a different direction.

() =
() =
() =

8.5. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 360.

In general, the trigonometric ratios of + , where and

< are the same as the trigonometric ratios of . We divide the angle by
360 and the remainder will be .

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MATH VOCABULARY: Complementary Angles, Supplementary Angles, Conjugate

Angles, Explementary Angles.

9. SOLVING TRIANGLES

Solving a Triangle means to find the lengths of all its sides and the measures of
all its angles. The measures of the angles and the lengths of the sides are related to
one another. If you know the measure (length) of three out of the six parts of the
triangle (at least one side must be included), you can find the measures of the
remaining sides an angles.

If the triangle is a right triangle, you can use simple trigonometric ratios to find
the missing parts. In a general triangle (acute or obtuse), you need to use other
techniques, including the Law of Cosines and the Law of Sines. You can also find the
area of triangles by using trigonometric ratios.

The triangle can be located on a plane or on a sphere. This problem often

occurs in various trigonometric applications, such as geodesy, astronomy,
construction, navigation, etc.

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