Electrical Q - A Part-2 - Electrical Notes - Articles

17/08/2015 Electrical Q&A Part-2 | Electrical Notes & Articles
Electrical Notes & Articles
Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.
Electrical Q&A Part-2
1) Why We use of Stones/Gravel in electrical Switch Yard
Reducing Step and Touch potentials during Short Circuit Faults

Eliminates the growth of weeds and small plants in the yard
Improves yard working condition
Protects from fire which cause due to oil spillage from transformer and also protects from wild
habitat.
2) What is service factor?
Service factor is the load that may be applied to a motor without exceeding allowed ratings.
For example, if a 10-hp motor has a 1.25 service factor, it will successfully deliver 12.5 hp (10 x 1.25)
without exceeding specified temperature rise. Note that when being driven above its rated load in
this manner, the motor must be supplied with rated voltage and frequency.
However a 10-hp motor with a 1.25 service factor is not a 12.5-hp motor. If the 10-hp motor is
operated continuously at 12.5 hp, its insulation life could be decreased by as much as two-thirds of
normal. If you need a 12.5-hp motor, buy one; service factor should only be used for short-term
overload conditions
3) Why transmission line 11KV OR 33KV, 66KV not in 10KV 20KV?
The miss concept is Line voltage is in multiple of 11 due to Form Factor. The form factor of an
alternating current waveform (signal) is the ratio of the RMS (Root Mean Square) value to the
average value (mathematical mean of absolute values of all points on the waveform). In case of a
sinusoidal wave, the form factor is 1.11.
The Main reason is something historical. In olden days when the electricity becomes popular, the
people had a misconception that in the transmission line there would be a voltage loss of around
10%. So in order to get 100 at the load point they started sending 110 from supply side. This is the
reason. It has nothing to do with form factor (1.11).
Nowadays that thought has changed and we are using 400 V instead of 440 V, or 230 V instead of
220 V.
Also alternators are now available with terminal voltages from 10.5 kV to 15.5 kV so generation in
multiples of 11 does not arise. Now a days when, we have voltage correction systems, power factor
improving capacitors, which can boost/correct voltage to desired level, we are using the exact
voltages like 400KV in spite of 444KV
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/electrical-qa/electrical-qa-part-2/ 1/20
4) What is electrical corona?
Corona is the ionization of the nitrogen in the air, caused by an intense electrical field.
Electrical corona can be distinguished from arcing in that corona starts and stops at essentially the
same voltage and is invisible during the day and requires darkness to see at night.
Arcing starts at a voltage and stops at a voltage about 50% lower and is visible to the naked eye day
or night if the gap is large enough (about 5/8 at 3500 volts).
5) What are the indications of electrical corona?
A sizzling audible sound, ozone, nitric acid (in the presence of moisture in the air) that accumulates
as a white or dirty powder, light (strongest emission in ultraviolet and weaker into visible and near
infrared) that can be seen with the naked eye in darkness, ultraviolet cameras, and daylight corona
cameras using the solar-blind wavelengths on earth created by the shielding ozone layer
surrounding the earth.
6) What damage does corona do?
The accumulation of the nitric acid and micro-arcing within it create carbon tracks across insulating
materials. Corona can also contribute to the chemical soup destruction of insulating cements on
insulators resulting in internal flash-over.
The corona is the only indication. Defects in insulating materials that create an intense electrical
field can over time result in corona that creates punctures, carbon tracks and obvious discoloration
of NCI insulators.
7) How long does corona require creating visible damage?
In a specific substation the corona ring was mistakenly installed backwards on a temporary 500kV
NCI insulator, at the end of two years the NCI insulator was replaced because 1/3 of the insulator
was white and the remaining 2/3 was grey.
8) What voltage are corona rings typically installed at?
It varies depending upon the configuration of the insulators and the type of insulator, NCI normally
start at 160kV, pin and cap can vary starting at 220kV or 345kV depending upon your engineering
tolerances and insulators in the strings.
9) How do we select transformers?
Determine primary voltage and frequency.

Determine secondary voltage required.
Determine the capacity required in volt-amperes. This is done by multiplying the load current
(amperes) by the load voltage (volts) for single phase.
For example: if the load is 40 amperes, such as a motor, and the secondary voltage is 240 volts, then
240 x 40 equals 9600 VA. A 10 KVA (10,000 volt-amperes) transformer is required.
Always select Transformer Larger than Actual Load. This is done for safety purposes and allows for
expansion, in case more loads is added at a later date. For 3 phase KVA, multiply rated volts x load
amps x 1.73 (square root of 3) then divide by 1000.
Determine whether taps are required. Taps are usually specified on larger transformers.
10) Why Small Distribution Transformers not used for Industrial Applications?
Industrial control equipment demands a momentary overload capacity of three to eight times
normal capacity. This is most prevalent in solenoid or magnetic contactor applications where inrush
currents can be three to eight times as high as normal sealed or holding currents but still maintain
normal voltage at this momentary overloaded condition.
Distribution transformers are designed for good regulation up to 100 percent loading, but their
output voltage will drop rapidly on momentary overloads of this type making them unsuitable for
high inrush applications.
Industrial control transformers are designed especially for maintaining a high degree of regulation
even at eight times normal load. This results in a larger and generally more expensive transformer.
11) Can 60 Hz transformers be used at higher frequencies?
Transformers can be used at frequencies above 60 Hz up through 400 Hz with no limitations

