3

2 3

3.1 () 3.4
3.2 ; 3.5 3
3.3 ();

, , , .
(scalar) .
. (vector) . ,
. 20 mph, (wind velocity)
. (force) (displacement).
2 3 .

: 4
.

3.1 ()
2 3
, .

2, 3
. (
) . ,
142 3 2 3

(a) AB (b)

3.1.1

(initial point) , (terminal point) .

a, k, v, w, x
(scalar) .
, a, k, v,
w, x .
, 3.1.1a , v A, B

. 3.1.1b
(equivalent) .

(regarded as equal).
v w ,

v w (sum) v + w v w
v w , v + w v w
( 3.1.2a).

3.1.2b v + w( ) w + v( )

(a) v + w (b) v + w = w + v

3.1.2
 3.1 ()143

. ,

v w 4
.
0 (zero vector) 0 , v
.

.
v v (negative vector) v v
v
3.1.3 v
( 3.1.3).
v
.

(?). 0 = 0 .
.

v w v w (difference)

v w = v + (w)
( 3.1.4a).

w v v w v w
, w v v w
( 3.1.4b).

(a) (b)

3.1.4

v , k () (product) kv v
|k| k 0 v k 0 v
k = 0 v = 0 kv = 0 .
144 3 2 3

3.1.5 v 21 v, (1)v, 2v, (3)v .

(1)v v
v . ,

kv v (scalar multiple) . 3.1.5

3.1.5 .

.

. 2 ()
. v
3.1.6
. v (v1, v2) v (components
3.1.6 v1 v2 v . of v) ,

.
v w (
).
.
,

.

. 3.1.7

,
,

(1)

.
 3.1 ()145

3.1.7

v = (v1, v2) k 3

(2)

( 16, 3.1.8 ).
v = (1, 2), w = (7, 6) ,

3.1.8
.
v w = v + (1)w (1) (2)

().

3 3
(rectangular coordinate system) 3
. (ori-
gin) O , (coordinate axes)
3 x, y z .
x, y, z
( 3.1.9a).
(coordindte plane) ,
146 3 2 3

(a) (b)

3.1.9

xy (xy-plane), xz (xz-plane), yz (yz-plane) .

3 P P (coordinates of P) 3 (x,
y, z) . P yz x X, xz
y Y, xy z Z (
3.1.9b).
P

. 3.1.10a (4, 5, 6) 3.1.10b (3, 2, 4)

.
3 (left-handed system), (right-hand-
ed system) . z x
y 90 ,
z ( 3.1.11a)
. ( ) z
( 3.1.11b).

(a) (b)

3.1.10
 3.1 ()147

(a) (b)
3.1.11

: .

3.1.12 3 v
v (compo-
nents of v)

. 3 v = (v1,
v2, v3), w = (w1, w2, w3)
3.1.12

.

v w v1 = w1, v2 = w2, v3 = w3 .
v + w = (v1 + w1, v2 + w2, v3 + w3)
kv = (kv1, kv2, kv3) (, k )

1
v = (1, 3, 2), w = (4, 2, 1)

.
P1 P2 P1(x1, y1, z1), P2(x2, y2, z2)
148 3 2 3

3.1.13

, P1 P2 . 3.1.13
P1 P2 OP2 OP1 ,

() b 1
(moni- .
tor) (color) .
RGB (RGB space) RGB
RGB (RGB Color Cube) .
. c 0 ci k

(R) , (G)
(B) .
R3
1 .
, ,
()
, (Cyan)
()
.
()
.
, 0 1 r, g

2
P1(2, 1, 4), P2(7, 5, 8) v = P1 P2

2 P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2)

 3.1 ()149

()
.
3.1.14a xy (x, y) = (k, l) O
x y xy . 2 P
(x, y) (x , y ) .
OlP( 3.1.14b) . xy (k, l)
(x, y) . OlP = (x k, y l). x y (0, 0)
, (x , y ) . OlP = (x , y )

. (translation equation) .

