CHAPTER 1 Distribution Systems and Tariffs

12/09/2012
BEX42803 UTILISATIONOFELECTRICALENERGY
Prepared by,
DR. KOK BOON CHING
2012@JEK/FKEE 1
Outlines
Introduction
ElectricityGenerationScenarioinMalaysia
ElectricSupplySystem
HVDistributionNetworks
LVDistributionNetworks
HardwareforDistributionSystems
LoadCharacteristicsandTariffsRate
1
12/09/2012
Introduction
Energyisneededinmany
areasofhumanendeavor
suchas:
movingpeopleandgoodsaround
TRANSPORT
producingandprocessingoffood
AGRICULTURE
manufacturingofusefulmaterialsand
artifacts INDUSTRY
Poweringcommunicationgadgetsand
d d
equipment,andgoingaboutother
commercialactivities COMMERCE
maintainingphysicalcomfortand
convenienceinourhomes
HOUSEHOLDS
Introduction TRANSPORT
Transportationisthemovement
ofpeopleandgoods fromone
placetoanother.
Transportationdependson
continuoussupplyofenergy.
Automobilesarepoweredby
gasoline (petrol),aeroplanesby
jetfuel(kerosene),andtrucks,
trains,andshipsbydieseloil.
i d hi b di l il
Conveyers,cranes,robotsand
pipelinesusemotorsandpumps,
whicharepoweredbyelectricity.
2
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Introduction AGRICULTURE
Agroindustriesandprocessingof
agriculturalproductsrequireenergy.
i lt l d t i
Mechanical implementspoweredbyfuelor
electricityareimmenselymoreefficientand
productivethanhumansandanimals.
Indevelopedcountries,amajorportionof
electricityusedinagriculturepowers
irrigationpumps.
irrigationpumps
Theenergyrequirementsinagricultureare
mainlymetusingsolarenergy,fossilfuels
(oil,coalandnaturalgas),fuelwood and
electricity.
Introduction INDUSTRY
Mostoftheenergyusedinindustryisusedby
themachinesandprocesses,whichmakethe
productsofindustry.
Industrialenergyconsumingsystemsinclude
boiler andotherfiredsystems(furnace,kilns,
incinerators,dryers),compressedairsystem,
electricmotors(forfans,blowers,pumps,
conveyers,etc.)andlighting system.
Energyisalsousedtoheatorcool thebuildings
andtoprovidehotwaterandotherfacilitiesfor
workers.
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Introduction COMMERCE
Highlysophisticated
communicationsystemsbothfor
y
thesupplyofgoodsandservices,
andthemaintenanceof
organisationalcohesionrequires
areadysupplyofsuitable
energy.
Informationprocessing,storage
andretrievalalsousealotof
energyincommerce.
Electricalenergyisthemost
commonformofenergyused
andsupplementedbychemical
energyfrombatteries
(renewableenergysystem).
Introduction HOUSEHOLD
Energyisrequiredinhouseholds
forspaceheatingorcooling
forspaceheatingorcooling,
waterheating,cooking,lighting,
ironing,andpowerappliances
likefridge,washingmachines,
soundsystems,TV,hairdryers,
shavers,clocks,blenders,
toasters,vacuumcleaners,
sewingmachines,etc.
Theenergymaycomefrom
directheatingfromthesun,
electricity,burningoffossilfuels
orfuelwood.
4
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GenerationMixProfileinMalaysia
GenerationMixProfileinMalaysia
10
5
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NumberofConsumersbySector
11
Major Power Station

