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Contents Page
Visual Cues
* Training Target 1.2
~~ training targets for you to achieve
* Introduction 1.3
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by the end of the unit
* Section 1 - Reservoirs and Reservoir Rocks 1.5 test yourself questions to see how
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activities for you to apply your new
knowledge or find things out for
* Check Yourself - Answers 1.37 yourself
1.1
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\1~ Training Target
The aim of this unit is to give you an insight into the basic concepts and techniques used in the
exploration for oil and gas. We will also look briefly at the drilling process, design features of
drilling rigs and the personnel involved in the drilling operation.
When you have completed the unit you will be able to:
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Introduction
Natural petroleum is contained in underground Therefore, we can say that drilling a well is the last As the number of wells drilled into a reservoir
reservoirs. The aim is to get it from the reservoir step in the exploration stage. Once we know that increases, so does the cost but there are benefits:
to the surface in a safe and efficient manner. hydrocarbons are there, underground, it is
necessary to decide whether the amount present is * the overall rate of petroleum extraction can
There are two main stages involved in this: sufficient to justify the expense of installing usually be increased
production facilities - offshore production platforms
* finding the petroleum for example. * long term damage to the reservoir can be
* transporting it to the surface and processing minimised by avoiding points of high
it for the next phase So, a programme of appraisal drilling is planned, production at a few isolated wells.
which aims to define:
The first of these stages is called exploration, and Development or production drilling is now carried
the second production. * the size and shape of the reservoir out, giving the ideal distribution of wells over the
reservoir to achieve the best economic return for
It is worth noting here that natural petroleum is * how much hydrocarbon is in place there the whole operation. That is - the most
also referred to as: hydrocarbon, at the least cost, in the shortest time.
* how much of this oil and gas can actually
* petroleum
be brought to the surface All these different types of drilling activity
* oil and gas or
exploration, appraisal, or development - will use a
* hydrocarbons * what difficulties the operation is likely to wide range of skills contained within the area we
encounter. call Drilling Technology.
I will be using all of these expressions from time to
time. If, after carrying all this out, we still believe that it is
worthwhile proceeding, we enter the production
We are never absolutely sure whether oil or gas is stage proper.
present in a reservoir until we have:
Production facilities need to be designed and
* drilled into that reservoir installed - for example, how many wells or
* obtained a sample of the reservoir fluids at production platforms are required? There are
the surface usually a number of wells drilled into one reservoir.
1.3
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Before we look into the detail of the drilling operation, this unit on Basic Concepts provides you with some
background on four related topics:
* Section 1 talks about the structure of a reservoir and the types of rock which will be found there.
* Section 2 examines the various exploration techniques which need to be carried through before
the location of the first hole to be drilled is selected.
* Section 3 looks at the different drilling rig types and indicates why a particular design is selected
for a particular purpose. It also covers some basic drilling concepts.
* Section 4 considers the people who work on a drilling rig and how they relate to each other.
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Unit 1 : Basic Concepts
Biochemical rocks are formed by the accumulation of marine life remains - fragments of shells, coral,
skeletons and so forth. Again, application of pressure and other changes result in the formation of typical
biochemical rocks such as limestones, chalks and dolomites.
1.5
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Figure 1 shows photographs of a typical sandstone and dolomite, taken through an electron microscope
and magnified many times. Details of individual rock particles and pores can clearly be seen.
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* how easily they will flow to the wellbore What happens? Note down here what you
see.
from where they can be transported to the surface.
Porosity
Figure 2
The space which is available between the rock
particles (known as the pore space - see figure 2) The volume of pore space, expressed as a
is one important guide as to how much percentage of the total rock volume, is called the You will need your yoghurt cartons for the
hydrocarbon may be present. porosity of the rock. The storage capacity of our next activity.
reservoir, then, depends on the total volume of the
rock (how big the reservoir is) and its porosity.
1.7
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sand. You will recall that I explained to you what
pore space was - the volume occupied by the
pores, cracks and channels of the reservoir rock
system. It is into this void space that our water is Test Yourself 1
disappearing.
Incidentally, it is worth noting that you could Imagine a block of sandstone as a mini-reservoir with a total rock volume of one cubic metre
estimate the storage capacity of this (or 1 000 Iitres).
mini-reservoir in the yoghurt carton by measuring
the volume of water necessary to fill to the top of If the porosity of this reservoir is 18% of the total volume of the rock, what is the maximum
the sand. volume of oil it could hold (in litres, say)?
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Permeability to pass through in order to reach the well. This is Reservoir Fluids
shown in figure 3.
You should now have a mental picture of how the Scientists do not agree on hawaii and gas were
pore space in the reservoir provides storage Permeability is a measure of how easy it is for the
originally formed. The most popular idea is called
capacity for reservoir fluids - which can include reservoir fluids to make this journey. The higher
the organic theory. This supposes that these
gas, oil and water. the permeability (expressed in units called
hydrocarbons were created from the remains of
Darcies), the easier for these fluids to flow and, small plants and animals living mainly in the sea.
However, it is necessary that these fluids can flow, other things being equal, the higher the production
Their remains would be covered up by other rock
at an economic rate, through the reservoir to the rate from that particular well.
deposits washed down by rivers, sealed from the
wellbore, from where they are transported to the air and, over time, exposed to pressure and other
surface. The property which allows this flow is It is worth noting that the permeability (and
changes (in much the same way as the reservoir
called permeability. therefore ease of flow) is affected not only by the
rocks themselves).
type of rock but also by the nature of the fluid
The pore spaces in the rock must be connected passing through it. Heavy oils will usually find it
The oil and gas formed by this process, however,
together, providing a continuous channel for fluids more difficult to move through the pores of a given
did not usually stay in the same place. You know
rock than water.
from your own experience that oil floats on water.
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find this petroleum reservoir.
Figure 3
1.9
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If you can obtain some clean, coarse grit (free from mud and clay, that is) you can try this:
Take your two empty yoghurt cartons saved from the first Activity. You also need the grit and a small quantity of oil
(light machine oil or even cooking oil will do).
Fill one container with water as before. Add about 1/4" of oil to the other container and then fill it with the grit.
Pour some of the water into the container of grit until free water is visible at the surface. Leave overnight.
When you come back to look at it, note down here what you see.