(a) (b)
3.1.14

3
xy xy (k, l) = (4, 1) x y
.
(a) xy P(2, 0) x y .
(b) x y Q(1, 5) xy .
(a):

P(2,0) x y x = 2 4 = 2 y = 0 1 = 1.

(b): (a)
150 3 2 3

Q xy x = 1 + 4 = 3 y = 5 + 1 = 6.

, (k, l, m) x y z xyz .

3.1
1. .
(a) (3, 4, 5) (b) (3, 4, 5) (c) (3, 4, 5)
(d) (3, 4, 5) (e) (3, 4, 5) (f ) (3, 4, 5)
(g) (3, 4, 5) (h) (3, 4, 5) (i ) (3, 0, 0)
(j) (3, 0, 3) (k) (0, 0, 3) ( l ) (0, 3, 0)

2. .
(a) v1 = (3, 6) (b) v2 = (4, 8) (c) v3 = (4, 3)
(d) v4 = (5, 4) (e) v5 = (3, 0) (f) v6 = (0, 7)
(g) v7 = (3, 4, 5) (h) v8 = (3, 3, 0) ( i ) v9 = (0, 0, 3)

3. P1 P2 .

4. P(1, 3, 5) u .
(a) u v = (6, 7, 3) .
(b) u v = (6, 7, 3) .

5. Q(3, 0, 5) u .
(a) u v = (4,2,1) .
(b) u v = (4,2,1) .

6. u = (3, 1, 2), v = (4, 0, 8), w = (6, 1, 4) .

7. u, v w 6 2u v x = 7x + w x
.

8. u, v w 6 c1, c2 c3 .
 3.1 ()151

9. c1, c2 c3 .

10. c1, c2 c3 .

11. P (2, 3, 2), Q (7, 4, 1)

(a) P Q .
(b) P Q 3:4 .

12. xy O xy (2, 3) x y
.
(a) xy (7, 5) P x y .
(b) x y (3, 6) Q xy .
(c) xy x y P Q .
(d) v = (3, 7) xy x y v
?
(e) v = (v1, v2) xy x y v
?

13. P (1, 3, 7) . (4, 0, 6) P Q Q

?

14. xyz x y z . v xyz

v = (v1, v2, v3) v x y z
.

15. 15 u, v, u + v u v .

15

16. v = (v1, v2) , kv = (kv1, kv2) .

[ k 0 3.1.8 .
k 4
]
152 3 2 3

17. 3.1.13

18. .

19.
? .

20. 20
.
(a) 12
12 ?
(b) 3 9 ,
12 ?
(c) 5, 11 8 9 ?

20

21. (T) (F) .

(a) x + y = x z y = x.
(b) u + v = 0 a b au + bv = 0.
(c) .
(d) ax = 0 a = 0 x = 0.
(e) au + bv = 0 u v .
1
(f) u = ` 2, 3 j v = e ,1 3 o .
2 2

3.2 ;
.

2 3
 3.2 ; 153

3.2.1
u, v w 2 3 k l
.

, .
,

.
3.2.1 .
(b)
.

( b) ( ): 3 . 2
.
u = (u1, u2, u3), v = (v1, v2, v3), w = (w1, w2, w3) .

( b) ( ): u, v w 3.2.1 PQ , QR
RS
,

,
,

. .

3.2.1 u + (v + w) (u + v)
+ w .

: (b) , u + v +
154 3 2 3

(a) (b)

3.2.2

w . u, v w u + v + w u
w ( 3.2.1).

u (length) u (norm)
u
.
2 u = (u1, u2)

(1)

( 3.2.2a). 3 u = (u1, u2, u3) 3.2.2b

,

(2)

1 (unit vector) .
3 P1(x1, y1, z1), P2(x2, y2, z2)
(distance) d P1 P2 ( 3.2.3). ,

(2)

(3)

.
3.2.3 P1 P2 2 P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2)
P1 P2 .
 3.2 ; 155

(4)

t
GPS(Global Positioning System) , , t0
, , , d
(hikers)

. U.S. .