S in Peninssular Malaysia
12
6
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ElectricityScenarioinMalaysia
N PASIR
PORT PAKA
GUDANG
KEV
SERDANG
Teluk
PRAI (1,139
(2,420
GELUGOR
Ewa
DICKSON
MANJUNG (360 (68MW)
(729MW)
MW)
(625 MW)
MW)
MW)
(360
(2100 MW)
MW)
CONNAUGHT
CC
CSP
CSP
CSPGT
GT
CC
TANJUNG3x290
2x120
2x500
13x135
2
3x120
xx 34
330MW
MW
MWMW
MW
MW Gas
Oil/Gas
Coal/G/O
Gas
Dist
Fuel
Gas Oil
CSP x 700BIN
3 3x120
BRIDGE MW
(832
MW (2100 MW)
Gas/Oil
MW)
Coal
CC
CCGT
CSP 1x269
1x269
2x300
2x110 MW
MW MWMW Gas
Gas
Coal/G/O
Gas
GT 3 x4 700
4x 130MW MWCoal
C Gas
l
G
LEGEND GT 2x110
CSP MWGas/Oil
Gas
Hydro
CC 2x300 1x 312 MW MW Gas
GT 2x110 MW Gas
Thermal
SOUTH
Note:
CHINA
GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine
SEA
CC - Combined Cycle THERMAL
CSP - Conventional Thermal
C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas POWER PLANTS
Dist - Distillate 13
ElectricityScenarioinMalaysia
N Temengor
Chenderoh
Bersia
Sg.Piah
Pergau
Kenering
Kenyir
Cameron Highland
32443xxxx10.7
87
7.3 MW
24MW
150MW
40MW
100MWMW
261.9 MW
LEGEND
12 x 8 8.4
274 MW
MW
Hydro
Thermal
SOUTH
Note: CHINA
GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine SEA
CC - Combined Cycle HYDRO
CSP - Conventional Thermal
C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas POWER PLANTS
Dist - Distillate 14
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MaximumDemandandInstalled
GenerationCapacity
(Source: Electricity Supply Industry in Malaysia: Performance and Statistical Information, Suruhanjaya
Tenaga, 2010)
15
GenerationCapacity
Tenaga, 2010)
16
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GenerationCapacity
Tenaga, 2010)
17
ElectricityForecast
(2007 2011)
18
9
20
19
TNB G
GRID SYSTEM 2010
12/09/2012
10
22
21
MAJOR POW
WER STATIONN AND GRID MAJOR POW
WER STATIONN AND GRID
SYSTE
EM IN SABAH (2010)
( SYSTEMM IN SARAWAK
K (2010)
12/09/2012
11
12/09/2012
wer Grid
Prospecttive ASEAN Pow
23
ElectricalSupplySystems
Medium/HighVoltage(HV)
Overheadtransmissionlines(500kV,275kV,132
kV).
Undergroundcables(66kV,33kV,22kV,11kV,
6.6kV).
Forlargescaleindustrycustomers.
LowVoltage(LV)
Voltagelevelbelow1kV(240Vand415V).
Forresidential,commercial,andsmallindustry
applications.
24
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DefinitionofVoltageLevels
1 kV 50 kV
Low Medium High

Voltage Voltage Voltage
25
LowVoltage(LVSystem)
Singlephase,2wire,240V,upto12kVA
maximumdemand
Threephase,4wire,415V,upto45kVA
maximumdemand
Threephase,4wire,C.T.metered,415V,up
to1000kVA maximumdemand
Citation: TNB Electricity Supply Application Handbook, 2nd Edition, March 2007
26
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12/09/2012
MediumandHighVoltage(MV&HV)
Threephase,3wire,11kVforloadof1000
kVA maximumdemandandabove
Threephase,3wire,22kVor33kVforload
of5000kVA maximumdemandandabove
Threephase,3wire,66kV,132kVand275kV
forexceptionallylargeloadofabove25MVA
maximumdemand
27
SteadystateSupplyVoltagePerformance
Undernormalconditions
VoltageLevel %variation
415Vand240V 10%&+5%
6.6kV,11kV,22kV,33kV 5%
132kVand275kV 5%&+10%
Undercontingencyconditions
VoltageLevel %variation
415Vand240V 10%
6.6kV,11kV,22kV,33kV +10%&10%
132kVand275kV 10%
Citation: TNB Electricity Supply Application Handbook,