provided nameplate voltages are not exceeded.
However, 60 Hz transformers will have less voltage regulation at 400 Hz than 60 Hz.
12) What is meant by regulation in a transformer?
Voltage regulation in transformers is the difference between the no load voltage and the full load
voltage. This is usually expressed in terms of percentage.
For example: A transformer delivers 100 volts at no load and the voltage drops to 95 volts at full
load, the regulation would be 5%. Distribution transformers generally have regulation from 2% to
4%, depending on the size and the application for which they are used.
13) Why is impedance important?
It is used for determining the interrupting capacity of a circuit breaker or fuse employed to protect
the primary of a transformer.
Example: Determine a minimum circuit breaker trip rating and interrupting capacity for a 10 KVA
single phase transformer with 4% impedance, to be operated from a 480 volt 60 Hz source.
Calculate:
Normal Full Load Current = Nameplate Volt Amps / Line Volts = 10,000 VA / 480 V = 20.8
Amperes
Maximum Short Circuit Amps = Full Load Amps / 4% =20.8 Amps / 4%= 520 Amp
The breaker or fuse would have a minimum interrupting rating of 520 amps at 480 volts.
Example: Determine the interrupting capacity, in amperes, of a circuit breaker or fuse required for
a 75 KVA, three phase transformer, with a primary of 480 volts delta and secondary of 208Y/120
volts. The transformer impedance (Z) = 5%. If the secondary is short circuited (faulted), the
following capacities are required:
Normal Full Load Current =Volt Amps / 3 x Line Volts= 75,000 VA / 3 x Line Volts 3 x 480 V
=90 Amps
Maximum Short Circuit Line Current = Full Load Amps / 5%= 90 Amps / 5% =1,800 Amps
The breaker or fuse would have a minimum interrupting rating of 1,800 amps at 480 volts.
Note: The secondary voltage is not used in the calculation. The reason is the primary circuit of the
transformer is the only winding being interrupted.
14) What causes flash-over?
Flash-over causes are not always easily explained, can be cumulative or stepping stone like, and
usually result in an outage and destruction. The first flash-over components are available voltage
and the configuration of the energized parts, corona may be present in many areas where the flash-
over occurs, and flash-over can be excited by stepping stone defects in the insulating path.
15) What are taps and when are they used?
Taps are provided on some transformers on the high voltage winding to correct for high or low
voltage conditions, and still deliver full rated output voltages at the secondary terminals. Taps are
generally set at two and a half and five percent above and below the rated primary voltage.
16) Can Transformers be reverse connected?
Dry type distribution transformers can be reverse connected without a loss of KVA rating, but there
are certain limitations. Transformers rated 1 KVA and larger single phase, 3 KVA and larger three
phases can be reverse connected without any adverse effects or loss in KVA capacity.
The reason for this limitation in KVA size is, the turns ratio is the same as the voltage ratio.
Example: A transformer with a 480 volt input, 240 volt output can have the output connected to a
240 volt source and thereby become the primary or input to the transformer, then the original 480
volt primary winding will become the output or 480 volt secondary.
On transformers rated below 1 KVA single phase, there is a turns ratio compensation on the low
voltage winding. This means the low voltage winding has a greater voltage than the nameplate
voltage indicates at no load.
For example, a small single phase transformer having a nameplate voltage of 480 volts primary and
240 volts secondary, would actually have a no load voltage of approximately 250 volts, and a full
load voltage of 240 volts. If the 240 volt winding were connected to a 240 volt source, then the
output voltage would consequently be approximately 460 volts at no load and approximately 442
volts at full load. As the KVA becomes smaller, the compensation is greaterresulting in lower
output voltages.
When one attempts to use these transformers in reverse, the transformer will not be harmed;
however, the output voltage will be lower than is indicated by the nameplate.
17) What is the difference between Insulating, Isolating, and Shielded Winding
transformers?
Insulating and isolating transformers are identical. These terms are used to describe the separation
of the primary and secondary windings. A shielded transformer includes a metallic shield between
the primary and secondary windings to attenuate (lessen) transient noise.
18) How many BTUs of heat does a transformer generate?
The heat a transformer generates is dependent upon the transformer losses. To determine air
conditioning requirements multiply the sum of the full load losses (obtained from factory or test
report) of all transformers in the room by 3.41 to obtain the BTUs/hour.
For example: A transformer with losses of 2000 watts will generate 6820 BTUs/hour.
19) What is a transformer and how does it work?
A transformer is an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current from one voltage to
another. It can be designed to step up or step down voltages and works on the magnetic
induction principle.
A transformer has no moving parts and is a completely static solid state device, which insures,
under normal operating conditions, a long and trouble-free life. It consists, in its simplest form, of
two or more coils of insulated wire wound on a laminated steel core.
When voltage is introduced to one coil, called the primary, it magnetizes the iron core. A voltage is
then induced in the other coil, called the secondary or output coil. The change of voltage (or voltage
ratio) between the primary and secondary depends on the turns ratio of the two coils.
20) Factors Affecting Corona Discharge Effect:
Corona Discharge Effect occurs because of ionization if the atmospheric air surrounding the voltage
conductors, so Corona Discharge Effect is affected by the physical state of the atmosphere as well as
by the condition of the lines.
(1) Conductor: Corona Discharge Effect is considerably affected by the shape, size and surface
conditions of the conductor .Corona Discharge Effect decreases with increases in the size (diameter)
of the conductor, this effect is less for the conductors having round conductors compared to flat
conductors and Corona Discharge Effect is concentrated on that places more where the conductor
surface is not smooth.
(2) Line Voltage: Corona Discharge effect is not present when the applied line voltages are less.
When the Voltage of the system increases (In EHV system) corona Effect will be more.
(3) Atmosphere: Breakdown voltage directly proportional to the density of the atmosphere present
in between the power conductors. In a stormy weather the ions present around the conductor is
higher than normal weather condition So Corona Breakdown voltage occurs at low voltages in the
stormy weather condition compared to normal conditions
(4)Spacing between the Conductors: Electro static stresses are reduced with increase in the
spacing between the conductors. Corona Discharge Effect takes place at much higher voltage when
the distance between the power conductors increases.
21) Will a transformer change Three Phases to Single Phase?
A transformer will not act as a phase changing device when attempting to change three phase to
single phase.
There is no way that a transformer will take three phase in and deliver single phase out while at the
same time presenting a balanced load to the three phase supply system.
There are, however, circuits available to change three phase to two phase or vice versa using
standard dual wound transformers. Please contact the factory for two phase applications.
22) Can 60 Hz transformers be operated at 50 Hz?
Transformers rated below 1 KVA can be used on 50 Hz service.