1,100(mi) 12

24 .

. 5 8 ( GPS )

6 . . t

, .

xyz z t0
. (x0, y0, z0) .

t (x, y, z) d
.

. d

(second-degree equation)

. GPS t 3
(x, y, z)
.
. ,
(

0.469 / 100
x, y, z t0
1 )
.



x, y, z, t0 1

.
.

1
u = (3, 2, 1)
156 3 2 3

, P1(2, 1, 5) P2(4, 3, 1) d

ku ku u |k| .

(5)

. 2 3 .

3.2
1. v .

2. P1 P2 .

3. u = (2, 2, 3), v = (1, 3, 4), w = (3, 6, 4) .

4.
v
= 2
w
= 3
v w
?
.

5. u = (2, 0, 4) w = (1, 3, 6) . k, l
.

6. u = (2, 6, 7), v = (1, 1, 8) k = 3 . (2, 14, 11) = ku + lv l

?

7. v = (1, 2, 5)
kv
= 4 k .

8. u = (7, 3, 1), v = (9, 6, 6), w = (2, 1, 8), k = 2, l = 5

3.2.1 .
(a) (b) (b) (e) (c) ( f ) (d) (g)
 3.2 ; 157

1 .
9. (a) v v
u
(b) (a) v = (3,4) .
(c) (a) v = (2, 3, 6) .

10. (a) 10(a) v = (v1, v2) v1 =
v
cos v2 =
v
sin

.
(b) u v 10(b) . (a) 4u 5v
.

10

11. P0 = (x0, y0, z0), p = (x, y, z)
p p0
= 1 (x, y, z)

.

12. 2 3 u, v
u + v

u
+
v

.

13. 3.2.1 (a), (c), (e) .

14. 3.2.1 (d), (g), (h) .

15. 9
u + v
=
u
+
v
?
.

16. (a) P = (a, b, c) xz

? a, b c
.
(b) P = (a, b, c) xz
? a, b c
.

17. (a)
x
1 x ?
(b) 1, x0
158 3 2 3

18. 18 3 k 0 3.2.1 (f )
. .

18

3.3 ();
2 3
.

() u, v 2 3 0
. u v 0
u v (angle between u and v) ( 3.3.1).

3.3.1 0 u v

u, v 2 3 , u, v
(Euclidean inner product or dot product) uv

(u 0, v 0 )
(1)
(u = 0, v = 0 )
.
 3.3 (); 159

1 ()
3.3.2 u = (0, 0, 1) v = (0, 2, 2) 45.
,

3.3.2 3.3.3

()
. 3 , 2
.
u = (u1, u2, u3), v = (v1, v2, v3) 0 3.3.3
,

(2)

, PQ = v u (2)

(3)

. u v
u = 0 v = 0 ().
u = (u1, u2), v = (v1, v2) 2 (3)
.

(4)
160 3 2 3

u v (1)
.

(5)

2 (3) ()
u = (2, 1, 1), v = (1, 1, 2) uv u v .

: .

u
=
v
= 6
, (5)

= 60.

3
.

: k 3.3.4
.
, u = (k, 0, 0), u2 = (0, k, 0), u3 = (0, 0, k) ,

. d u1

,
3.3.4

k .

. .

3.3.1 u v 2 3 .
 3.3 (); 161

(a) vv =
v
2 ,
v
(vv)1/2

(b) u v ,
= uv 0.
= uv 0.
= /2 uv = 0.

(a): v v 0

(b): 0 cos 0
cos 0, = /2
cos = 0. uv =
u

v
cos ,
u
0,
v
0, cos uv
.

4 ()
u = (1, 2, 3), v = (3, 4, 2), w = (3, 6, 3) ,

, u v , v w , w u
.

(orthogonal vector) . 3.3.1b

. u v
, 0 u v , u v
uv = 0 . u v
uv .

