CH6601 Energy Engineering 2016-2017

UNIT-I
ENERGY RESOURCES - A GLOBAL VIEW

COURSE OUTCOME
C310.1 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on the global
energy scenario

PART-A
1. Discuss about energy and evolution of culture? (JUNE 2014)
Everything in the universe may be described in terms of energy. In the universe may be
described in terms of energy Galaxies, stars, molecules, and atoms may be regarded as
organizations of energy. Living organisms may be looked upon as engines which operate by
means of energy derived directly or indirectly from the sun. The civilizations, or cultures of
mankind, also, may be regarded as a form or organization of energy. Culture is an organization
of phenomena- material objects, bodily acts, ideas, and sentiments-which consists of or is
dependent upon the use of symbols. Man, being the only animal capable of symbol-behavior, is
the only creature to possess culture.2 Culture is a kind of behavior. And behavior, whether of
man, mule, plant, comet or molecule, may be treated as a manifestation of energy. Thus we see,
on all levels of reality that phenomena lend themselves to description and interpretation in terms
of energy.
2. How to conserve energy resources?
Energy requirements and types of energy we use are determined by the environmental conditions
we live in. The ability to consume or conserve energy is influenced by these conditions the
type of community we live in, the types of energy used in our homes and the products that we
consume. Conservation of energy resources does not mean to stop the use of resources. It needs
the tapping of the best technological requirements in order to increase the efficiency in their use
rather than in sacrificing our own needs.
3. What are the different units of energy?
Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work
the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical
equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in
terms of SI base units An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high
energy physics is the electron volt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.602176531019 J.
In spectroscopy the unit cm1 = 0.000123986 eV is used to represent energy since energy is
inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation . In discussions of energy production and
consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used. When
discussing amounts of energy released in explosions or bolide impact events,the TNT
equivalent unit is often used.

4. List out the possible steps that could reduce the gap between supply and demand.
(April/May 2011),(May/June 2012)
When the four basic laws of supply and demand are followed it will reduce the gap between
supply and demand:
If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to higher equilibrium price and
quantity.
If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to lower equilibrium price and
quantity.
If supply increases and demand remains unchanged, then it leads to lower equilibrium price and
higher quantity.
If supply decreases and demand remains unchanged, then it leads to higher price and lower
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quantity.
5. What are the various reasons for the depletion of energy resources? (May/June 2012)
Dependence on only particular energy sources, unaware of alternate energy sources,
improper utilization etc
6. Give notes on national and international issues of energy resources. (May/June 2012)
All forms of electricity generation clean coal, nuclear and renewables, including large hydro
and energy efficiency have a role in meeting electricity demand. There is no universal solution
and the optimum mix should reflect available local resources and regional integration.
Some industrialized countries need significant investment to maintain electricity infrastructure
and face the pressures of demand growth. Huge investments are required and a stable and
predictable regulatory framework will facilitate private investment.
Transmission networks need to be further integrated and modernized to create regional
efficiency and optimize the use of resources. Regional integration of electric power systems that
allows pooling generation sources over a vast geographical area has been a standard approach to
attain efficiency of electricity supply. In developed countries there is a long-standing tradition of
such integration. In developing countries, the advantages of regional integration are well
acknowledged and significant efforts are devoted worldwide to expand the reach of fully
integrated power systems.
7. Discuss the uncertainties related to fossil fuels. (Nov/Dec 2011)
Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and
reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. The production and use
of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement towards the generation of
renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of
fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO 2) per
year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there
is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of
atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is
one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radioactive forcing and contributes to global
warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast
majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects.
8. Discuss supply and demand with respect to energy resources. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It concludes that
in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point
where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the
quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium of price
and quantity.
The four basic laws of supply and demand are
If demand increases and supply remains unchanged then higher equilibrium price and quantity.
If demand decreases and supply remains the same then lower equilibrium price and quantity.
If supply increases and demand remains unchanged then lower equilibrium price and higher
quantity.
If supply decreases and demand remains the same then higher price and lower quantity.
9. Classify energy resources based on usability?
(a) Primary Resources: These are resources found in nature prior to undergoing any human
made conversions or transformations. Examples: coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers,
vegetation, uranium, etc. These resources are generally available in raw forms and are, therefore,
known as raw energy resources. Generally, this form of energy cannot be used as such. These are
located, explored, extracted, processed and are converted to a form as required by the consumer.
Thus, some energy is spent in making the resource available to a user in a usable form. The
energy yield ratio of an energy extraction process is defined as follows: Only resources for
which the energy yield ratio is fairly high are considered worthy of exploration.
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(b) Intermediate Resources: These are obtained from primary energy by one or more steps of
transformation and are used as vehicles of energy
(c) Secondary Resources: The form of energy which is finally supplied to a consumer for
utilization is known as secondary or usable energy, e.g. electrical e energy (in the form of steam
or hot water), chemical energy (in the form of hydrogen or fossil fue ls), etc. Some forms of
energy may be categorized both in intermediate as well as secondary resources, e.g., electricity
and hydrogen.
10. Classify energy resources based on traditional use?
(a) Conventional Energy resources: which are being traditionally used for many decades and
were in common use around the oil crisis of 1973, are called conventional energy resources, e.g.,
fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro resources.
(b) Non-conventional Energy resources: which are considered for large-scale use after the oil
crisis of 1973, are called non energy sources, e.g. solar, wind, biomass, etc.
11. Classify energy resources based on long term availability?
(a) Non-rene wable Resources: which are finite and do not get replenished after their
consumption are called non-renewable, e.g., fossil fuels, uranium, etc.
(b) Renewable Resources: which are renewed by nature again and again and their supply is not
affected by the rate of their consumption are called renewable, e.g., solar, wind, biomass, ocean
(thermal, tidal and wave), geothermal etc
12. What are the different energy conversion factors?