1.10
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You should see that a film of oil becomes clearly The impervious rock layer must be shaped in a You will notice from these diagrams that the
visible on the surface. This oil, therefore, must certain way, otherwise the petroleum would find its reservoir fluids contained within the rock pores
have migrated from the bottom of the container to way round the edges and continue its upward have separated (over millions of years) into distinct
the top. migration. The impervious rock layer must form a layers - gas at the top, then oil, then water as you
trap, such as a cap rock. would expect.
It has floated upwards through the water which is
filling the pores of the grit until it can go no higher. Figures 4a, 4b and 4c illustrate various types of In practice, the boundaries between the layers are
This is how natural petroleum migrates from the traps and how petroleum can accumulate under not as sharp as in the picture. This separation is,
source rock ie. the rock where it was formed, to these to form the petroleum reservoir. however, important, when we decide how far into
the reservoir rock. the reservoir we should drill before completing the
well. Unit 9 will look at this in more detail.
This small reservoir contains larger rock particles
than you would usually find in practice but the idea
is exactly the same. It does indicate very clearly
that your yoghurt-carton reservoir has both porosity
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allow the oil to reach the surface). /
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1.13
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common exploration techniques which are used
prior to the final test - drilling.
Summary
In this section we have looked at sedimentary rocks and how they were first deposited. You will
have learnt that, in order to form an effective petroleum reservoir, this sedimentary rock must
possess two properties: porosity and permeability.
I described how petroleum was first formed in the source rock and how it migrated upwards
towards the reservoir.
* contain reservoir fluids which have separated, in many cases into a gas layer at the
top, an oil layer in the middle and a water layer underneath
You now know what a petroleum reservoir is. In the next section you will learn how to find it.
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Unit 1 : Basic Concepts
In the previous section, I described how Sedimentary Basins Exploration Techniques - large
sedimentary roCKS are laid down and why the
presence of these rocks would indicate the scale
We have seen, previously, that most scientists now
possibility of oil and gas being present.
accept the organic theory of petroleum production.
Here, we must think of techniques which are
We need to know the broad geographical areas in suitable for land locations, and those which are
In other words, they believe that oil and gas were
the world where these sedimentary rocks may be applicable over water.
formed from plant and animal remains, deposited
found. This gives us a first clue as to where we
from rivers and seas, covered with further layers of
should drill.
rock sediment and subjected to high pressures, Land
high temperatures and so on.
These areas can be very large and techniques are Geologists have found that they can sometimes
required to pinpoint more accurately the likely identify subsurface structures like faults and domes
If this is the case, our sedimentary basins, or
subsurface structures where oil and gas could by viewing ground contours at the surface. You will
geographical areas where large quantities of
accumulate. You already know that these are see this more clearly by looking again at
sedimentary rock are found, will be located where
called traps and will be familiar with the basic figures 4a, band c and noting that these
old river systems have deposited large quantities
types. subsurface shapes can, to some extent, be
of sediment into ancient seas. The locations of
these seas are well known by geologists, based on mirrored at ground level.
In this section, you will find out about:
a wide range of other evidence.
Aerial photographic surveys are a most effective
* sedimentary basins However, knowing that a petroleum reservoir could means of gaining this broad impression. Domes
be contained within a sedimentary basin which and outcrops often stand out clearly, perhaps by
* exploration techniques - large scale may be hundreds of miles across is not much help changes in the vegetation. Figure 6 on the next
to an oil company. They want to know where to page shows an aerial photograph which illustrates
* exploration techniques - small scale some of these characteristics.
drill the first well - precisely.
1.15
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seismic surveys
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Looking back over this section, you will notice that
air
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charge all of the techniques described are carried out on
vessel hydrophones
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1.19
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~ Summary
In this section I described for you how sedimentary basins were originally formed. You will have
learnt that they can be very large and we need some other way of homing-in on the first drilling
location.
Then a precise location for drilling can be chosen with the help of three techniques:
various rocks
various rocks
We now know where to drill. In the next section you will look at some basic steps in the drilling
operation and the rigs used to do the job.
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land rigs
* jack-up rigs
* platform rigs
* semi-submersibles
* drillships
1.21
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In Unit 2 you will look at Drilling Systems and Basic Drilling Concepts 1 The first section of hole is drilled using a large
Equipment. It will become clear, whatever the rig diameter bit (see figure 11), This hole is
design, it must carry out the same basic function The drilling of any well is carried out in a number of drilled to a relatively fl?ILgw depth before
to make a hole in the ground. clearly defined stages. At each stage the actual drilling is stopped and the drill string and bit
hole is drilled using a drill bit. A typical drill bit is are removed from the hole.
It will also comprise these five basic systems: shown in figure 10,
* hoisting system
* circulating system
,'.::':
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* power system ',,:'
-'_'__ 1st section of
. 'hole drilled with
* blowout prevention system large diameter bit
drilling operation.
~<.~S 26" diameter)
Figure 10
.: .:..?
The bit is connected to the bottom of an assembly
of pipes called a drill string. As the hole is
deepened more lengths of drill pipe are added until
the total depth of that stage is reached. Figure 11
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2 Steel pipe called a casing string is lowered At a pre-determined depth, drilling is once again
into the hole. Its function is to stop the drilled stopped and this section of hole is lined with
hole from collapsing as it is deepened. casing. This casing is also cemented in place
as shown in figure 13 below.
(You will look at other functions of casing in surface
of hole
3 The diameter of the casing string is smaller (26" dta.)
1st section
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'....<\
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1.23
I~
--'--~---
""""
This sequence of drilling, then lining the hole with
casing which is cemented in place, continues until
the total depth of the well is reached. Figure 14 ..0
~t..~ ~ction
e :
1
of hole
shows a well drilled to its total depth. ~:.
,,;1---- cement
;f...--.-cement
lu-l'r;./ II~~
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[] Test Yourself 3
Below I have given you a selection of bit sizes, casing sizes and hole depths which are out of
order:
Use this information to fill in the missing details in the drilling programme below:
Drilling Programme
lS
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Stage One j,
L!"I[ )
Stage Two
Stage Three
'\."
Stage Four
1.25
I~
Land Rigs
Masts
pin
Rigging-up time is the time it takes to assemble a
/connection
mast into the vertical position, on-site from all its
components. It also includes the time to install the
power unit, all the cables and the piping.
raising leg
,/
figure 15
1.26
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Derricks
- - substructure
Figure 16
1.27
---------------_.
Jack-Up Rigs
Figure 17
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Platform Rigs
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Figure 18
1.29
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- _.- -_. -- -
Semi-Submersibles In this case, a deck is supported by a tubular A semi-sub can operate in deeper water than a
structure, and by two hulls to provide buoyancy. jack-up. Its maximum operating water depth
depends on the type of mooring system employed.