5
2 n = (a, b) ax + by + c = 0 .
: P1(x1, y1) P2(x2, y2) .

(6)

. P1 P2 = (x2 x1, y2 y1) ( 3.3.5) n

162 3 2 3

P1 P2 . (6)

, .

3.3.5
n P1 P2 .

.
.

3.3.2
u, v, w 2 3 k .
(a) uv = vu
(b) u(v + w) = uv uw
(c) k(uv) = (ku)v = u(kv)
(d) v 0 vv 0, v = 0 vv = 0.

: 3 (c)
. u = (u1, u2, u3), v (v1, v2, v3) ,

u a a
(decompose)
. u a
Q u
( 3.3.6).
u a Q
w1

.
 3.3 (); 163

3.3.6 u w1 w2 , w1 a w2 a .

3.3.6 w1 a w2 a ,

. w1 u a (orthogonal projection of u on a) a
u (vector component of u along a)

(7)

. w2 a u (vector component of u orthogo-

nal to a) . w2 = u w1 (7)

. proja u u proja u
.

3.3.3 u a 2 3 a 0,

(a u )

(a u )

: w1 = proja u, w2 = u proja u . w1 a a
w1 = ka . ,

(8)
(8) a 3.3.1a 3.3.2 ,

(9)
w2 a w2a = 0. (9)
164 3 2 3

proja u = w1 = ka

6 a u
u = (2, 1, 3) a = (4, 1, 2) . a u a u
.

a u

, a u

u proja u a 0
.

a u
.

3.2 (5)

a
2 0

(10)

. u a ua
u

a
cos , (10)

(11)
 3.3 (); 165

3.3.7

(). 3.3.7 .

.

7
P0(x0, y0) ax + by + c = 0 D .

: Q(x1, y1)

n = (a, b)
Q .
5 n ( 3.3.8).
D QP0 n .
, (10)

3.3.8

(12)

Q(x1, y1) .

(12) ,
166 3 2 3

(13)

8
(1, 2) 3x + 4y 6 = 0 D (13)

3.3
1. uv .

2. 1 u v cos .

3. u, v , , .

4. u a .

5. 4 a u .

6.
proja u
.

7. u = (5, 2, 1), v = (1, 6, 3) k = 4 3.3.2 .

8. (a) v = (a, b) w = (b, a) .

(b) (a) v = (2, 3) .
(c) (3, 4) .

9. u = (3,4), v = (5,1), w = (7, 1) .

10. u = (5,2, 3) 5 .
 3.3 (); 167

11. (0, 1), (1, 2), (4, 1) 3

.

12. A(3, 0, 2), B(4, 3, 0) C(8, 1,1) 3 .

?

13. u = (1, 0, 1) v = (0, 1, 1) .

14. xy a 9 , x
120 . b 5
y . ab .

15. xy a x 47
, b x 43
. ab ?

16. p = (2, k), q = (3, 5) k .

(a) p q . (b) p q .
(c) p q /3. (d) p q /4.

17. (13) .

18.
u + v
2 +
uv
2 = 2
u
2 + 2
v
2 .

1 1
19. uv = 4
u + v
2 4
uv
2 .

20. .

21. i, j k 3 x, y z .
v = (a, b, c) v i, j, k ,
v (direction angles) ( 21), cos , cos cos
v (direction cosines) .
(a) cos = a/
v
. (b) cos cos .
(c) v/
v
= (cos , cos , cos ) .
(d) cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1 .

21
168 3 2 3

22. 21 10 cm15 cm25 cm

. (: )

23. 21 3 v1 v2

24. (a) A(2, 3), C(4, 7) D(5, 8) 3 .

(b) ABCD B .
?

25. v w1 w2 v k k1w1 + k2w2

.

26. u v 2 3 k =
u
l =
v

. w = lu + kv u v 2 .

27. ( ). ?

28. proja u = proja a ? .