13. What are the alternative sources of energy? (APRIL/MAY 15)

Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all
have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources. These include Biomass
Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Hydroelectric Energy sources.
14. Define energy crisis?
The energy crisis is the concern that the worlds demands on the limited natural resources that
are used to power industrial society are diminishing as the demand rises. These natural resources
are in limited supply. While they do occur naturally, it can take hundreds of thousands of years
to replenish the stores. Governments and concerned individuals are working to make the use of
renewable resources a priority, and to lessen the irresponsible use of natural supplies through
increased conservation.
15. Mention some of the causes for energy crisis?
Overconsumption: The energy crisis is a result of many different strains on our natural
resources, not just one. There is a strain on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal due to
overconsumption which then in turn can put a strain on our water and oxygen resources by
causing pollution.
Overpopulation: Another cause of the crisis has been the steady increase in the worlds
population and its demands for fuel and products. No matter what type of food or products you

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choose to use from fair trade and organic to those made from petroleum products in a
sweatshop not one of them is made or transported without a significant drain on our energy
resources.
Unexplored Rene wable Energy Options: Renewable energy still remains unused is most of the
countries. Most of the energy comes from non-renewable sources like coal. It still remains the
top choice to produce energy.
Delay in Commissioning of Powe r Plants: In few countries, there is a significant delay in
commissioning of new power plants that can fill the gap between demand and supply of energy.
The result is that old plants come under huge stress to meet the daily demand for power. When
supply doesnt matches demand, it results in load shedding and break down.
Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world, people do not realize the importance of
conserving energy. Simple things like switching off fans and lights when not in use, using
maximum daylight, walking instead of driving for short distances, using CFL instead of
traditional bulbs, proper insulation f.
16. Mention the possible solutions for energy crisis?
Move towards Renewable Resources
Buy Energy Efficient products.
Lighting Controls
Easier Grid Access
Energy Simulation.
Perform Energy Audit
Common Stand on Climate Change
17. What are the various forms of energy? (May/June 2013)
Light, heat, electricity, hydrogen and fuel
18. How are energy and environment are related?(Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
Energy and the environment are popular themes of the new millennium because both are closely
interlinked. Energy includes kinetic energy (we can work), potential energy (we lift an !--object-
-), thermal energy (it relates to heating or cooling), electricity (we emit light or run a factory) and
chemical energy (it is also indispensable to our daily life).We can get these energies from solar,
oil, coal, wind or tidal power etc. Energy is an irreplaceable part of our life and it is highly
correlated with the environment. Imagine what it would be like if we were out of electricity and
oil... It would be eerily dark and freezing. We could hardly prepare food. We also have to walk
because there is no car, train or bus. But thinking from environment perspective no energy
means no power generation, which translates into less consumption of energy and fossil fuel.
Also no car equals to no air pollution. Here we can clearly see negative correlat ion exists
between energy and environment protection. While energy development has enriched our life it
has worsened eco-pollution. As we have entered into industrial age with cars and factories,
environmental destruction has further gained momentum.