A semi-submersible is a floating drilling rig. A
typical layout is shown in figure 19 below. Again, the deck carries equipment and Some semi-subs use anchors with wire and chain
accommodation modules, a helicopter pad and a to hold them on station. Others use dynamic
drilling rig. positioning which is a system of computer
controlled thrusters, to maintain their position. We
Semi-submersibles can move easily from one will look at mooring systems in more detail in
location to another either by being towed or under Unit 6. Modern semi-subs using anchors may, in
their own power. exceptional circumstances, drill in water up to
3 000 feet deep.
They are mainly used, therefore, for exploration
and appraisal drilling where this ease of Semi-subs using dynamic positioning systems are
movement is essential. capable of drilling in even deeper waters, up to
6 000 feet deep.
When on location, the semi-sub (as it is often
helipad
called) takes on water ballast (into the two hulls,
etc). This will lower the structure in the water and
lower the centre of gravity.
1.30
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These are ships specially built or converted for deep sea drilling. Their main
features are: []
Test Yourself 4
* the ability to drill in almost any depth of water
* greater mobility than semi-subs or jack-ups You plan to drill three exploration wells in the following depths of
* dynamic positioning equipment can be fitted, as with semi-subs water. What type of rig would you select to drill each of these wells.
* greater storage capacity than other rig types
not as stable as semi-subs or jack-ups while drilling
* 4500 feet t ril
Figure 20 will give you an overall impression of the layout.
derrick _
~-
~.
- --
Figure 20
1.31
I~
[g Summary
To begin with, we looked at some basic drilling concepts. I will go into these in more detail
in later units. For now, however, you have an overall impression.
The various types of drilling rig were then described. I talked about two types of land rig
a mast and a derrick.
Then we considered drilling from water and looked at jack-ups, platform rigs,
semi-submersibles and drillships. The differences between these rig types were
highlighted.
We will now take a look at the personnel who operate these rigs.
1.32
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The way in which rigs are crewed up will, of Figure 21 gives a typical picture of:
course, vary greatly from one situation to another. operating (0;1) company personnel
There are common features and these are the * drilling contractor personnel, and
ones I wish to concentrate on. * the types of service companies
operating drilling
company contractor
t - t
I company rep. toolpusher
1-- r---
OIl
~ubsea engineering ) I
~--
f_
service tourpusher
Ileurn engineer companies I
ling ,engineer
site' geologist
r- driller
chief mechanic
J
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--I __ -.J asst. driller
motor man
derrickman
n 19
roughneck
v g responsible to
roustabout
The company representative on site (perhaps Toolpusher: In overall charge of rig operations, implementing the drilling plan and compliance with
called the company man or drilling supervisor) all safety requirements. Reports to the company representative.
ensures that the drilling programme is carried out
in a safe and efficient manner. Tourpusher: Assistant to the toolpusher. Will be in charge of a particular shift (often the night shift).
Responsible to the toolpusher for implementing the drilling plan and for safety, and
He reports to, and is employed by, the operating reports to him.
company which holds the licence to drill the hole.
He will have operating company specialists on site Driller: In charge of the drilling process and operations. Responsible for compliance with the
to assist him. drilling plan and for the drilling crew. Reports to the tool/tourpusher.
Service company personnel report to the company Assistant Driller: Assists the driller. Usually responsible to the driller for the operation of bulk storage
man, but must liaise very closely with the drilling equipment (for handling mud chemicals, etc.) and for the mud flowline system.
team. Reports to the driller.
Members of this drilling team are listed opposite, Derrickman: Responsible for the storage and movement of tubulars in the derrick and monitoring
together with their main tasks and reporting links. the mud systems. Reports to the driller.
Roughneck: Works on the rig floor. Responsible for general rig floor activities under the direction
of the driller/assistant driller. Reports to the driller.
Roustabout: A member of the general workforce, assisting with the movement of materials,
cleaning, painting, etc. Reports to the roustabout foreman (not shown on figure 21).
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I would like you to think back over what you have learnt and list as many of the steps in the programme as you can.
1.35
I~
. ----------------------------------------
l!1 Summary
In this section we have looked at a typical drilling operation and described the people and
activities which make it happen. I have indicated how they link together into an efficient team.
Finally, I have listed the essential members of the drilling crew and detailed their main tasks.
You have now completed the first unit about Basic Drilling Concepts in this Drilling Technology
open learning programme.
Go back to the Training Target at the beginning of this unit and check that you can tick all of the
boxes. If you are unsure of anything, read over the relevant sections again and have a chat with
your tutor if necessary.
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Check Yourself 1
The maximum amount of oil which our mini-reservoir can hold is the pore volume of the reservoir.
Our block of sandstone, therefore, could hold a maximum of 180 litres of oil.
1.37
~
Check Yourself 2
Oil has now migrated to our two possible reservoirs.
You can see this below:
~~~~
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/1 In the first sketch, oil has accumulated under the caprock, which has prevented it migrating further. This could therefore be an effective petroleum
:'j
reservoir. In the second drawing, the impervious rock layer has a break in it, due to faulting, and this has allowed oil to leak out and upwards. The
structure would not, therefore form an effective petroleum reservoir.
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Check Yourself 3 Check Yourself 4
Drilling Programme To drill in 280 feet of water a jack-up would be suitable, as long as
the seabed provided a sound footing for the jack-up legs and local
Bit Size Casing Size Hole currents were not too strong.
Depth
To drill in 1 500 feet of water, a semi-submersible is likely to be
Stage One 26" 20" 1 500' used which uses either anchors or dynamic positioning systems to
maintain its position.
Stage Two 17 1/ 2 " 133/ 8 " 4500'
To drill in 4 500 feet of water, a dynamically positioned drillshlp is
Stage Three 12 1/ 4 " 95/ 8 " 9500' the more likely choice.
If your answers are not the same as these, try working through the
section again.
1.39
I~
~
Check Yourself 5
The major steps in a typical exploration programme are roughly as * On the basis of this evidence you can decide where to drill.
follows: However, the drilling rig must be selected and to do that you need to
answer a few more questions:
* By consultation with geologists, you would know where the major
sedimentary basins are located in the geographical area of - are you drilling on land?
over land locations. Over water, a sonic survey may be called for. Let drilling commence.
* This work will narrow the area down and allow more detailed
exploration programme.
