CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE TRANSMITTER

SECTION

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION OF THE PROJECT

DIGITAL TACHOMETER SECTION

CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR
ABSTRACT:

The Dynamic Speed Governor is a system that can be implemented effectively for an
efficient and perfectly controlled traffic system. This system can limit the speed of a
moving vehicle over an area where the speed has to be restricted and retained within a
predetermined value. The Dynamic Speed Governor consists of mainly two parts, the
Transmitter section and the Receiver section. The transmitter section is mounted on the
signal board, on which the speed limit over that area is indicated. Receiver section is kept
inside the vehicle. The radio frequency signal from the transmitter is transmitted and the
receiver receives it. If the speed of the vehicle is greater than the speed limit proposed for
that particular area, which in turn is transmitted by the transmitter section, the speed
governor comes into action and restricts the driver from going beyond that rated speed. If
the system detects that the speed of the vehicle has gone beyond the speed limit, a signal
is generated from the dynamic speed governor circuit. This signal in turn is used to drive
the mechanical part of the vehicle, which closes the fuel nozzle of the vehicle thereby
restricting the vehicle from going beyond that speed. In this particular reproduction of
the system, to indicate the signal produced, the signal output from the circuit is used to
trigger a mono-stable multi-vibrator, which in turn sounds a buzzer.
 INTRODUCTION
The proposed mini project work is a Dynamic Speed Governor. Dynamic speed
governor is designed with the aim of dynamically limiting the speed of the vehicle to a
preset value, when the driver drives through an area that has a preset speed limit, thereby
encouraging safe driving and preventing accidents. The main idea is to transmit the speed
limit for the area to the vehicle, as it approaches an area that has speed restriction, so that
the driver can be warned and the speed of the vehicle is automatically reduced. The
system is implemented with the help of a RF transmitter that transmits a speed limit to
the approaching vehicle, and an RF receiver inside the vehicle that accepts the incoming
signal and then feeds the speed limit as one of the inputs to a comparator. The other input
of the comparator comes from a digital tachometer. When the comparator detects an
input speed that is greater than the speed limit received by the RF receiver, it will trigger
off a chain of reactions that induce the mechanical functioning of the vehicle to
automatically bring down the speed of the vehicle to a range in tandem with the preset
value and thus the desired results are obtained from the system.
 OBJECTIVES
The primary design criteria for this project work were as follows:

Incorporate easily available components

Use cheap and easily worked materials platform

Minimize the weight of the unit

Maintain a level of robustness

Bring about solid design and construction features

Limit the consumption of energy

Modular design
 BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE TRANSMITTER
SECTION
The block diagram of RF Transmitter section is as shown below:
Class 1 Reference
Speed

Parallel
To
Serial
Encoder RF Transmitter Module

Class 2 Reference
Speed

Figure 1: RF Transmitter Section

BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE RECIEVER & TACHOMETER

SECTION
The block diagram of RF receiver and digital tachometer section is as shown below:

Figure 2: Receiver and Digital Tachometer section

IR sensor
unit

Max.speed Speed
display Display
Tx
Rx

RF Receiver
Serial KMPH
To Comparator Converter
Parallel Counter
Decoder
Address Shaft

of
 Alarm Section
Timing circuit

BLOCK DESCRIPTION
1. RF Transmitter Unit
The RF Transmitter consists of:
a) Reference Speed Setting Circuit: -It allows the authorized body to set the
reference speed limit
b) Display Section: It will display the speed limit set by the authorized body.
c) Parallel to Serial Encoder: It will encode the parallel input data to serial data.
d) RF Transmitter Module: - It will transmit the encoded data.
2. RF Receiver Unit
It consists of:
a) RF Receiver: - which will receive the data sent by the RF Transmitter.

b) Serial to Parallel Decoder: -which will decode the serial encoded data.
c) Display Unit: which will display the reference speed sent by the RF
transmitter.
3. Digital tachometer
It consists of:
a) A white dot on the shaft of the vehicle.
b) Sensor Unit:This consists of IR transmitter and IR receiver. It will sense the
number of times the white spot reflects the transmitted IR.
c) Counter: This will count the number of times the white spot has been detected
in a time interval.
d) Timing circuit: Which will provide a preset time limit over which the counter
counts the number of times white spot is detected by the sensor.
e) Converter Unit: This will convert the pulses counted over a time period to
speed (km/h) and send this speed to the comparator for comparing it with the
received reference speed limit and also to a display unit to display the speed of
the vehicle.
f) Display Unit: This will display the speed of the vehicle.
4. Comparator: It produces the speed governing signal that is fed to the mechanical drive
of the vehicle and subsequently reduces the speed to the preset limit.
5.Alarm Unit: It will alert the driver if the speed of the vehicle is greater than the
reference speed

SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION OF THE PROJECT

The main sections of the dynamic speed governor are:
1) RF Transmitter Unit
2) RF Receiver Unit
3) Digital Tachometer Unit
4) Comparator Unit
5) Alarm Unit

RF TRANSMITTER UNIT
Transmitter is divided into two sections.
I. SENSOR UNIT
II. TRANSMITTING UNIT

SENSOR UNIT
The circuit diagram of the sensor unit is shown below in Figure3.