19. How does the population affect the energy and environment? (Nov/Dec 2012)
As the New Century begins, Natural Resources are under increasing pressure,
threatening Public Health and Development.
Many areas are afflicted by,
Water shortages
Soil exhaustion
Loss of forests
Air and water pollution
Degradation of coastlines etc.
As the world's population grows, improving living standards without destroying the
Environment is a Global challenge. Most developing countries with rapid population growth face
the urgent need to improve living standards. As we exploit the nature to meet the present needs,
we are destroying the resources needed for the future. Environment Getting Worse In the past
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decade in every environmental sector, conditions have either failed to improve, or they are
worsening.
20. Write about the uncertainties related to nuclear energy. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Concerns over nuclear energy use have been eclipsed by energy price volatility, the global
recession, political unrest and future climate frameworks as the top uncertainties for global
energy leaders, according to the World Energy Council (WEC). Nuclear appears as "a more
critical uncertainty" in North America as compared to the global level, WEC suggests, primarily
because the region has a large fleet of ageing nuclear power plants. It notes that, even with 20-
year life extensions, most existing plants will be retired by 2050. WEC chairman Pierre
Gadonneix: "With energy now topping the global agenda, our 2013 World Energy Issues
Monitor clearly reveals that the critical issues identified by energy leaders are macroeconomic
and geopolitical." He added, "In particular, uncertainties surrounding climate framework reveal
the strong desire of the energy sector to have clearer and more balanced governance. The survey
also reveals the need to identify pragmatic, cost-effective, and technology- neutral policies."
21. List the need of conservation of energy (APRIL/MAY 15)
Energy is an indispensable component of industrial product, employment, economic growth,
environment and comfort.
22. List the advantages of alternative energy sources over conventional energy sources ?
(APRIL/MAY 15)
Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all
have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources.
PART B

1. What are the various sources of energy? Discuss the current energy sources and feasibility of the
future power generation with these sources in India?
2. Explain the national and international issues related to energy sources. (APRIL/MAY 15)
3. Sketch the supply demand curve for energy.Explain briefly the strategies required to overcome
the shortage of energy (APRIL/MAY 15)
4. Explain the various form of energy with suitable example ? (APRIL/MAY 15)
5. Which energy sources may play an important role for future development in India?
6. Discuss the oil and natural gas exploration from sea in India.
7. (a) Importance of energy crisis in India. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
(b) Energy speculations and its economic disadvantages
(c) Causes and effects of depletion of energy
(d) Mention some national issues related to energy policies and use.
8. Name few important large-scale petroleum refineries in India. Give the economically feasible
scheme for energy saving in a refinery.
9. Outline the energy problems in India. Discuss briefly how economic growth and energy
consumption in India is related.
10. Discuss the national and international issues concerned with energy conservation and depletion.
11. Discuss present global issues on energy conservation. (April/May 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. Explain the need for energy conservation. (May/June 2012), (May/June 2013)
13. How does the uncertainties in energy production affect the growth of nation? (May/June 2013)
14. (a) What are the promising renewable energy sources in India? (April/May 2011)
(b) What are the forecasting techniques available for energy demand?