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Training Target
2.2
Introduction
2.3
2.12
2.38
2.1
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When you have completed this unit, you will be able to:
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Introduction
You saw in the first unit of this programme that In this unit we will go through each of the systems
there are a number of different types of drilling rigs listed. We will look at the individual components in
in common use. It doesn't matter what type of rig the system and see how they contribute to the
you think about, it has one function only: overall drilling process.
to make a hole in the ground Although the equipment is basically the same on all
rigs, floaters (semi-subs and drillships) have some
In order to perform this function safely and special equipment which is not found on land ) - II I travelling block
efficiently, the rig has a number of components installations. We will be looking at specialised
which can be grouped together in four basic floating drilling rig systems and equipment in
systems. These systems are the: Unit 6. In this unit we will concentrate on fl" \I! , drilling hook
conventional equipment such as you would find on
* hoisting system a land rig or on a fixed platform offshore. power unit
* power system will gradually build up the complete picture of the mud conditioning
drilling installation which you see in figure 1. equipment
In addition to the four I have listed above, there is
a further system which must be considered in any
discussion of rig components. This system,
although not essential to the drilling process, is
critical for rig safety. It is the:
drill collars
Figure 1
drill bit
2.3
I~
Unit 2 : Drilling Systems and Equipment
~ water table
As you will shortly see, holes are drilled with long The Derrick
a deep hole can weigh two hundred tons or more. The derrick is the tall, towerlike structure which
This considerable weight has to be suspended in most people think of as an Oil Rig.
Figure 2
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the derrick which enables maintenance to be
carried out on the equipment there.
f,,-<\i,::~ . r"
The finger board is another working platform
which is located approximately 90 feet high in the
derrick. This is where one of the rig crew (the
derrickman) works when drill pipe is being pulled
from the hole.
mast Figure 3
erected
2.5
_.._----
I~
Drawworks be rotated using power from the rig power system. The drawworks usually has a second spool, known
Wireline (drilling line) is reeled onto the drum and as a sand reel, fitted behind the main drum. The
If we continue our analogy of a crane and hoisting from there passes through a system of pulleys wire from this spool passes over a single pulley
system, the winch of the crane is equivalent to the (crown and travelling blocks). A hook is fixed at and can be used for running tools into and out of
drawworks of a drilling rig hoisting system. the lower end of the pulley system. As with the the hole. The sand reel is sometimes called a
winch of a crane, when the operator, in this case coring reel, however, it is not used much these
The main purpose of this piece of equipment is to the driller, rotates the drum in one direction, the days. Independent wireline units are used for this
lift pipe out of and lower it back into the hole. drilling line is reeled onto the drum raising the purpose.
movable pulley and hook. If the drum is allowed to
The drawworks is located in the middle of the back rotate in the other direction the hook will descend, Incorporated into the drawworks are the catheads.
edge of the rig floor. pulled down by the suspended load. Since the drill These are used together with large spanners or
pipe is connected to the moving pulley, the pipe tongs to make or break the threaded connections
How it Works can be raised or lowered. between individual joints or pipe.
Its principle feature is a spool, or drum, which can You will see in Unit 3 how these operations are
actually carried out. We will also look at some
alternative equipment used in these operations.
r\ ~ '. secondary spool
~ . ~))S$$%%%\~ (sand reel)
driller's console
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(workstation)
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An important feature of the drawworks is the brake system. This allows the driller to control the
tremendous load of the drill pipe or casing suspended from the pulley system. There are at least two
Activity brake systems on most rigs. One is a mechanical friction device which uses two bands passing over
brake drums. The bands are connected to a large brake handle located at the side of the drawworks.
This is operated by the driller to halt the descent of a loaded pulley system. The other brake is either
hydraulic or, more commonly these days, electrically operated. This auxiliary brake is used to control the
Look again at figure 4 and identify the rate of descent of the load. It helps to reduce the wear on the primary friction system.
main drum and catheads of the
drawworks. Figure 5 shows the friction type brake mechanism.
brake
handle-
Figure 5
2.7
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~rilling
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From the crown block the drilling line passes to and I will explain how the elevator is used in the next
round a sheave contained within a moving set of unit.
sheaves known as the travelling block.
Connected to the bottom of the travelling block is The drilling line then passes over another sheave
crown
the drilling hook and these two items comprise on the crown block and down again to the travelling block
the travelling assembly. The hook may be block. The number of passes the drilling line
integral with the travelling block or may be makes between crown and travelling blocks give an
removable. eight, ten or twelve line suspension.
Figure 7 shows a travelling assembly. Take a After making its final pass over the crown block the
look at this now. Note the two ears on the hook. drilling line goes down to the base of the rig where
Two forged steel rods called links can be attached it is clamped on a drilling line anchor, sometimes
to the ears. The links support an item of called the deadline anchor. The drilling line is not
equipment called an elevator which is used when terminated at the deadline anchor but continues on
all the pipe is being pulled from the well. to a reel of spare line.
deadline
A careful record is kept of the work done by the anchor
line. This is measured in units of ton-miles. (If a
drilling line
line has moved a one ton load a distance of one
mile, it has received one ton-mile of usage). After
a pre-determined number of ton-miles have been
recorded, the line is slipped and cut. This means
that the anchor is slackened and fresh line is
slipped into the system from the spare line spool.
travelling
block A corresponding length of wire is then cut off at the
drawworks end of the line.
drilling
Figure 8 shows the hoisting system in simplified
hook form.
ears ~,J Q.../Ar.
Figure 7 Figure 8
2.9
~
[] Test Yourself 1
In the following list of components some are part of the hoisting system and some are not.
Tick either yes or no in the boxes provided.
Yes No
1. Travelling Block CJ 0
2. Drawworks 0 0
3. Drilling Line LJ lJ
4. Rotary Table 0 [J
5. Derrick D D
6. Drill Bit D U
7. Crown Block 0 D
8. Deadline Anchor D D
9. Drilling Hook D U
10. Drilling Collars 0 D
11. Shale Shaker D D
12. Drawworks Drum D U
You will find the answer in Check Yourself 1 on page 2.54.