2nd Edition, March 2007 28
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12/09/2012
SecurityLevelsforDistributionSystems
Forvoltagelevelsof6.6kV,11kV,22kVand
33kV theaveragesupplyrestorationisless
than4hours.
Forsuppliesat240Vand415V the
restorationperiodmayvarybeyond4hours
dependingonthetypeofnetworkfault.
p g yp
29
OverviewofElectricitySupplySystems
30
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HighVoltageElectricalSupply
A. MainTransmissionLineNetworkSystem
9 Connectingtheelectricalsupplysourcefrom
electricalgenerationstationstothemain
distributionnetworksystematcertainlarge
areaslikestates,districtsandbigtowns.
9 Themaintransmissionlinenetworksarelikedto
eachothertoformtheNationalGridSystem.
9 Themethodusedinthetransmissionline
networkisthe3,3lines(RYB)systemthrough
mainoverheadlinetower.
31
B. PrimaryDistributionNetworkSystem
Itreceiveselectricalsupplyfrommain
transmissionlinenetworksystem.
Itislocatedatfewselectedlocationsinastate.
Theelectricalpowerisdeliveredtotheusers
through4distributionlevels.
32
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AmericanVersusEuropeanSystem
33
FirstLevel(1) TransmissionMainIntake(TMI)or
Pencawang Masuk Utama (PMU).
Interconnectionpointof132kVor275kVtothe
distributionnetwork.
The standard transmission

capacity and voltage
transformation provided at
the PMU are as follows:-
- 132/33kV, 2 x 90 MVA
- 132 /22kV, 2 x 60 MVA
- 132 /11 kV, 2 x 30 MVA
34
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SecondLevel(2) MainDistributionSubstation
(MDS)orPencawang Pembahagian Utama (PPU).
Main Distribution Sub-

station is normally
applicable to 33kV for
interconnecting 33kV
networks with 11 kV
networks.
k
It provides capacity
injection into 11 kV network
through a standardized
transformation of 33/11 kV.
35
ThirdLevel(3) MainSwitchingStation(MSS)or
Stesyen Suis Utama (SSU).
SSUat33kV,22kVand11kVareestablishedtoserve
thefollowingfunction:
1. To supply a dedicated bulk

consumer ( 33kV, 22kV, 11
kV)
2. To provide bulk capacity
injection or transfer from a
PMU/PPU to a load center for
further localized distribution.
36
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FourthLevel(4) DistributionSubstation(DS)or
Pencawang Elektrik (PE).
Distributionsubstationsarecapacityinjection
pointsfrom11kV,22kVandsometimes33kV
systemstothelowvoltagenetwork(415V,240V).
Typical capacity ratings are

1000kVA, 750kVA, 500kVA
and 300kVA.
37
Undergroundcablesareusedinthedelivery
systemfromlevel1 4.
9Types:3Cx300mmsq/3C240mmsq/3C185mm
sq,XLPE(crosslinkedPolyethylene),Aluminum.
Blockdiagram:
1 2
33 kV/22 kV
3
4