Figure 3: Sensor unit

The first section consists of a sensor, a monostable multi-vibrator and an astable multi-vibrator.
The main aim of the sensor unit is to sense the presence of a vehicle using IR sensor The sensor
unit requires that the LDR impedance should be high (200k) when there is no vehicle and its
impedance should be low (1K) when the sensor is cut.

The sensor is actually a combination of photodiode and a LDR (Light Detector Resistor). When
light falls on LDR, its resistance will be approximately 1k. When light is not falling, resistance
will be greater than 200k. When light falls, the impedance of the LDR becomes low. Thus, a
voltage drop occurs. This voltage drop will be greater than 1/3V cc.At that time, the monostable is
triggered.

When a vehicle approaches, it cuts the light beam, at that time the output at the third pin of the
monostable will become high. This output is given to the Vcc of the 2 nd 555 timer (which is the
astable multi-vibrator) and given to the NOT gate (7404). The output of the NOT gate is
provided as the reset of the CD 4017.When the output of the NOT gate becomes low, it acts as a
clock to the CD 4017.The latch enable of CD 4017 is always working.

When the reset pin is set low, the output is stored in CD 4017.First, the output is obtained at the
2nd pin i.e., bit 1 is obtained at pin2. When the 2nd vehicle is passed, the output is obtained at the
pin7, i.e., bit 3is obtained at pin 7.Usually a guard bit is provided to avoid distortion. Here bit 2 is
provided as the guard bit.
II.TRANSMITTER UNIT

Figure 4: Transmitter Unit

It requires a parallel to serial encoder, which will convert the parallel input data to serial output
data. It consists of two transmitter ICs and an enoder.ie.it will encode the serial input data to
parallel output data. Transmitter module will transmit the encoded data. Transmitter module is a
crystal oscillator chip. The transmitting frequency is 434MHz.
RF RECEIVER UNIT
The RF receiver unit consists of a receiver section and a display section.

Figure 5: Receiver Unit

 Figure 6: Display Unit

In the receiver unit, receiver module receives the transmitted signal. Receiver module contains
crystal oscillator. Frequency of receiver module is 434MHz.Receiver module does not contain
any antenna. But it has dipoles, which can act as antenna leads. Receiver module receives the
serial data. We want to convert the serial data into parallel form. So the serial data is given to HT
648 IC.IT is a serial to parallel encoder, which converts serial data into parallel form for proper
use. This parallel data is given to 4511 IC.4511 is a Seven segment display encoder, which
converts the data into digital form. The transmitted speed is displayed in the BCD to 7-segment
display unit.
It will display the reference speed sent by the transmitter. The displayed speed is actually the
designed speed limit for each vehicle.

DIGITAL TACHOMETER SECTION

This section consists of a sensor part, 555Timer circuits counter ICs and display unit. There is a
motor, which is connected to a shaft and is placed in relation with the sensor circuit. The rotation
of the motor can generate pulses, which can be converted into speed in km/hr.

NUMBER OF PULSES TO SPEED (KM/HR) CONVERSION

Speed in km/hr = distance traveled in km in 1 hr.

Also, speed in km/hr = distance traveled in km in (1/a) hra

Where a is the scaling factor and (1/a) hr is the measuring time.

Now, distance travelled in (1/a) hr = number of rotations in (1/a) hr2 radius of wheel.

Counter value = D1hr = D (1/a) hra

=2Nr ra

But counter value = number of pulses counted = N p

Hence Np = 2Nr r a.
Np/Nr = 2 ra.

We take Np/Nr = 1 i.e. no scaling which means that sensor output is directly coupled to counter.

Therefore, 1 = 2 ra
a = 1/ (2 r).

Here we take the radius of the wheel as,

22.5cm = 22.510-5km.
Value of a = 1/(2 r) = 707.7
Hence measuring time = (1/a) hr
=3600sec/707.7
=5.08 sec
Therefore the measuring time is approximately taken as 5 seconds
 Figure 7: Digital Tachometer Unit

In the steady state conditions motor will not rotate, high impedance occurs and the voltage drop
becomes greater than 1/3Vcc of 555 timer. This is the first 555 timer in the digital tachometer
section as shown in the figure. It is designed as 0.693(R+R) C = 5 seconds.

There is a white spot on the shaft of this motor. When the sensor is passed, i.e. when the motor
rotates, the light from the LED will get completely reflected by the white spot and is detected by
the photo detector, resulting in the generation of photons. Now, the voltage drop becomes less
than 1/3 Vcc of the 555 timer and so the timer will be triggered. During the rotation of the motor
multiple edges can come. To avoid that we use 555 timer so that the output will consist of perfect
pulses. Here this 555 timer is designed for 40Hz. Therefore the noise signals, which is in kHz,
can be avoided.