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2.11
~
Unit 2 : Drilling Systems and Equipment
Just like any drilling operation whether it be in The Drill Bit Drag Bits
wood, steel or other material, some type of cutting
tool has to be rotated whilst weight is applied to The drill bit is probably the most critical item of a A drag bit is very rarely seen these days. It was
make the hole. In oilwell drilling operations the drilling operation. It must be capable of making one of the earliest types of bit and it cuts by the
cutting tool is the drill bit and in this section we will hole in rocks which vary from very soft clay-like shovelling action of blades on the formation. I
look at the equipment used to turn the bit, i.e. the material to extremely hard granites. Since one bit don't intend to say any more about drag bits but I
rotating system. would not be suitable for these widely differing have included an illustration of one, as figure 9.
conditions, there are a number of different designs
A rotating system can be thought of as having available.
three main sub-systems:
They can be broadly classified into the following
* drill bit categories:
L~
conventional system. At the end of this section we :.:>
will look at some alternative rotating mechanisms.
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Tri-cone Roller Bits let's look at a typical bit arrangement. Diamond Bits
Tri-cone roller bits are the most commonly used As the name suggests, this type of bit has three Diamond bits use industrial diamonds as their
drill bits at present. A large variety of designs are cones which are free to roll on bearings. The cutting structure. They drill by the scraping action
available to cope with the different formations cones incorporate the cutting structure. This of the diamonds which protrude from a metal
encountered. Figure 10 shows a typical tri-cone consists of teeth cut into the cone, or inserts matrix. The design of diamond bits varies greatly
roller bit. pressed into holes in the cone surface. For soft in the shape of the body, the size and setting of the
formations the teeth are long and widely spaced. diamonds. Figure 11 shows a diamond bit.
This gives a digging or gouging action. Short
stubby teeth which are closer together provide a
chipping or crushing action. This is more suitable
for hard formations.
Figure 10 Figure 11
2.13
~
Polycrystalline Diamond Bits The drilling action of the bit is a shearing one. As
cutters of
synthetic diamonds
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collapsible
arms
Figure 13
2.15
~
The Drill String As the hole is deepened, extra lengths of drill pipe are added to the drill string as required.
Individual joints of drill pipe are about 32 feet long on average. The diameter varies but some frequently
During this programme you will come across a used pipe diameters are 4 '/2'" 5" and 5 1/z". These dimensions are always measured on the outside
number of strings. The drill string is one. In
diameter. Figure 14 shows a length of drill pipe.
Unit 6we will be looking at casing strings, and
you will probably see the term tubing string. In
this context a string consists of a number of
individual lengths of pipe joined together.
Drill Pipe
When drill pipe is being connected, the box end always points up so that the pin can be stabbed into it.
2.16
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drill string
Bottom Hole Assembly Having a string of heavy drill collars enables just in tension
part of the weight of the collars to be applied to the
The bottom hole assembly consists of a number bit. In this way the lower portion of the collars is in whole of
of pieces of equipment which are placed just above compression with its weight resting on the bit. The drill string in
upper portion plus the entire drill pipe section compression
the bit. These are:
remains in tension, supported on the hook of the
drill collars travelling assembly.
2.17
I~
The drilling fluid in the hole has a buoyancy factor of 0.833 which means that only 83.3% of the
If 25% excess drill collar weight over weight on bit is used, how many drill collars are required in this
bottom hole assembly?
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Stabilizers Subs
Stabilizers are short lengths of pipe with fins or Subs - in the drilling industry, the word sub
ribs which are the same size across as the bit refers to any short length of pipe,
diameter or slightly less. collar and so on which has a specific
function.
The fins may be aluminium or rubber but more
often are steel with tungsten carbide inserts on the Crossover subs - are designed with different
edge. threaded ends to enable
different sizes or types of
They are located between the collars and also help drill pipe or collar to be
to maintain a straight hole by keeping the collars connected together.
centralized. Also, by a scraping action, they ... spiral
ribs
Shock sub- a shock sub may be placed just
maintain a full hole diameter.
above the bit. It has a steel
Figure 16 shows two stabilizers, one with straight
ribs and one with spiral ribs. ...0. spring or rubber packing to
absorb the impact of the bit
bouncing on hard formation .
straight
ribs Bit sub - this is a short sub with a box on each
end. It connects the bit to the
drill collars and ensures that the
collars and drill pipe are always run
with the pin end facing down.
2.19
I~
True False
1. A bit sub is used to connect the drill bit to the drill collars, it has a pin
connection at each end. D ~
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* swivel
2.21
---
~
Connected to the kelly but free to slide up and In the next section of this unit we will be looking at
down over its whole length, is the kelly bushing. the drilling fluid circulating system.
This piece of equipment has an internal profile the
same as the outside of the kelly. Rollers are fitted You will see that the fluid enters the drill string
to ensure that the kelly can move freely through the through the swivel. The inlet is referred to as the
bushing even when the bushing is turning. The gooseneck because of its shape. The pressure of
bottom of the kelly bushing has four drive pins or a the fluid at this point can be very high, so the
square section which locate in corresponding holes swivel has high pressure seals built into it.
in the rotary table bushing.
We will come back to the rotary table shortly. Rotary Table and Master Bushing
At the top of the kelly is fitted a valve called a kelly These are the final items in our rotating
cock. This can be closed to prevent any backflow mechanism. The rotary table has two main
of drilling fluid up the drill string. We will look functions:
further at this item in the final section of this unit.
* to rotate the kelly and hence the drill string
2.22
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Master Bushing
Figure 19
2.23
~
[] Test Yourself 5
Match the items on the left with the correct section of the rotating system on the right by drawing
connecting lines. I have done the first one for you.
gooseneck .-.-.
stabilizer .
master bushing ..
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'Downhole Motors and Downhole Using a top drive unit enables drilling to be carried
Turbines out using stands of drill pipe. A stand consists of
three joints of pipe connected together, making a
These are tools which allow the drill bit to be total length of 100 feet. This reduces the number
rotated without rotating the whole drill string. of connections to be made during drilling.
Drilling fluid being pumped down the drill string
provides the energy to drive the motor or turbine.
A drive shaft is connected from the motor to the
bit so, when drilling fluid is being circulated, the
motor or turbine is rotated and so is the bit.
2.25
_----------------
There are a number of different drill bit designs available such as drag bits, J.~.l..~!;::;: ...:.,:.'... So.. , diamond bits and polycrystalline diamond bits.
\) f\~tr I,C {,III"!:'
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a e openers i '
are sometimes pIace d abave a biIt to en Iarge or maintain
.. a h a eisize.
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lL.41
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~ Summary
In this section we have been looking at the equipment used to actually drill a hole. This
consisted of a cutting tool, equipment to apply weight to the tool and equipment to rotate the
tool. You saw that the cutting tool, which is called the drill bit, must be capable of making hole
in a variety of different rocks. To do this, several types of bit are available, from a simple drag
bit to sophisticated polycrystalline diamond bits.