29. u 0 uv = uw u v = w ?
.

30. u, v w 3 , 3
r . u, v, w r
.
(: r = c1u + c2v + c3w )

31. u v 2 3 .
u + v
2 =
u
2 +
v
2
? .

3.4
, 3
.
.
 3.4 169

3.3 2 3 .
,
3 .

3 u = (u1, u2, u3) v = (v1, v2, v3)

u v (cross product) .

(1)

: (1) uv .

23 R V
S u1 u2 u3 W
S v1 v 2 v 3 W
T X
. 1 u 2 v .

uv 1 1 , uv
2 2 , uv
3 3 .

1
u = (1, 2, 2), v = (3, 0, 1) uv .
: (1) .

.
.
, uv u v .

3.4.1
u, v w 3 .
170 3 2 3

(a) u(uv) = 0 (uv u )

(b) v(uv) = 0 (uv v )
(c)
uv
2 =
u
2
v
2 (uv)2 ( )
(d) u(vw) = (uw)v (uv)w ( )
(e) (uv)w = (uw)v (vw)u ( )

(a): u = (u1, u2, u3) v = (v1, v2, v3) .

(b): (a) .

(c): (2)

(3)
, (2) (3) .

(d) (e): 26 27 .

(Joseph Lauis Lagrange: 1736~1813):

.

(Turin) ( Giuseppe .
Lodovico Lagra-
ngia ),


(Halley)
. 16 .
19
. .

. ,
(Legion of Honor) .
, 25
. (pantheon)
. .
(mecanique analytique),
 3.4 171

2 uv u v
u = (1, 2, 2), v = (3, 0, 1) 1 ,

, 3.4.1 uv u, v .

3.4.2
u, v, w 3 , k .

(1)
(a) .

(a): (1) u v (1)

(1) ,
. , uv = (vu) .

. 1 ( 3.4.1
). 3 3 (standard unit vectors)
. 3 v = (v1, v2, v3) i, j, k ,

.
172 3 2 3

.
(1) .

.
3.4.1

3.4.2 .

,
3.4.2
() .

i, j, k uv 33
.

(4)

, u = (1, 2, 2), v = (3, 0, 1) ,

1 .

: u(vw) = (uv)w .
,

 3.4 173

3.4.1 uv u v . u v
uv (right-hand rule)*
( 3.4.3) . u v , u
v . u v
, uv .

3.4.3

u v 3 uv
. 3.4.1

(5)
.
u v uv
u

v
cos (5) ,

. 0 sin 0.

(6)

.
v
sin u v 4
( 3.4.4). , 4 A (6)

A = ()() =

.
u v
. u v 4
= 0 (6)
3.4.4
uv = 0.

* .
(left-hand rule) .
174 3 2 3

4
3.4.3 u v 3
uv
u v 4 .

3
4 P1(2, 2, 0), P2(1, 0, 2) P3(0, 4, 3) 3 .
1
: 3 A P1 P2 P1 P3 4 2 (
3.4.5). 3.1 2 P1 P2 = (3, 2, 2) P1 P3 = (2,
2, 3)

u, v w 3

3.4.5

u, v w 3 (scalar triple product) .

u = (u1, u2, u3), v = (v1, v2, v3) w = (w1, w2, w3) 3

(7)

.
(4)
 3.4 175

3

5

3 u(vw) .
: (7) .

: (uv)w
. u(vw) uvw .
. (7)

33
(). 3.4.6
3 u, v w

3.4.6 .

22 33 .

(a)

3.4.4
176 3 2 3

2 u = (u1, u2) v = (v1, v2) 4

( 3.4.7a ).
(b)

3 u = (u1, u2, u3), v = (v1, v2, v3) w = (w1, w2, w3)

6 ( 3.4.7b ).

3.4.7

(a): 3.4.3 . 3
u = (u1, u2) v = (v1, v2) 2 .
(dimension problem)
u v xyz xy
( 3.4.8a) , u = (u1, u2, 0) v = (v1, v2, 0) .
,

. 3.4.3
k
= 1 u v 4 A

, .