11kV/415 V
(LV)
132kV/33 33kV/11kV 33kV/22
kV/11kV 22 kV/11kV kV/11 kV
38
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C. SecondaryDistributionNetworkSystem
BeginswhenevertheHighVoltageelectrical
supply(11KV)receivedatDSisconvertedtoLow
Voltage electricalsupply(415V).
Methodusedisthe4lines(RYBN)through
stepdowntransformer.
ThenumberofDSisdependsonthetotalload
demands (VA)requestedbytheuser.
TypeofDS:Single Chamber(200A)andDouble
Chambers(600A).
39
Numberofchamberindicatingthenumberof
ttransformersneeded.(2chamberstypecanbe
f d d ( h b t b
recognisedwith2doorsofthesizeof2400mm
wideX3000mmhigh)
Typeoftransformer:
9OilImmersedType,cheapbutlowefficiency(for
smallusers).
9C tR i Dry,moreexpensivebuthigher
9CastResin D i b thi h
efficiency(largercustomers).
NominalVoltAmperecapacityofthetransformer:
300kVA,500kVA,750kVA,and1000kVA.
40
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12/09/2012
WhatareinsidetheDS?
1) Switchgear
2) Transformer
3) LowVoltageDistributionBoard
The415VsupplywillthenconnectedtothekWh
4 5 pp y
meteringsystem(userside)throughLV
undergroundcables.
41
LayoutofanDS(SingleChamber):
Outgoing Points
42
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SingleChamberDS
43
DoubleChamberDS
44
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D. TypesofElectricalSupplyUsers:
HV Higherinstitutions,shoppingcomplexes,
largefactories(ownedtheMDS,MSS,DS).
LV Domesticusers,shoplots,publicbuildings.
45
LowVoltageElectricalSupply
Types:
3,4wires+E 415V
1,2wires+E 240V
TypesofLVelectricalinstallation:
SmallIndustryBuildings.
SmallCommercialBuilding(shop,office,restaurant).
SmallResidentialBuilding(Condo,Terrace,Apartment).
SmallPublicBuilding(wetmarket,busstation,.)
PublicUtilities(Streetlights,trafficlights,..)
46
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12/09/2012
MaincomponentsinaLVelectricalsupply
distributionsystem(building):
kWhmeterTNB
MainSwitchBoard(MSB)
SubSwitchBoard(SSB)
DistributionBoard(DB)
( )
47
Exampleofresidentialconnection:
TNB Consumers
48
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12/09/2012
Exampleofindustryconnection:
MSS DS
HT Switch Room
SSB
HT Meter Room
HT Switch Room
Users
Transformer Room
FACTORY
Main
Switch Board MSB
49
MainSwitchboard(MSB)
50
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12/09/2012
SubSwitchboard(SSB)
51
Example:DoublestoreyHouse
52
26
12/09/2012
Example:Terracehouseinstallation
Terrace House
Service
Cable
Road
kWH
Meter
TH 1 TH 2 TH 3 TH 4
53
EconomicAspects
Utilitycompanymustplansfortheelectricity
demandinadvanceasrequestedbyits
consumers.
Commontermsused:
Connectedload
Maximumdemand
Demandfactor
Averagedemand
Loadfactor
Diversityfactor
54
27
12/09/2012
EconomicAspects
ConnectedLoad
ConnectedLoad sumoftherated
maximumvaluesofallloadsusedby
consumer.Itmaybeexpressedinwatts,kW,
A,hp,kVA etc.
MaximumDemand highestorpeak
demandforaspecifiedtime(mightbein
p ( g
hour,day,month,oryear).
DemandFactor(DF)
Actual demand
DF =
Connected load
55
EconomicAspects
AverageDemand Sumofthetotaldemand
(inkWh)dividedbythedemandperiod(hr).
LoadFactor(LF) Theratiooftheaverage
loadoverthepeakload.LFisalways1.
Average demand (in kW)
LF =
Maximum demand
or
Average load (kWh)
LF =
Maximum demand Demand period (hr)
56
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12/09/2012
EconomicAspects
DiversityFactor(DivF) Theratioofthesum
oftheindividualmaximumdemandsina
distributionsystemtothemaximumdemand
ofthewholedistributionsystem.
Div F =
Ind. Max. Demand
Group Max.
Max Demand
Forconsumer Div.F<1.0
Forgenerationsupplier Div.F>1.0
57
Example1 EconomicAspects
Aloadrisesfromzeroto10kWinstantaneouslyand
staysconstantfor1minute,thenrisesto20kWand
remainsconstantfor1minute,continuesatthisrateof
riseuntilitreachesamaximumvalueof50kWfor1
minute,theninstantlyfallstozerofor1minute,after
whichitagainrisesin10kWstepsat1minuteintervalsto
amaximumof50kWandreturnstozerofor1minute.If
theloadcontinuestovaryinthesesteps:
i. Whatistheaveragedemandoverthefirst15minutes?