UNIT-II
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
COURSE OUTCOME
C310.2 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various
conventional sources of energy

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PART-A
1. Name the common types of conventional energy sources we encounter. (May/June 2013)
Energy that has been used from ancient times is known as conventional energy. Coal, natural
gas, oil, and firewood are examples of conventional energy sources.
2. Name the characteristics of Renewable energy sources.(May/June 2013)
The biotic resources developed as a result of photosynthetic activity of green plants are
renewable in nature. But its productivity is limited by availability of water nutrients and
environmental conditions. Although enormous quantity of water is present in our planet for
fresh water life depends on precipitation which too is an available infinite quantity annually, It
should be known that replenishment resources are dependent upon non-renewable resources for
their replenishment e.g. production of agricultural crops (renewable resources) depends on iron,
copper and other metals as well as phosphate and other fertilizer components (non-renewable
resources).
3. What are primary and secondary energy sources?(JUNE 2014)
Primary energy sources can be defined as sources which provide a net supply of
energy. Ex. Coal, oil, natural gas etc.
Secondary energy sources do not provide net energy. Ex. Solar energy, tidal energy, water
energy etc.
4. Define renewable and non-renewable energy resources. (Nov/Dec 2011).
Renewable sources of energy (non- conventional sources) are those natural resources which are
inexhaustible and can be used to produce energy again and again. Ex. Solar energy, wind energy,
energy from biomass and biogas, tidal energy, geothermal energy.
Non-renewable sources of energy (conventional sources) are those which are exhaustible and
cannot be replaced once they are used. Ex .Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas etc.
5. What is a coking coal?
When the plastic behaviour is such that the resulting solid product is a very strong, hard, porous
mass, the product is called coke, and the original coal is called a coking coal.
6. What do you mean by proximate and ultimate analysis of coal?
The proximate analysis of coal is the determination of moisture of volatile matter, fixed carbon
and ash content.
The Ultimate analysis of coal is the determination of the principal elements of coal, namely,
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
7. Define Waste heat recovery.
A waste heat recovery unit (WHRU) is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat
from hot streams with potential high energy content, such as hot flue gases from a diesel
generator or steam from cooling towers or even waste water from different cooling processes
such as in steel cooling.
8. Define calorific value. Write the units of calorific value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
Calorific value (CV) is defined as the quantity of heat liberated by the combustion of unit
quantity of fuel. Unit of Calorific value of solid and liquid fuels is MJ kg1 . Unit of Calorific
value of gaseous fuels is MJ m 3
9. What are the major constituents of liquid petroleum gas (LPG)?
The major constituents of liquid petroleum gas (auto gas) are propane and butane.
10. What is a natural gas?
Natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, butanes and
pentanes. Other compounds found in natural gas include CO, helium, hydrogen sulphide and
nitrogen.
11. How are natural gas products marketed?
Natural gas and/or its constituent hydrocarbons are marketed in the form of different products,
such as lean natural gas, wet natural gas (liquefied natural gas (LPG)) compressed natural gas
(CNG), natural gas liquids (NFL), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gasoline, natural gas
condensate, ethane, propane, ethane-propane fraction and butanes.
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12. What do you mean by hydro -electricity?

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of
electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the
most widely used form of renewable energy
13. What do you mean by nuclear energy?
Energy created in a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy, or atomic energy. Nuclear energy
is produced naturally and in man-made operations under human control.
Differentiate between Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. (May/June 2012,NOV/DEC 2016)
Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission
Process in which two or more atomic Nuclear reaction in which the nucleus
nuclei join together, or "fuse", to form a of an atom splits into smaller parts
single heavier nucleus. (lighter nuclei), often producing free
neutrons and photons (in the form of
gamma rays).
Fusion is an endothermic reaction. Fission of heavy elements is an
Ex. Hydrogen Bomb exothermic reaction.
Ex. Atom Bomb