(b): 3.4.8b u, v w 6 v
w 4 . 3.4.3
vw
,
 3.4 177

3.4.8

3.4.8b 6 u vw .
3.3 (10)

. 6 V

V = ( )() =

, (7)

. .

: V u, v w 6 3.4.4
(7)
R V
u, vw W
V=S
S 6 W = u : (v # w)
T X
. 3.3.1b

, + u (vw)
.

(8) 3
. 3 6
178 3 2 3

(8) |u(vw)| = 0 u, v w
. .

3.4.5 u = (u1, u2, u3), v = (v1, v2, v3) w = (w1, w2, w3)

2 3
.
.
(mathematical existence)
.
.
3.4.9
. xy v (1, 1) x y
3.4.9
( 2, 0).
. u
v u v ,
u, v
. .
.

uv u, v .
uv .

uv
=
u

v
sin.

uv .
, () . uv
uv
,
. uv .
uv (coordinate free) .
 3.4 179

, .

uv
6 u, v 1 ( 3.4.10a ).
3.4.10b xyz

,
,

.
3.4.10c x yz ,

,
,

. 3.4.10b 3.4.10c xyz (0, 0, 1)

x yz (0, 1, 0) . xyz
, x yz uv .

3.4.10

3.4
1. u = (3, 2, 1), v = (0, 2, 3), w = (2, 6, 7) .

2. u v .

3. u v 4 .
180 3 2 3

4. P, Q R 3 .

5. u = (4, 2, 1) v = (3, 2, 7) 3.4.1 (a), (b) (c) .

6. u = (5, 1, 2), v = (6, 0, 2), w = (1, 2, 1) 3.4.2 (a), (b) (c)

.

7. u = (2, 3, 5) v .

8. u, v, w 3 u(vw) .

9. u(vw) = 3 .

10. u, v w 6 .

11. u, v w ,
.

12. yz (3, 1, 2) .

13. w = (1, 2, 0) u = (3, 0, 1) v = (1,1, 1)

.

14. a = (a1, a2, a3), b = (b1, b2, b3), c = (c1, c2, c3), d = (d1, d2, d3) .

15. (u + v)(u v) .

16. u = (2, 3, 6) v = (2, 3, 6) (sine) .

17. (a) A(1, 0, 1), B(0, 2, 3) C(2, 1, 0) 3 .

(b) (a) C AB .
 3.4 181

18. u P
v P
uv
/
v

.

19. 18 P A, B
.

20. u v uv 0 tan =
uv
/(uv) .

21. u = (3, 2, 1), v = (1, 1, 2) w = (1, 3, 3) 6 .

(a) u w .
(b) u v, w .
(: ,
0 /2 )

22. A(0, 2, 1), B(1, 1, 2) C(1, 1, 0)

n ( 21 ).

23. m n 3.4.10 xyz m = (0, 0, 1), n = (0, 1, 0) .

(a) 3.4.10 x yz m n .
(b) xyz mn .
(c) x yz mn .
(d) (b) (c) .

24. .

25. u, v w 3
. .
(a) u(vw) v w .
(b) (uv)w u v .

26. 3.4.1 (d) . [: w = i = (1, 0, 0)

w = j = (0, 1, 0) , w = k = (0, 0, 1)
. w = w1i + w2j + w3k w = (w1, w2, w3)
]

27. 3.4.1 (e) . [: 3.4.2a 3.4.1d )

28. u = (1, 3, 1), v = (1, 1, 2), w = (3, 1, 2) , 26 u

(vw) . .

29. a, b, c d (ab)(cd) = 0 .
182 3 2 3

1
30. 4 3( )() .
1
a, b c 4 6 |a(bc)| ( 30).

30

31. 30 P, Q, R S 4 .

32. 3.4.2 (b) .

33. 3.4.2 (c) (d) .