We looked at the drill string next and I explained the function and construction of drill pipe and
the components of the bottom hole assembly.
Finally, we considered the rotating mechanism. I pointed out that there are a number of ways
of turning a bit but the most common system utilised a swivel, kelly, bushing and rotary table.
We looked at the way this system operates to transmit a rotary motion from the rotary table
through to the drill bit. At the end of the section we had a brief look at a couple of alternative
methods of rotating the bit.
In the next section we will move on to the circulating system and you will see how drilling fluids
are pumped and conditioned.
2.27
On a number of occasions already, I have mentioned the term drilling fluid, without saying much more I have listed below the individual components of
about it. This term in fact covers a range of liquids (and sometimes gases) which perform a number of the circulating system:
functions during the drilling operation.
* mud pits
Initially, the primary function of the drilling fluid was to clean, cool and lubricate the bit and to carry cuttings
from the hole. Nowadays much more is expected of this fluid as you will see in Unit 4. * mud pumps
The drilling fluid is more commonly called drilling mud or simply mud and I will use this term during the * standpipe and rotary hose
rest of the section.
* swivel
When drilling is in progress, mud is continuously pumped down through the drill string, and out of the jet
nozzles in the bit. Since the diameter of the bit is larger than that of the drill string, an annular space is left * shale shaker
around the drill string as drilling progresses.
* mud conditioning equipment
The mud returns to the surface through this annulus carrying with it the cuttings from the bottom of the
hole. Figure 20 on the next page shows the complete
circulating system.
At the surface, the cuttings are sieved from the mud. The mud is further cleaned as necessary and then
pumped back down the hole again.
In this section we will look at the equipment used to pump the mud and condition it at the surface. In
other words the circulating system:
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.J--------------------------------------
I - - - l - - - - swivel
pipe
Mud Pits
mud pumps rotary
hose
These are simply a series of interconnected tanks
in which the mud is initially prepared and stored,
The end tank from which the pumps take their
I kelly suction is known as the active pit. A mud mixing
hopper is located by the active pit. This is used to
mud mixing hopper \
add chemicals to the mud when its weight and
consistency needs to be changed.
--.r-- suction
line At the other end of the line of tanks is the pit which
receives the mud as it flows from the hole. This is
known as the settling pit or sand trap. The
underside of this tank is usually sloped. This
means that any solid particles which settle to the
bottom, gravitate towards valves. The valves are
opened periodically to dump the accumulated
solids. Between the active pit and the settling pit
are other tanks in which mud is stored and
conditioned. We will look at the conditioning
equipment shortly.
Mud Pumps
At the heart of the circulating system are the mud
pumps. Their function is to circulate the mud
under pressure from the active pit, through the drill
string, to the bit, and return it up the annulus to the
return
flow
settling pit.
Figure 20
line
2.29
~
The pumps are either: +={: Ao. n ... -., r: t :.::, Af?-.~ I!; .. f: t
* duplex, double-acting
or
* triplex, single-acting
suction suction
A duplex pump has two cylinders. Each cylinder
has two suction and two discharge valves. As the
piston moves through the cylinder it is discharging
mud in front at the same time as mud is filling the action of a single acting pump
cylinder behind. discharge
;r~
valve. The cylinder is filled as the piston moves
back and is discharged as the piston moves
:~ :.: ~ "';1 I'~ :.~ t
forward.
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2.31
~
t solids outlet
Figure 23
Another type of separation unit used for mud which spins at a high speed. Inside is a screw From time to time, high pressure low volume gas
conditioning is the centrifuge. This is used for conveyor which moves the coarse particles accumulations may be encountered whilst drilling.
salvaging materials which are to be kept in the mud towards the discharge. This gas can enter the mud causing it to become
system. It consists of a rotating cone shaped drum gas cut.
Figure 24 shows one of these units.
..
inlet
clay ~ ~
Iiquid~~~
discharge - ~
coarse solid
discharge
Figure 24
2.33
~
vacuum degassers
Think of two possible problems which may result from the mud becoming gas cut. The first of these units usually consists of a vertical
vessel through which the gas cut mud can be
circulated.
*
f':,t
, ,
Gas is released from the mud in the separator and
is led away to be disposed of through a flare.
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Figure 25
2.35
----------_.------.
I~
h Annulus 0
Shale shaker LJ
j Drill collars CJ
"
k Rotary hose GJ
Mud conditioning equipment [IJ
2.36
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~ Summary
In this section we have concentrated on the I explained that the pumps take the mud from the
equipment used to circulate drilling fluid pits and pass it to the swivel via the standpipe
(mud) through the drill string and back to the and rotary hose. The mud flows down through
surface. the hollow kelly, drill pipe and collars and jets out
through nozzles in the bit. It returns to the
You saw that the individual components of surface up the annulus where it flows over a
the system consisted of: vibrating screen, the shale shaker. After cuttings
have been removed at the shaker, mud
* mud pits
conditioning equipment is used to remove sand,
silt and gas, etc. Finally, the mud flows back into
mud pumps
the active pit to be picked up by the pumps once
more.
* standpipe and rotary hose
In the three sections we have looked at up to now
* swivel
we have covered the major items of equipment
used to drill a hole. In the next section we will
shale shaker
look at the system which provides the power
necessary to operate the equipment.
* mud conditioning equipment
2.37
Unit 2 : Drilling Systems and Equipment
I~
A number of the items of drilling equipment which we have looked at up to now require to be driven in During drilling, great weights have to be lifted, large
some way. volumes of mud at high pressures have to be
pumped and the whole drill string has to be turned.
This requires a great deal of power but power is
also required for other machinery and equipment of
the rig, such as the shale shaker, mud conditioning
equipment, air compressors and so on.
/i
,
~
Altogether, we are looking at a considerable power
~ ~'\ S
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*
demand.
2.38
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Thinking again about the drawworks, rotary table In the early days of rotary drilling, steam power purposes each motor has to be powered by its own
and mud pumps, I have already said that they need was used exclusively. It is hardly ever found these generator. This makes it necessary to run as
a lot of power. But how much? days and we can forget about it in this unit. Steam many generators as the maximum number of
was succeeded by internal combustion engines motors running at anyone time.