The output pulse from the555 timer will act as a clock for the dual counter CD4518. CD4518
will count the rotation of the shaft.11, 12, 13, 14 pins act as lower section of the counting and 3,
4, 5, 6 pins act as upper section of counting. 7,15 are the reset pins. For the counter CD 4518 to
work, the reset pins ie.7 and 15 should be in low state. The clock signal to the pin 2 is taken from
pin 14.The output from CD 4518 is connected to the 7th pin of CD4017.CD 4017 is a Johnson
ring counter.
Figure 8: Display Unit

Measured values from CD4518 are first displayed. Then it should remain there sometime. For
that a low bit should be given at 5th pin for latch enabling. We give this from the output of NOT
gate. Now to measure and store the new speed value (as the vehicle is moving continuously) we
need to reset the counter CD 4518.The new value is measured, stored and reseted, and the
process continuous.
COMPARATOR UNIT

A0 B0 C0 D0 A1 B1 C1 D1 E0 F0 G0 H0 E1 F1 G1 H1

10 7 2 15 11 9 1 14 10 7 2 15 11 9 1 14
5 12 5
CD 4585 CD 4585 8
8 3 6
4 16 6 4 16 13

+5V +5V +5V X

Figure 10.Comparator Section

A comparator unit compares the received set reference speed or the speed set for that particular
zone with the actual speed of the user vehicle. If the speed of the user vehicle is greater than that
of the reference speed received, the comparator pin 13 outputs goes high and this high output is
used to trigger the alarm section. The comparator unit is realized by using CD 4585, which is a 4-
bit comparator. However the speed of the vehicle and the received speed limit exceeds 4 bits
when converted into the binary system. Hence two CD 4585 comparator ICs are cascaded so as
to implement an 8-bit comparator. Comparator ICs in 2 steps does comparison. The Ist IC
compares the most significant output and the output from the Ist is then fed to the 2 ndIC.The 2nd
IC then compares the lower 4 bits and the output from this IC is used to drive the alarm unit. A
high in pin 13 indicates A>B, high in pin 3 indicates A=B, and A<B, when pin 12is high.
5) ALARM UNIT

Figure 11.Alarm Section

The aim of the project is to warn the user when he is exceeding the speed limit of the zone.
Here, we make use of a buzzer that will sound an alarm when the user vehicle is exceeding the
set speed limit. The output from the comparator pin received set speed limit. This output is then
given to a 555 timer IC that is connected in the monostable mode of operation through a 7404 IC
(NOT gate).

Whenever the output from the comparator is low the input to the 555 will be high and hence it
out operate. However when the output at the comparator IC goes high it will appear as a zero at
the pin2 of the 555 timer IC i.e., less than 1/3Vcc.The zero input to the IC being less than 1/3Vcc
will trigger the monoshot and a square pulse of the preset period 5 seconds will be obtained at the
output pin. The square pulse will trigger the buzzer which will produce a warning signal for 5
seconds thereby warning the over speeding users. The use of a monoshot in between the buzzer
and the comparator IC prevents the continuous ringing of the buzzer thereby avoiding distraction
and promoting safe warning for the users.
CONCLUSION:

The Dynamic Speed Governor is a system that can be implemented effectively

for an efficient and perfectly controlled traffic system. This system can limit the speed of
a moving vehicle over an area where the speed has to be restricted and retained within a
predetermined value. The Dynamic Speed Governor consists of mainly two parts, the
Transmitter section and the Receiver section. The transmitter section is mounted on the
signal board, on which the speed limit over that area is indicated. Receiver section is kept
inside the vehicle. The radio frequency signal from the transmitter is transmitted and the
receiver receives it. If the speed of the vehicle is greater than the speed limit proposed for
that particular area, which in turn is transmitted by the transmitter section, the speed
governor comes into action and restricts the driver from going beyond that rated speed. If
the system detects that the speed of the vehicle has gone beyond the speed limit, a signal
is generated from the dynamic speed governor circuit. This signal in turn is used to drive
the mechanical part of the vehicle, which closes the fuel nozzle of the vehicle thereby
restricting the vehicle from going beyond that speed. In this particular reproduction of
the system, to indicate the signal produced, the signal output from the circuit is used to
trigger a mono-stable multi-vibrator, which in turn sounds a buzzer. - See more at:
http://seminartopics.info/engineering-topics/mechanical-topics/dynamic-speed-
governor/#sthash.f76PwgBz.dpuf
REFERENCES

[1] Development of Electronic Governor and Simulator for the Generating Diesel Engine by
Sung HoonKo, Hyeong Soon Moon, Jong Cheol Kim, ByeongYeol Lee, Si Eun Cho,
SeungHyupRyu, ICROS SICE International Joint Conference 2009, Japan

[2] Comparison and Conversion of Dynamic Models of Speed Governor for Transient Stability
Analysis by Li Lin, Kun Zhang, Feng Sun, Qunju Li

[3] US Patent 6,167,979, Jan. 2, 2001: Dynamic Speed Governing of a Vehicle by Dennis O.
Taylor and G. George Zhu