14. What are fossil fuels? What are main disadvantages of using fossil fuels? (April/May 2011)
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried
dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of
years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. The fossil fuels, which contain high
percentages of carbon, include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.Fossil fuels are dead organic
matter.
Disadvantages-
Pollution is the biggest disadvantage of fossil fuels. During combustion, it emits harmful
gases like-carbon dioxide and sulphour dioxide, which is responsible for causing green house
effect. These harmful gases increase the level of global warming. Sulphur dioxide gas causes
acid rain, which can be very disastrous.
Mining coal is the other biggest disadvantage. Mining of coal leads to deforestation. Coal
mining is the very dangerous job; coal miners always have the risk of life.
Power stations, which make use of coal, needs excessive amount of fuel. Therefore, they
regularly need the, proper supply of coal through truck or train to operate and to generate
electricity. This means that they also need large area for the reservation of coal.
Usage of natural gas causes horrible smell especially during transportation.
Crude oil is very hazardous. It causes environmental pollution.
fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) per
15. What are the different methods of waste heat recovery?
Many different commercial recovery units for the transferring of energy from hot medium space
to lower one are available. The following are the important methods: Recuperators,
Regenerators, Heat pipe exchanger, Economizer and Heat pumps.
16. What is meant by recuperator?
The name is given to different types of heat exchanger that the exhaust gases are passed through,
consisting of metal tubes that carry the inlet gas and thus preheating the gas before entering the
process. The heat wheel is an example which operates on the same principle as a solar air
conditioning unit.
17. What is Fluidized Bed Combustion?
Fluidized beds suspend solid fuels on upward-blowing jets of air during the combustion process.
The result is a turbulent mixing of gas and solids. The tumbling action, much like a bubbling
fluid, provides more effective chemical reactions and heat transfer. Fluidized bed combustion
evolved from efforts to find a combustion process able to control pollutant emissions without
external emission controls (such as scrubbers). The technology burns fuel at temperatures of
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1,400 to 1,700 degrees F, well below the threshold where Nitrogen Oxides form (at
approximately 2,500 degrees F, the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the combustion air combine to
form nitrogen oxide pollutants).
18. What is a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler?
A Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler is a fully contained state-of-the-art technology for processing
solid fuels where fuel is suspended in a mixture of superheated air and sand, collectively called
the "fluid bed." Reagents like limestone are added, and temperatures are controlled to directly
capture the sulfur and reduce formation of Nitrogen Oxides. Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
produce 90% fewer emissions compared to typical coal fired power plants.
19. Write a few important applications of fluidized bed combustion.
The three broad areas of application of fluidized-bed combustion are incineration, gasification,
and steam generation.
PART B
1. Discuss the oil and natural gas exploration from sea in India.
2. With the help of a neat schematic diagram explain the process of nuclear power generation.
3. With a neat diagram explain the production of hydroelectricity and discuss its advantages
and disadvantages. (April/May 2011)
4. Write notes on nuclear proliferation risks associated with the expansion of nuclear power.
(MAY/JUNE 2014).
5. With a neat diagram explain the production of geothermal energy and discuss its advantages and
disadvantages.
6. i) Explain different types of coal in detail
ii) Explain the methods of coal cleaning.
7. With a neat diagram explain the construction and working principle of hydro-electric power
plant and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
8. With a neat diagram explain the production of nuclear energy and discuss its advantages and
disadvantages..
9. Explain the working of hydro power plant and its efficiency. (April/May 2011)
10. Discuss the techniques used for conversion of fossil fuels. (April/May 2011)
11. Discuss in detail about the contribution of various types of fossil fuels towards energy
generation.(Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. List and explain the various consequence of depletion of fossil fuels and the need for energy
conservation. (Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
13. What is meant by renewable energy resources? Explain in brief. (May/June 2012)
14. Explain the power generation scheme in a thermal power plant. (May/June 2013)
15. List the merits and demerits of power generation through renewable energy resources.
16. Explain in detail about fluidized bed combustion
17. Explain the different methods and equipments used for waste heat recovery?

Unit III
NON- CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
COURSE OUTCOME
C310.3 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various non-
conventional sources of energy

PART-A
1. Write briefly about Geothermal energy. (April/May 2011), (May/June 2012)
Temperature of the earth increases at the rate of 20 75oC per Km, when we move down the
earths surface. High temperature and pressure fields exists below the earths surface in many
places. The energy harnessed from the high temperature present inside the earth is called
geothermal energy.
2. Write a note on tidal energy.