Transformers 1 KVA and larger, rated at 60 Hz, should not be used on 50 Hz service, due to the
higher losses and resultant heat rise. Special designs are required for this service. However, any 50
Hz transformer will operate on a 60 Hz service.
23) Can transformers be used in parallel?
Single phase transformers can be used in parallel only when their impedances and voltages are
equal. If unequal voltages are used, a circulating current exists in the closed network between the
two transformers, which will cause excess heating and result in a shorter life of the transformer. In
addition, impedance values of each transformer must be within 7.5% of each other.
For example: Transformer A has an impedance of 4%, transformer B which is to be parallel to A
must have impedance between the limits of 3.7% and 4.3%. When paralleling three phase
transformers, the same precautions must be observed as listed above, plus the angular displacement
and phasing between the two transformers must be identical.
24) What are causes of insulator failure?
Electrical field intensity producing corona on contaminated areas, water droplets, icicles, corona
rings, This corona activity then contributes nitric acid to form a chemical soup to change the
bonding cements and to create carbon tracks, along with ozone and ultraviolet light to change the
properties of NCI insulator coverings. Other detrimental effects include water on the surface or sub-
surface freezing and expanding when thawing, as a liquid penetrating into a material and then a
sudden temperature change causes change of state to a gas and rapid expansion causing fracture or
rupture of the material.
25) Causes of Corona
Corona is causes by the following reasons:

The natural electric field caused by the flow of electrons in the conductor. Interaction with
surrounding air.
Poor or no insulation is not a major cause but increases corona.
The use of D.C (Direct Current) for transmission.(Reason why most transmission is done in form of
AC)
26) Effects of Corona
1) Line Loss Loss of energy because some energy is used up to cause vibration of the air particles.
2) Long term exposure to these radiations may not be good to health (yet to be proven).
3) Audible Noise
4) Electromagnetic Interference to telecommunication systems
5) Ozone Gas production
6) Damage to insulation of conductor.