34. 3.4.2 (e) (f) .

35. (a) u v 3
. w = v(uv) u v
.
(b) uw vw ? .

36. u 0 uv = uw u v = w
? .

37. . .

38. uv = 0 u v ?

39.
.

3.5 3
3
.
 3.5 3 183

3
. 3
.
(normal vector)
.
P0(x0, y0, z0) n = (a, b, c)
. 3.5.1
P0 P n P(x, y, z)
. ,
3.5.1 (1)

, P0 P = (x x0, y y0, z z0) (1)

(2)

. (point-normal form) .

1
3 (3, 1, 7) n = (4, 2, 5)
.
: (2)

(2) (2)

, a, b, c d a, b c
. 1

.
ax + by + cz + d = 0 3
.

3.5.1 a, b, c d a, b c ,

(3)
184 3 2 3

n = (a, b, c) .

(3) x, y z (general form)

.

: a, b, c 0 . a0 .
ax + by + cz + d = 0 a(x + (d/a)) + by + cz = 0 . ,
(d/a, 0, 0) n = (a, b, c) . a
= 0 b0 c0 .

ax + byk1, cx + dy = k2 xy
1

(4)

3.5.2 (a) (3 ). (b) ( ). (c)

(3 ). (d) (3
). (e) (3 ). (f )
(3 ). (g) (
). (h) ( ).
 3.5 3 185

3 ax + by + cz = k1, dx + ey + fz = k2 gx + hy + iz = k3 xyz
.
3.5.2 1 (4) , ,
.

2
3 P1(1, 2, 1), P2(2, 3, 1), P3(3, 1, 2) .

:
axbyczd = 0 .

,
9
a =- 16 t, b =- 161 t, c = 165 t, d = t
. t = 16

. t t0
.

: P1(1, 2, 1), P2(2, 3, 1), P3(3, 1, 2) P1 P2 = (1, 1, 2)

P1 P3 = (2,3, 3) . P1 P2P1 P3 = (9, 1, 5)
, P1 P2 P1 P3 . P1

. 3.5.3 . r = (x, y, z) P(x, y, z)
, r0 = (x0, y0, z0) P0(x0, y0, z0) , n = (a, b, c)
, P0 P = r r0 (1)

(5)

. (vector form of the equation of a

186 3 2 3

3.5.3 3.5.4 P0 P v .

plane) .

3 (5)

(6 ,3, 4) n = (1, 2, 5) .

3 3 . l 3
P0(x0, y0, z0) v = (a, b, c)
. l P0 P v P(x, y, z) .

(6)

t 3.5.4 . (6) ,

. t + P(x, y, z) l
.

(7)

l (parametric equation) .

4
(1, 2, 3) v = (4, 5, 7)
 3.5 3 187

5 xy ( )
(a) P1(2, 4, 1), P2(5, 0, 7) l .
(b) l xy .
(a): P1 P2 = (3, 4, 8) l P1(2, 4, 1) l l

(b): l xy z = 1 + 8t = 0 , t = 1/8 . t
l ,

6
.

P(x, y, z)

, l .

. 3.5.5 . r = (x, y, z) P(x, y, z) , r0 = (x0,
y0, z0) p0(x0, y0, z0) , v = (a, b, c) P0 P =
rr0 (6)

. t
188 3 2 3

(8)

. 3 (vector form of the

equation of a line) .

3.5.5 3

(2, 0, 3) v = (4, 7, 1) .

3
.

:
(a) .
(b) .

.
P0
( 3.5.6).

3.5.6 V W P0 W .
 3.5 3 189

3.5.2
P0(x0, y0, z0) ax by cz = d = 0 D

(9)

: Q(x1, y1, z1) , n = (a, b, c) Q

. 3.5.7 D QP0 n
. 3.3 (10)

3.5.7 P0 ,
(10)

Q(x1, y1, z1) . ,

(10) , (9) .

: (9) 2 [3.3 (13)]

.