ii. Overthesecond15minutes?
iii. Overthe30minutesdemandinterval?
58
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12/09/2012
Solution:
kW
50
40
30
20
10
Time (minute)
15 minutes
59
Solution(Cont.):
(i)
Totaldemand
=(10kWx3+20kWx3+30kWx3+40kW
x2+50kWx2)
=360kW
Averagedemandover15minutes
=360kW/15minutes
=24kW.
60
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12/09/2012
Solution(Cont.):
(ii)Totaldemandforthesecond15minutes
=390kW
Averagedemand=390kW/15minutes
=26kW
(iii)Totaldemandover30minutes
=360kW+390kW=750kW
Averagedemand=750kW/30minutes
=25kW
61
Afactoryconsumes425,200kVAh inayear
withtheyearlyaveragepowerfactor,0.86.If
thehalfanhourdemandwas120kW,find,
i. Theaverageloaddemand
ii. Annualloadfactor
iii Ifthefactorydecidedtoincreasethe
iii.
electricityusageto450,000kWhandthe
loadfactorto65%,whatwillbethe
maximumdemand?
62
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12/09/2012
Solution:
(i)Averageloaddemand
=(425,200x0.86)kWh/(365x24)hr
=41.74kW.
(ii)Loadfactor=41.74kW/120kW=35%.
(iii)Maximumdemand
=450,000kWh/(8,760x0.65)=79.03kW.
63
AgroupofParit Rajaconsumershasatotal
annualindividualmaximumdemandof132kVA
suppliedfromasinglephasedistribution
transformer.Iftheaveragediversityfactor
betweenthegroupofconsumersis2.8,
determinetheneareststandardsizeofthe
distributiontransformerthatservingthe
consumers.
64
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12/09/2012
Solution:
Thesizeofthetransformerisdetermined
accordingtothemaximumdemandofthe
wholegroup.
GroupMaximumdemand,
=Annualindividualmaximumdemand/DF /
=132kVA/2.8
=47.14kVA.
Neareststandardsize=50kVA.
65
Tariffs
Therateofchargingforelectricalenergy
suppliedbytheutilitycompanytoits
consumer.
Tariffchargeisdependsonvariousfactors:
Typeofconsumer (industrial,commercial,or
domestic)
Typeofservice(lighting,heating,etc)
Totalfixedrunningannualchargesoftheutility
company
Facility forcalculatingthebill
66
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12/09/2012
Tariffs
Definitionofelectricitytariff:
3typesoftariffs:
i. Residential
ii. Commercial
iii. Industrial
67
TNBTariffs
RefertoTNBTariffsBook(updated2011).
PowerFactorTariff(LowPowerFactorPenalty):
Below0.85andupto0.75lagging,1.5%ofthebillfor
thatmonthforeachonehundredth(0.01).
Below0.75lagging,Asupplementarychargeof3%
ofthebillforthatmonthforeachonehundredth
(0.01).
68
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12/09/2012
Example4 PowerFactorTariff
Amediumvoltageindustrialconsumerhaving
thefollowingdataforitsmonthlyelectricitybill:
TotalelectricityconsumptioninkWh
160,000units
ThereactivepowerconsumptioninkVArh
120,000units
Themonthlyloadfactor 68%
Foreachkilowattofmaximumdemandpermonth
=RM25.30/kW
ForallkWh=28.8cents/kWh
69
i. Determinethemonthlymaximumdemand
forthisconsumer.[take30days/month]
ii. Whatisthetotalmonthlybillchargeforthis
consumer?
iii. Recalculatethetotalmonthlybillchargeif
thereactivepowerconsumptionisincreased
to150,000units.
70
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12/09/2012
Solution:
(i)Monthlymax.demand
=160,000kWh/(0.68)(30x24)=326.80kW.
(ii)MonthlybillwithoutPFconsideration,
=326.80kWxRM25.30+160,000kWhxRM0.288
=RM54,348.04
PF=cos (tan1 120,000/160,000)=0.8
PoorPFcharge=1.5%x(0.85 0.8)x100xRM54,348.04
=RM4,076.10
Totalmonthlybillcharge=RM58,424.14
71
Solution:
(iii)MonthlybillwithoutPFconsideration,
=326.80kWxRM25.30+160,000kWhxRM0.288
=RM54,348.04
PF=cos (tan1 150,000/160,000)=0.73
PoorPFcharge=[1.5%x(0.85 0.75)+3.0%x(0.75 0.73)]
x100xRM54,348.04=RM11,413.09
RM 8 RM
Totalmonthlybillcharge=RM65,761.13
72
36

CHAPTER 1 Distribution Systems and Tariffs

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CHAPTER 1 Distribution Systems and Tariffs

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12/09/2012

Major Power Station

Low Medium High

Citation: TNB Electricity Supply Application Handbook,

The standard transmission

Main Distribution Sub-

1. To supply a dedicated bulk

Typical capacity ratings are

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