27) What is polarity, when associated with a transformer?
Polarity is the instantaneous voltage obtained from the primary winding in relation to the
secondary winding.
Transformers 600 volts and below are normally connected in additive polarity that is, when
tested the terminals of the high voltage and low voltage windings on the left hand side are
connected together, refer to diagram below. This leaves one high voltage and one low voltage
terminal unconnected.
When the transformer is excited, the resultant voltage appearing across a voltmeter will be the sum
of the high and low voltage windings.
This is useful when connecting single phase transformers in parallel for three phase operations.
Polarity is a term used only with single phase transformers.
28) What is exciting current?
Exciting current, when used in connection with transformers, is the current or amperes required for
excitation. The exciting current on most lighting and power transformers varies from approximately
10% on small sizes of about 1 KVA and smaller to approximately .5% to 4% on larger sizes of 750
KVA. The exciting current is made up of two components, one of which is a real component and is
in the form of losses or referred to as no load watts; the other is in the form of reactive power and is
referred to as KVAR.
29) What is Boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the transformer?
Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer from its internal faults,
it is a gas based relay. whenever any internal fault occurs in a transformer, the boucholz relay at
once gives a horn for some time, if the transformer is isolated from the circuit then it stop its sound
itself otherwise it trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism.
30) Why we do two types of earthing on transformer (Body earthing & neutral earthing)
The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and system earthing.
In Equipment earthing: body (non conducting part) of the equipment should be earthed to
safeguard the human beings.
The System Earthing : In this neutral of the supply source ( Transformer or Generator) should be
grounded. With this, in case of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted. So that unbalanced
voltages will not arise. We can protect the equipment also. With size of the equipment ( transformer
or alternator)and selection of relying system earthing will be further classified into directly earthed,
Impedance earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing.
31) Conductor corona is caused by?
Corona on a conductor can be due to conductor configuration (design) such as diameter too small
for the applied voltage will have corona year-around and extreme losses during wet weather, the
opposite occurs during dry weather as the corona produces nitric acid which accumulates and
destroys the steel reinforcing cable (ACSR) resulting in the line dropping. Road salts and
contaminants can also contribute to starting this deterioration.
32) What is flash-over and arcing?
Flash-over is an instantaneous event where the voltage exceeds the breakdown potential of the air
but does not have the current available to sustain an arc, an arc can have the grid fault current
behind it and sustain until the voltage decreases below 50% or until a protective device opens.
Flash-over can also occur due to induced voltages in unbounded (loose bolts, washers, etc) power
pole or substation hardware, this can create RFI/TVI or radio/TV interference. Arcing can begin at 5
volts on a printed circuit board or as the insulation increases it may require 80kVAC to create flash-
over on a good cap and pin insulator.
33) How to Minimizing Corona Effects
Installing corona rings at the end of transmission lines.