8
(1, 4, 3) 2x 3y + 6z = 1 D .

: (9) .

190 3 2 3

.
6 , ,
.
.

(1, 2, 2) (2, 4, 4) .
.

:
. x + 2y 2z = 3 y = z = 0
P0(3, 0, 0) . (9) P0 2x + 4y 4z = 7

3.5
1. P n .

2. 1 .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .
 3.5 3 191

7. .

8. .

9. P n .

10. .

11. .

12. P0 n .

13. .

14. .

15. P0 v .

16.

(a) 6x + 4y 4z = 0 .
(b) 5x 3y + 3z = 1 .
(c) 6x + 2y 2z = 3 .

17. (2, 1, 7) x 4 = 2t, y + 2 = 3t, z = 5t

192 3 2 3

18. .
(a) xy (b) xz (c) yz

19. (x0, y0, z0) .

(a) xy . (b) yz . (c) xz .

20. 7x + 4y 2z + 3 = 0 .

21. (3, 6, 7) 5x + 2y + z 5 = 0 .

22.

2x 3y + 4z + 7 = 0 .

23. x = 1 + 3t, y = 5 + 2t, z = 2 t 2x 4y + 2z = 9

.

24. (2, 4, 1) x y 4z = 2 2x + y + 2z = 3
.

25. (1, 2, 3), (2, 0, 1), (4,1,1) (2, 0, 1) .

26. (2, 5, 0) 2x + y 4z = 0 x + 2y + 3z + 1 = 0
.

27. (2, 1, 5) 4x 2y + 2z = 1 3x + 3y 6z = 5
.

28. (2, 1, 4) 4x + 2y + 2z = 1 3x + 6y + 3z = 7
.

29. 8x 2y + 6z = 1 P1(1, 2, 5) P2(2, 1, 4)

.

30.

31. (1, 1, 2) x = t, y = t + 1, z = 3 + 2t .

32. x = 1 + t, y = 3t, z = 2t x + 2y + z = 0 x + z + 1 = 0
.
 3.5 3 193

33. (1, 4, 2) (0, 2, 2)

.

34.

3x + y + z 9 = 0 .

35.

36. 35 .

37. .

38. x = a, y = b z = c a, b c

39. .

40. .

41. x = 3t 1, y = 2 t, z = t .

42. a, b c

P(x, y, z) . (sym-
194 3 2 3

metric equations) .

43. 9 (a) (b) (:

42 ).

44. .

(: .
42 ).

45. 3 . (0 90 )
180 ( 45, n1 n2
n1 n2 180 ( 45).
.

(: )

45

46. xy 3z = 5 x = 2 t, y = 2t, z = 3t 1
(: 45 ).

47. r = r0 + tv r = r0 tv ? .

48. x = x0 + at, y = y0 + bt, z = z0 + ct ax + by + cz = 0

? .

49. r1 r2 P1(x1, y1, z1) P2(x2, y2, z2)

? .

50. (x0, y0, z0) .

 3 ( )195

51. 3 x = x0 + tv x = x0 + t1v1 + t2v2 ,

. .

52. (T) (F) .

(a) a, b c x = at, y = bt, z = ct ax + by + cz = 0
.
(b) 3 .
(c) u, v w u + v + w = 0 3
.
(d) x = tv 2 v .

3 ( )
. ,
MATLAB, Mathematica, Maple, Derive Mathcad,
.
(documentation)
.
. ,
.

3.1 T1. () ,
1 .

T2. ( ) 2 3
, .
() ,
.

3.3 T1. ( )
, .

v
= v $ v . ( , )
2 .

T2. () a u Proja u
. , 6
.

3.4 T1. () 1
.

T2. ( ) CAS (1a) .

196 3 2 3

T3. ( ) CAS 3.4.1

.

T4. (3 )
3 3 .
4 3 .

T5. (3 ) CAS
(7) .

T6. (6 ) u, v w
3 6
. 3.4 10 .