On a large offshore rig the total requirement for the using natural gas or Iiquified petroleum gas as fuel.
three components could be easily 4 500 H.P. More recently, diesel engines have become more An A.C.lD.C. system is more efficient. It uses
(Horse Power). popular as drilling engines and offshore these are standard machines to generate alternating current
almost invariably used. which is then fed into a common distribution
This is further divided up between the components system. A.C. power is then drawn from this
as follows: The rig components can be driven directly from distribution system. It has to be converted to
these engines using chains or belts to transmit controlled direct current for use with conventional
" drawworks and rotary 3 000 H.P. power. Most offshore rigs, however, use a D.C. motors. The devices which convert A.C. to
combination of diesel engines, generators and D.C. are called S.C.R.s which is short for Silicon
* mud pumps 1 500 H.P. electric motors to drive the drawworks, etc. Controlled Rectifiers.
I have lumped together the drawworks and rotary For now, let us concentrate on these so-called As I pointed out earlier, the generation, distribution
table because they are usually driven from the diesel/electric systems. and use of electricity is a vast subject and is
same power source. beyond the scope of this programme. Therefore, I
On an electric rig, the drawworks, mud pumps, don't intend to try to go any deeper into the power
To give you an idea of what this means, a etc are driven by direct current (D.C.) electric systems on a rig in this unit.
drawworks with a 3 000 H.P. input would be motors. D.C. motors are used rather than
capable of lifting a load of over one million pounds alternating current (A.C.) motors because it is not
with 10 line suspension. practical to control the speed of A.C. motors.
Some older electric rigs use a complete D.C.
To provide this power, a number of different system. This means that the prime movers (the
systems have been used over the years and this is diesel engines) drive D.C. generators, with the
what we will look at now. D.C. electricity powering the motors. One
drawback of this system is that for control
2.39
-----------------"-~=-------., ._------_._--------
cg. Summary
? 40
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Unit 2 : Drilling Systems and Equipment
Most people associated with the oil industry have An influx of formation fluids is called in drillers'
heard the term blowout. It conjures up pictures of terms, a kick. It is when a kick gets out of control
a drilling rig with a column of oil shooting high
above the derrick. Although blowouts do happen
from time to time, they are relatively rare
occurrences. However, the risk of a blowout is
that a blowout occurs.
pressure are released during the drilling operation under any circumstances.
and which the various containment systems fail to
check. When the flow has been shut off, the well must be
made ready to allow drilling operations to continue.
As you will see in later units, pressure is being This usually means releasing any fluids which have
exerted by fluids in the rock formations through entered the well bore and pumping in new mud. I i~-h) ~'.i)i\. e
which a drill bit makes a hole. Normally, the
pressure being exerted by the column of drilling
fluids is sufficient to contain the formation fluid
pressures. If, however, for any reason the
pressure of the drilling fluid column drops below You will find the answer in
_J
2.41
~
Although a BOP system on a floater performs their arrangement depends on the degree of spool
exactly the same function, there are differences in protection considered necessary. In figure 26 I
layout, etc. We will cover this in Unit 6 when we have illustrated just-one of the many possible BOP
stack arrangements J ram type
look at Floating Drilling in more detail. ~ oJ BOP
Starting at the bottom you will see a casing head.
The Blowout Preventer Stack This is the base unit on which the first BOP in the m casing
head
stack is mounted. The casing head itself is
The BOP stack can be described as an assembly attached to the top of a string of pipe called the
of valves and fittings. It is designed to close the surface casing. You will come across this again in
top of a well and seal in any undesirable high Unit 5.
pressures should a blowout threaten during drilling
operations. Figure 26
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Types of BOP The rams themselves are described as either: Pipe rams are intended to close the top of the hole
when drill pipe is in the well. They have a
* pipe rams semi-circular cut out in the face of each ram and
Apart from the drilling spool and bell nipple, which I
or sealing rubbers built into these faces. When a pipe
will discuss later, all the other items are BOPs.
* blind rams ram is operated the ram faces are pressed against
or each other. This forms a pressure tight seal
You will notice that they are of different types.
* shear rams around drill pipe in the hole and shuts off the
These are:
annulus.
* Ram Type BOPs.
and
Figure 27 shows an outline bird's eye view of a
* Annular Type BOPs. pipe ram type BOP and indicates its operating
principle.
Let's look at each of these units, starting with the pipe rams
ram types.
2.43
~
Blind Rams
[] Test Yourself 11
Supposing though there is no drill pipe in the hole
at all. It would be pointless to close a pair of pipe
rams, leaving a hole through the middle.
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Figure 28 shows a more detailed drawing of a ram type BOP. Take a look at this now and satisfy yourself that you can work out how the unit
operates. Your tutor will be able to help you, if necessary.
piston rod
piston
sealing
rubbers
BOP body
Figure 28
2.45
~
hydraulic pressure
admitted here will
push piston up and
squeeze packing to
form seal
Figure 29
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Drilling Spool
Bell Nipple
2.47
~
The BOP Operating System From the tank, pumps take the fluid and develop The accumulators, pumps and oil reservoir are
the pressure necessary for preventer operation. usually built into skid mounted assemblies. These
The pumps are driven by either air or electrically also include piping and control valves which direct
You have seen that BOPs, both ram and annular
,. types are actuated by hydraulic pressure. This
powered motors. the flow of oil to each preventer. The complete
assembly is located at some distance from the
equipment is only of value if it can be operated
The BOPs must be capable of being operated even well. In order that the driller can react quickly to
quickly and conveniently in an emergency. Also,
if there is no power to drive the pumps. any emergency, a control console is placed close
the preventers must be capable of being operated
to hand on the rig floor.
if the rig power is lost.
Accumulators are used to store energy which can
then be used to actuate the preventers when rig The control console contains the operating levers
A typical operating system which can do this would
power is unavailable. for each preventer. It has a display of each BOP in
consist of the following items:
its correct position relative to the actual stack.
An accumulator is basically a pressure vessel. It is Each lever normally stands in a neutral position.
* hydraulic oil reserve
divided into two compartments which are separated To actuate a BOP the driller simply moves the
by a diaphragm or a piston. The hydraulic oil lever to the close or open position. This action
* pump(s)
occupies one compartment whilst the other is filled directs air pressure to actuating cylinders. These
with an inert gas under pressure. Nitrogen is the in turn operate the control valves on the main unit.
* accumulator(s)
most commonly used gas.
Figure 30 on the next page is a line diagram
* control console
When a control valve is opened, the pressure of showing the layout of a basic BOP operating
the compressed gas forces the hydraulic oil system.
* connecting pipework
through the connecting pipework to the preventer
piston.