A corona ring, also called anti-corona ring, is a toroid of (typically) conductive material located in
the vicinity of a terminal of a high voltage device. It is electrically insulated.
Stacks of more spaced rings are often used. The role of the corona ring is to distribute the electric
field gradient and lower its maximum values below the corona threshold, preventing the corona
discharge.
34) What is BIL and how does it apply to transformers?
BIL is an abbreviation for Basic Impulse Level. Impulse tests are dielectric tests that consist of the
application of a high frequency steep wave front voltage between windings, and between windings
and ground. The Basic Impulse Level of a transformer is a method of expressing the voltage surge
(lightning, switching surges, etc.) that a transformer will tolerate without breakdown.
All transformers manufactured in this catalog, 600 volts and below, will withstand the NEMA
standard BIL rating, which is 10 KV.
This assures the user that he will not experience breakdowns when his system is properly protected
with lightning arrestors or similar surge protection devices.
35) The difference between Ground and Neutral?
NEUTRAL is the origin of all current flow. In a poly-phase system, as its phase relationship with all
the three phases is the same, (i.e.) as it is not biased towards any one phase, thus remaining neutral,
thats why it is called neutral.
Whereas, GROUND is the EARTH on which we stand. It was perceived to utilize this vast,
omnipresent conductor of electricity, in case of fault, so that the fault current returns to the source
neutral through this conductor given by nature which is available free of cost. If earth is not used for
this purpose, then one has to lay a long. long metallic conductor for the purpose, thus increasing the
cost.
Ground should never be used as neutral. The protection devices (eg ELCB, RCD etc) work basically
on principle that the phase currects are balanced with neutral current. In case you use ground wire
as the neutral, these are bound to trip if they are there and they must be there. at least at
substations. And these are kept very sensitive i.e. even minute currents are supposed to trip these.
One aspect is safety when someone touches a neutral, you dont want him to be electrocuted do
you? Usually if you see the switches at home are on the phase and not neutral (except at the MCB
stage). Any one assumes the once the switch is off, it is safe (the safety is taken care of in 3 wire
system, but again most of the fixtures are on 2 wire) he will be shocked at the accidental touching
of wire in case the floating neutral is floating too much.
36) What is impedance of a transformer?
If you mean the percentage impedance of the transformed it means the ratio of the voltage( that if
you applied it to one side of the transformer while the other side of the transformer is short
cuitcuted, a full load current shall flow in the short circuits side), to the full load current.
More the %Z of transformer, more Copper used for winding, increasing cost of the unit. But short
circuit levels will reduce, mechanical damages to windings during short circuit shall also reduce.
However, cost increases significantly with increase in %Z.
Lower %Z means economical designs. But short circuit fault levels shall increase tremendously,
damaging the winding & core.
The high value of %Z helps to reduce short circuit current but it causes more voltage dip for motor
starting and more voltage regulation (% change of voltage variation) from no load to full load.
37) How are transformers sized to operate Three Phase induction type squirrel cage motors?
The minimum transformer KVA rating required to operate a motor is calculated as follows:
Minimum Transformer KVA =Running Load Amperes x 1.73x Motor Operating Voltage / 1000
NOTE: If motor is to be started more than once per hour add 20% additional KVA. Care should be
exercised in sizing a transformer for an induction type squirrel cage motor as when it is started, the
lock rotor amperage is approximately 5 to 7 times the running load amperage. This severe starting
overload will result in a drop of the transformer output voltage.
When the voltage is low the torque and the horsepower of the motor will drop proportionately to
the square of the voltage.
For example: If the voltage were to drop to 70% of nominal, then motor horsepower and torque
would drop to 70 % squared or 49% of the motor nameplate rating.
If the motor is used for starting a high torque load, the motor may stay at approximately 50% of
normal running speed The underlying problem is low voltage at the motor terminals. If the ampere
rating of the motor and transformer over current device falls within the motors 50% RPM draw
requirements, a problem is likely to develop. The over current device may not open under
intermediate motor ampere loading conditions.
Overheating of the motor and/or transformer would occur, possibly causing failure of either
component.
This condition is more pronounced when one transformer is used to power one motor and the
running amperes of the motor is in the vicinity of the full load ampere rating of the transformer.
The following precautions should be followed:
(1)When one transformer is used to operate one motor, the running amperes of the motor should
not exceed 65% of the transformers full load ampere rating.
(2) If several motors are being operated from one transformer, avoid having all motors start at the
same time. If this is impractical, then size the transformer so that the total running current does not
exceed 65% of the transformers full load ampere rating.
38) Which Point need to be consider while Neutral Earthing of Transformer?
The following points need to check before going for Neutral Grounding Resistance.
Fault current passing through ground, step and touch potential.
Capacity of transformer to sustain ground fault current, w.r.t winding, core burning.
Relay co-ordination and fault clearing time.
Standard practice of limiting earth fault current. In case no data or calculation is possible, go for
limiting E/F current to 300A or 500A, depending on sensivity of relay.
39) Why a neutral grounding contactor is needed in diesel generator?
There would not be any current flow in neutral if DG is loaded equally in 3 phases , if there any
fault(earth fault or over load) in any one of the phase ,then there will be un balanced load in DG . at
that time heavy current flow through the neutral ,it is sensed by CT and trips the DG. so neutral in
grounded to give low resistance path to fault current.
An electrical system consisting of more than two low voltage Diesel Generator sets intended for
parallel operation shall meet the following conditions:
(i) Neutral of only one generator needs to be earthed to avoid the flow of zero sequence current.
(ii) During independent operation, neutrals of both generators are required in low voltage
switchboard to obtain three phases, 4 wire system including phase to neutral voltage.
(iii) required to achieve restricted earth fault protection (REF) for both the generators whilst in
operation.
Solution:
Considering the requirement of earthing neutral of only one generator, a contactor of suitable
rating shall be provided in neutral to earth circuit of each generator. This contactor can be termed
as neutral contactor.
Neutral contactors shall be interlocked in such a way that only one contactor shall remain closed
during parallel operation of generators. During independent operation of any generator its neutral
contactor shall be closed.
Operation of neutral contactors shall be preferably made automatic using breaker auxiliary
contacts.
40) Neutral grounded system vs solidly grounded system
In India, at low voltage level (433V) we MUST do only Solid Earthing of the system neutral.
This is by IE Rules 1956, Rule No. 61 (1) (a). Because, if we option for impedance earthing, during
an earth fault, there will be appreciable voltage present between the faulted body & the neutral, the
magnitude of this voltage being determined by the fault current magnitude and the impedance
value.
This voltage might circulate enough current in a person accidentally coming in contact with the
faulted equipment, as to harm his even causing death. Note that, LV systems can be handled by
non-technical persons too. In solid earthing, you do not have this problem, as at the instant of an
earth fault, the faulted phase goes to neutral potential and the high fault current would invariably
cause the Over current or short circuit protection device to operate in sufficiently quick time before
any harm could be done
65 Responses to Electrical Q&A Part-2
Mafidul Islam says:

June 27, 2011 at 10:27 am
Normally we use incoming line in the bottom side and out going line in the upper side of a MCCB,
What will happen if we interchange the connection.
Reply
K.Jothilingam says:
August 18, 2011 at 9:02 am
Incoming supply should be given to fixed contacts side (upper side)
Out going to be on moving contact side (lower side)
Reply
Varun says:
August 16, 2011 at 2:21 pm
Excellent Work Sir. God Bless You. Please update it as get any other questions.Thank u Sir.
Reply
newone says:
August 27, 2011 at 10:07 am
i want to ask if i have two transmission lines one is 3ph 3conductors,11kv, 50 hz and the second one
is one conductor 11 kv 50 hz on the same tower what will be the clearing distance between them,
and how much will me the capacitance?
Reply
Jignesh.Parmar says:
August 27, 2011 at 3:00 pm
(1)Below 11kv it should be 200mm but for 11kv it should be 300mm in horizontal configuration,
It also depend upon surrounding Atmosphere (polluted,Highly polluted,etc..for creepage
distance) please refer my IS code / CPWD Abstract.
(2)For calculating Capacitance it depends on lot of thing and we should calculate it as per PU
method. You can get its formula from any Transmission line Books.
Reply
Simo says:
October 12, 2014 at 7:11 am
Morning Sir
I have live and neutral supplying power to 3x10w fans linked in series in a freezer.Whenever
testing the neutral,I get 230v.What could be the reason?
Simo(George,RSA)
window vps hosting says:

September 7, 2011 at 12:56 pm
Great post. I was checking constantly this blog and Im impressed! Extremely useful information
specially the last part I care for such information much. I was looking for this certain info for a
very long time. Thank you and good luck.
Reply
ramesh says:
May 6, 2012 at 6:51 pm
sir, what is the size of the earthing conductor for lightening arrester(33kv,10ka is rating)
Reply
vino says:
hi sir, can u explain about the directional relay protection and its tripping zone?
Reply
Tapan says:
November 25, 2012 at 4:27 pm
Dear Sir,
Yours sharing of knowledge is something which I never find such things in my company.I
appreciate a lot for your sharing of knowledge .However I have one question . What is the
minimum clearing distance between two 22kv HT undergound cables both horizontally and
vertically .
Reply
Refer Post of Safety Clearance Part 1 to 6 of this Blog
Reply
PR. Jawahar says:
December 17, 2012 at 5:20 am
Under Q&A Part 2 Q.11 It is stated that change of frequency would not affect the operation of a
transformer. However according to the transformer equation E=4.44Qm.f.N , where the max flux
density and no. of turns is constant for a transformer the operating voltage would have to be
reduced to half its value if the frequency is reduced to half. Could you please clarify if my
understanding is right..
Reply
balaji kumar says:
April 10, 2013 at 7:51 am
hi sir, can u explain why 11kv line is used and so many breakers and large transformers in terminal
site and substation ?,at the end we are using only 440 volts to run a motor or drives and all etc.in
industries na .what is reasons sir can u pls explain
Reply
April 10, 2013 at 4:36 pm
There are lot of Reasons mainly to reduce lossesVoltage DropsPlease refer B.L.Theraja s
power system page no 153 to 190 for more detail
Reply
balaji kumar says:
April 11, 2013 at 4:54 am
thanx u sir
nk says:
May 8, 2013 at 4:34 am
why is load scheduling important?what happens if i dont balance the load in 3 phases?
Reply
printing says:
May 8, 2013 at 8:33 pm
If some one needs to be updated with newest technologies afterward he must be visit this site and be
up to date all the time.
Reply
sabariprakash34 says:
June 5, 2013 at 12:04 am
hai sir, i have one doubt we are using HT 11kv 250kw,400kw motors for conveyor system .
frequently we doing power ON and OFF from feeder of ht motor.due to problem in
conveyors.whether any problem will happen for HT motor due to this activites. and also for an hour
how much time need to switch on and off the HT motor
Reply
BP Das says:
June 23, 2013 at 2:31 pm
Q1. About the Uses of Land Permit under 400 KV overhead line to construct Housings/People
Living environment. Please mention a statement, the minimum distance should maintain
(Horizontally and vertically for Housing construction)for different KV overhead lines.
Reply
nilesh bachhav says:
August 10, 2013 at 3:27 am
very nice information
Reply
Rajan says:
Please provide latest updates of electrical questions
Reply
eshant says:
October 2, 2013 at 3:08 pm

ITS AN GR8 SITE. JUST INCLUDE PDF .
Reply
Adil Ali says:
good notes sir very helpful to me
Reply
bineesh says:
i have one doubt sir, is it possible to provide neutrel Earth in single phace DG, Is there any
specification or standerds about to connect ELCB in this much of amphere PLS clear my doubt
Sir,
Reply
manish says:
November 15, 2013 at 2:31 am
hi siri have a que and i need the practical ans.In rural areas where supply voltage is very low at
the end pointnearely 40 volt ac suppply..in that areas people uses trans former of 5 kva to step up
the voltage but in needs 70 volt min to step up it to 220 VOLT.in that case can we use 40 VOLT A/C
TO 12 volt dc and use invertor to make it 220 volt ac..is it possible if yes then how and if no then
why..plz reply me ..thanks.
Reply
Aditya says:
O3mCO3mCO describe what it actually reveals about Breaker Operation
Reply
chaitu says:
Transformer bushings size depends on which parameter?
Reply
priyanka debbarma says:
Sir,I wanted to know(via mail),how do we identify which side of a transformer is big/small)?as soon
as possible.Thank you!
Reply
PREETHISH NAZERETH says:
December 16, 2013 at 5:59 pm
why the conactor of only one neutral ground resistors is closed in a system of multiple neutral
ground resistors.
Reply
PREETHISH NAZERETH says:

why the neutral of only one generator is earthed during parallel operation
Reply
Krunal patel says:
Hello sir,
Why we have voltage step up at generating a station and distribution side step in down voltage in
transmission and line?
Reply
nathan nathanzach says:
February 19, 2014 at 7:59 am
i have been looking for something like this for a long time, now i found it , constant in touch.
thanks sir
Reply
naths blessing says:
i respect your knowledge, this is what i have been looking for
Reply
SAKSHAMA GHOSLYA says:
February 25, 2014 at 8:00 pm
just a discussion about your 3 topic
to get 100kv they started sending 110kv. ok

but to supply 200v , 30kv why they did start sending 220v and 33kv ?
in our country there is no 22kv line . there are only 11kv and 33 kv lines , why ??
Reply
ashish dandale says:
March 2, 2014 at 2:52 pm
awesome sirrrrrrr
Reply
nareshkumar says:
March 14, 2014 at 1:25 pm
The answers are satisfactory. Many thanks and please communicate for new topics
Reply
Ajay says:
July 6, 2014 at 4:25 pm
Is it correct to interconnect earth electrode connected from LV winding and HV windings of an 11
kV/433 V distribution transformer?
Reply
Narendra Balineni says:
August 17, 2014 at 2:49 pm
sir i have one doubt what is arc resistance and tower foot reistance .. why this are used for protection
of transmission line.. please tell me sir .. i asked lot of peoples no one not to tell
Reply
Jitendra Soni says:
August 27, 2014 at 10:17 am
lots of learning.
Reply
Tony says:
September 11, 2014 at 7:12 am
you are doing a great job, nice one. transmission line say 11kv and a transformer say 500kva which
has a higher impedance value and by what margin? thanks
Reply
A.Yougaraj, Neyveli says:
Good service, keep it up sir.
A.Yougaraj, Neyveli
Reply
thuku symon says:
i like it
Reply
Ratnesh says:
very good web site for new knowledge
Reply
dasari santosh says:
dear Sir,
what are the problems if we charge the 220/33kv transformer from 33kv side under no load
condition?
Reply
fawad says:
excellent work, i like this
thanks.
Reply
shashank srivastava says:

Dear sir i have a 1000kva transformer which can operate on 33kv but i have to make it operate on a
11kv line is it possible or not?
Reply
kishore kumar says:
how to avoid internal flashover during testing of 11kv bushings i.e i am getting an internal
flashover instead of flashover across the bushing during breakdown testing..
Reply
Miguel Young says:
January 2, 2015 at 1:15 am
Hi I have a 3phase pump that runs on 480volts. When I check line voltage I am getting 520 volts
when Its supposed to be 480volt line ? Could this cause motor bearing failure if line voltage is higher
than plate rating? Could there be a problem with Transformer? FLAs are normal and motor dose
not run hot.
Reply
Miguel Young says:
January 8, 2015 at 10:44 pm
I found my problem Bad volt meter, he.he.he!
Reply
hanuman dhayal says:
Sir,I want to ask that,how much current is needed for house-hold equipment and what are gauge
number of house-wiring?
Reply
Doug Cooke says:
Excellent Work, thanks for helping a Mechanical Engineer through the Electrical I have to deal
with these days!
I have a question for you.I have a switch room which has an open gantry at high level leading to
several generator rooms and to provide separation from the 10.5Kv switchroom to the gantry I have
been told the local regulations are for a 120mm minimum thickness wall extending to 2.5m high.
Do you have any knowledge that would lead to determining that wall thickness?
Reply
n j mathew says:
January 13, 2015 at 9:45 am
dear Sir, now a days cu plate earthing systems are replaced by chemical earthing rod system. is this
rod earthing more effectively than plate earthing and requesting you plz provide a detailed
information for how to achieve good earthing
Reply
Maher Afroz Shaikh says:
sir,my question is,when we apply 200V 50Hz ac square wave at the primary of the transformer
then what will be the output at secondary of transformer and what will be the effect of 200V on the
frequency of secondary,it will increase or decrease?Why?
Reply
shahzada nafees says:
sir my quesion is can we use a generator to generate at 415v that is actually designed to generate at
11kv ?
2) sir let suppose we synchronize a 1000 kw 50 generator with grid , and we set a generator at
power mod means power drawn from generator is fixed and the the excessive load will b on grid
that is set on speed mod .after some times i noted that the frequency of generator reaches the value
of 51.5 and power output decreases to 925kw ?why is this happen so?
Reply
Ravi Sharma says:
March 29, 2015 at 5:35 am
I am trouble and need your suggestion quickly. I want to install a Diesel Generator set in my resort.
Resort is away from the grid connection so the DG set will be used for air conditioners and lighting
loads. The rooms are widely spread in the resort.
Somebody suggested me to use 1-phase DG set so the there wont be any problem of balancing
load. Which one will be better either 3-phase or 1-phase generator? please suggest.
Reply
Amit Khant says:
April 28, 2015 at 12:23 pm
what effect of ELCB by paas mode.
Reply
subir das says:
May 2, 2015 at 9:36 am
Is there any problem to connect a 3 phase 5MVA transformer with three 1 phase 3.33MVA
transformer in the same 33/11kv bus
Reply
Jaydeep says:
May 29, 2015 at 12:35 pm
What happen when an induction motor and 1kva transformer kept near to each other , does any
thing happen to motor ?
Reply
manoj gujar says:
June 16, 2015 at 3:47 pm
Dear sir
Dear sir
How many KVA or MVA transformer required for 11kv/22kv..?
Reply
Girish says:
June 25, 2015 at 1:22 pm
Dear Sir,
if i know Max Permissible Line Impedance like MRI machine is <95 mili ohm then how to calculate
size of cable.
Our one of the consultant select 4C X 95 Sq. mm Y2XFY cable for MRI Machine (Load in kw :100
kw and cable length in 68 meter and laying of cable is in air or in cable tray.)
kindly suggest for cable size is ok or not
Reply
shayan says:
July 3, 2015 at 12:33 pm
why fuse on HT side of transformer blows up incase of shortcircuit between two LT lines??
Reply
purna chandra says:
July 26, 2015 at 7:10 pm
thank you sir for giving information
Reply
rajesh sharma says:
August 4, 2015 at 2:09 pm
pl.spend latest electrical points to me as far as transformer, substation, switch gear of 66 kV is
concerned
Reply
Sohan Lal Saini says:
August 6, 2015 at 10:55 am
I wanted to know that why a 3 Phase 4 wire L.T.Line 440 V does not fault when touching to a Tree.
Reply
Vinoth Kumar says:
August 10, 2015 at 5:24 pm
Dear Mr.Jignesh, Whats the vaccum torr requirement to fill the oil inside the Transformers??
Reply
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17/08/2015 Electrical Q&A Part-2 | Electrical Notes & Articles

Electrical Notes & Articles

Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.

Electrical Q&A Part-2

1) Why We use of Stones/Gravel in electrical Switch Yard

Reducing Step and Touch potentials during Short Circuit Faults

2) What is service factor?

3) Why transmission line 11KV OR 33KV, 66KV not in 10KV 20KV?

4) What is electrical corona?

5) What are the indications of electrical corona?

6) What damage does corona do?

7) How long does corona require creating visible damage?

8) What voltage are corona rings typically installed at?

9) How do we select transformers?

Determine primary voltage and frequency.

11) Can 60 Hz transformers be used at higher frequencies?

Transformers can be used at frequencies above 60 Hz up through 400 Hz with no limitations

12) What is meant by regulation in a transformer?

13) Why is impedance important?

14) What causes flash-over?

15) What are taps and when are they used?

16) Can Transformers be reverse connected?

18) How many BTUs of heat does a transformer generate?

19) What is a transformer and how does it work?

20) Factors Affecting Corona Discharge Effect:

21) Will a transformer change Three Phases to Single Phase?

22) Can 60 Hz transformers be operated at 50 Hz?

Transformers rated below 1 KVA can be used on 50 Hz service.

23) Can transformers be used in parallel?

24) What are causes of insulator failure?

25) Causes of Corona

Corona is causes by the following reasons:

26) Effects of Corona

4) Electromagnetic Interference to telecommunication systems

5) Ozone Gas production

6) Damage to insulation of conductor.

27) What is polarity, when associated with a transformer?

28) What is exciting current?

29) What is Boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the transformer?

31) Conductor corona is caused by?

contaminants can also contribute to starting this deterioration.

32) What is flash-over and arcing?

33) How to Minimizing Corona Effects

Installing corona rings at the end of transmission lines.

34) What is BIL and how does it apply to transformers?

35) The difference between Ground and Neutral?

36) What is impedance of a transformer?

38) Which Point need to be consider while Neutral Earthing of Transformer?

39) Why a neutral grounding contactor is needed in diesel generator?

40) Neutral grounded system vs solidly grounded system

65 Responses to Electrical Q&A Part-2

Mafidul Islam says:

window vps hosting says:

October 2, 2013 at 3:08 pm

PREETHISH NAZERETH says:

to get 100kv they started sending 110kv. ok

shashank srivastava says:

kindly suggest for cable size is ok or not

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