The reservoir is simply a tank which contains a
reserve of hydraulic oil used to close (or open) the
The pump/accumulator units are usually designed
preventers. It is part of a closed system, i.e. the oil
so that the fluid charges are automatically
returns to the tank when the preventers are
maintained at the desired pressure. There should
re-opened.
be sufficient fluid in the accumulators to close each
preventer at least once.
2.48
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--...--
The Choke and Kill Equipment Having such a layout allows mud to be pumped into the annulus when preventers are closed above the
drilling spool. I will discuss the operation of the choke and kill system in much more detail when we look
at pressure control in Unit 7.
In any BOP system there must be provision for
allowing: remote operated
choke
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Your answer should name each component and describe the function of these components.
2.51
Br (II( ,
components from these systems. Fill in the
table to match the components to the system
they are part of. I have done the first one for KeIll) Io'Jrdi ~'\'
I'v ,t--'.'.'q :: b _ ."
I(AJ1 \f t'l ( i'
you. rotating system
If
shale shaker v C: bit sub v (
{ 1) I J{r..A,h)(' c\rt! 1
r
blowout prevention system (. !
2.52
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~ Summary
In this section we have looked at the In order to be able to perform these functions the We will also return to the subject of blowout
equipment used to contain and bring under system consists of: prevention equipment in Unit 7 when we will cover
control a potential blowout. This equipment pressure control in more detail.
is called the Blowout Prevention System. a blowout preventer stack having a
number of preventers, both ram type You should now be able to go back to the Training
You saw that the functions of the system can and annular preventers Target set at the beginning of this unit and check
be listed as enabling the drilling crew to: that you can tick all of the boxes. If you have any
an operating system which enables the problems, look at the appropriate section again or
* close the top of the hole driller to close and open the preventers arrange a meeting with your tutor, who should be
remotely able to help you.
* release any fluid under controlled
conditions a choke and kill system, used to release
fluids under controlled conditions and allow
* permit the pumping of new mud into the pumping of new drilling fluid into the
the hole well when preventers are closed
2.53
~
Unit 2 : Drilling Systems and Equipment
~
Check Yourself 1 Check Yourself 2
1. Yes 9. Yes 1. hard formation
2. Yes 10. No. The collars are part of the drill string 2. soft to medium formation
which itself is part of the rotating system.
3. Yes 3. soft formation
11. No. We will look at a shale shaker in
4. No. The rotary table is part of the Section 3. It is a component in the circulating
rotating system which we will look at in system.
Section 2.
12. Yes
5. Yes
7. Yes
8. Yes
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To obtain 50 OOOlbs weight on bit with fluid buoyancy factor of 0.833 will Therefore the total weight required is the weight of the drill collar + the
require: excess weight
= 60 000 + 15 000
50000 = 60 024 Ibs actual collar weight
0.833 = 75 000 Ibs
Let's say 60 000 Ibs If each joint weighs 4 410 Ibs the number of joints required
255
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Check Yourself 4 Check Yourself 5
at each end.
drill collar +
+ drill bit
2. True
synthetic diamond insert +--
3. False Drill collars allow just part of the
weight of the collars themselves kelly bushing drill string
to be applied to the bit. This
means that the drill pipe is held gooseneck +
in tension.
stabilizer
:+ rotating mechanism
4. False Crossover subs are used to
connect different sizes of drill master bushing
pipe or collars.
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The words missing from the sentences are shown in bold type below. Of the remaining words, a top drive is one of
the alternative rotating systems, a bit sub
A rotating system has three main subsystems, the drill bit, the drill string and the rotating connects the bit to the collars, and stabilizers
mechanism. help to maintain a straight hole of full diameter.
A bail is simply a handle by which the swivel is
There are a number of different drill bit designs available such as drag bits, tri-cone roller bits, suspended from the drilling hook.
diamond bits and polycrystalline diamond bits.
Under reamers and hole openers are sometimes placed above a bit to enlarge or maintain a hole
size.
In a drill string, drill collars are used to hold the string in tension and maintain weight on bit.
In a conventional rotating mechanism the rotary table turns the kelly bushing, which transmits the
rotary motion to the kelly and from there to the drill string and bit.
Drilling fluid enters the drill string via the gooseneck in the swivel.
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Check Yourself 7 Check Yourself 8 Check Yourself 9
If gas cut mud is recirculated a number of The correct sequence is: I'm sure that you wrote the same components
problems may arise. These will include a as me, i.e.
reduction in mud weight (or density), giving Mud pits IT]
rise to pressure control problems, which
[I] * the drawworks
Stand pipe
you will see in Unit 7.
Mud pumps ~ * the rotary table
Also, the mud pumps will have difficulty in
dealing with mud which is gas-cut. Kelly ~ * the mud pumps
Swivel @]
Drill pipe o
Drill bit ~
Annulus ~
Shale shaker ~
Drill collars [!]
Rotary hose [TI
Mud conditioning equipment ~
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The 3 main functions of a BOP system are as follows: Your answer should have included the following.
* Close the top of the hole. Two of the BOPs will be ram type preventers. One would be fitted with
pipe rams to close round drill pipe in the hole, the other would be fitted with
* Release any fluid under controlled conditions. blind / shear rams. This preventer could close the well with nothing in the
hole or in an emergency could cut the drill pipe and make a seal. The
* Permit the pumping of new mud into the hole. uppermost preventer would be an annular type. This unit could close
around any size of drill pipe, a kelly or even empty hole.
Between the two ram preventers would be a drilling spool. The choke and
kill lines would be connected to the drilling spool. The choke and kill lines
Check Yourself 11 allow controlled release of well pressure and permit pumping into the
annulus when the preventers are closed.
A pair of pipe rams can only make a seal around one particular size of
pipe, ie. the diameter of the cut out in the face of the ram must match Finally on top of the stack is the bell nipple. The mud return flowline is
the diameter of the pipe. If different sizes of pipe are used, the rams connected to this nipple which also has a connection for a fill up line. The
must De changed for ones with the correct size of cut outs. Often more top of the bell nipple is flared to guide the drilling tools into the hole.
than one set of ram type BOPs is used with different sized rams to
accommodate two different sizes of pipe. If you have missed any of these components, go through Section 5 again
and satisfy yourself that you are now familiar with them.
2.59
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hoisting system drawworks, links, elevator, deadline anchor, brake
Check Yourself 13
Your table should look like the one opposite.
rotating system I
swivel, kelly bushing, bit sub, master bushing, saver sub
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