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Ocean tides produced by gravitational forces of the sun amd moon contain enormous amount of
energy which can be harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage.
3. What is the necessity of alternate energy resources?(Nov/Dec 2011), (May/June 2012)
Importance of solar energy, hydel power projects, hydroelectric power generation to avoid
environmental implications, ecological balance existing on earth to provide more energy to
meet the requirements of increasing population, to reduce environmental pollution, to reduce
safety and security risks associated with the use of nuclear energy.
4. What is the use of sunshine recorder?
A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The
results provide information about the weather and climate of a geographical area.
5. Define surface Azimuth angle.
The surface azimuth angle is the angle between the projection of the sun ray on horizontal
surface on earth and the line of longitude in the direction of north to south.
6. Define the solar constant ISc
The solar constant is defined as the quantity of solar energy (W/m) at normal incidence outside
the atmosphere (extraterrestrial) at the mean sun-earth distance. Its mean value is 1367.7 W/m.
7. What are the factors that determine the output from a wind energy converter?
Wind, height, rotor
8. What are the classifications of solar air collectors?
Types of solar collector include:
Glazed flat-plate collectors
Unglazed flat-plate collectors
Unglazed perforated plate
collectors Batch collectors
Evacuated-tube
collectors Liquid-
based collectors Air-
based collectors
Concentrating
collectors
9. Define the power coefficient of wind power.
The ratio of power produced by a wind energy conversion device to the power in a reference
area of the free windstream.
10. Mention the temperature range of solar flat plate collector and evacuated plate collector.
Solar flat plate collector: 20 80
Solar evacuated plate collector: 20 -120
11. Define altitude angle (solar altitude)
The angle between a line from a point on the Earth's surface to the center of the solar disk, and a
line extending horizontally from the point.
12. Write few important applications of Solar Energy.
Architecture applications, Solar cells, solar panels, Industrial uses, Rural vacation homes,
Water heating and pumping.
(UV) radiation into DC electricity. Photovoltaic cells are an integral part of solar-electric energy
systems, which are becoming increasingly important as alternative sources of utility power.
13. What is the theoretical conversion efficiency for wind energy? (April/May 2011)
Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy
conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The useful output may be electric
power, mechanical work, or heat.
14. What is tidal power? (Nov/Dec 2011)
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides
into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has
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potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar
power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from
relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flo w
velocities, thus constricting its total availability.
15. Define theoretical conversion efficiency for tidal energy. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion
machine and the input, in energy terms. The useful output may be electric power, mechanical
work, or heat.
16. What do you mean by energy plantations?
Energy plantation means growing select species of trees and shrubs which are harvestable in a
comparably shorter time and are specifically meant for fuel. The fuel wood may be used either
directly in wood burning stoves and boilers or processed into methanol, ethanol and producer
gas.
17. Define solar distillation.
Solar distillation is the use of solar energy to evaporate water and collect its condensate within
the same closed system. Unlike other forms of water purification it can turn salt or brackish
water into fresh drinking water
18. What are solar ponds
A pool of very salty water in which convection is inhibited, allowing accumulation of energy
from solar radiation in the lower layers.
19. What are the different types of wind rotors?
Wind rotors can be divided into three main groups:
- With horizontal axis
- With vertical axis
- Hybrid
Moreover, wind rotors can be classified into:
RESISTANCE SYSTEMS: where the blade offers resistance to the wind which presses on it
making it move and generating mechanical energy.
LIFT SYSTEMS: where the blade, of aerodynamic form, exploits the lift principle, i.e. the air
flow (wind) which allows it to move generating mechanical energy.
20. Name the negative impacts of Geothermal Energy. (May/June 2013)
The big problem is that there are not many plac es where you can build a geothermal power

station.
You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth where we can drill down to them.
The type of rock above is also important, it must be of a type that we can easily drill through.
Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam", perhaps for decades.

Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground, and can be difficult to safely
dispose of.
21. List the advantages and limitations of tidal power sources. (MAY/JUNE 2016)

PART-B

1. With the help of a neat sketch, describe tower concept for solar thermal power generation.
2. What is the basic principle of wind energy conversion? Draw a neat sketch of wind mill and
discuss its design aspects for power generation.
3. What are the main types of OTEC power plants? Describe their working in brief.
4. Mention the applications of geothermal energy. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
Geothermal Energy forms? (May/June 2014)
5. Describe with neat sketches the working principle of the following power generation sources:
i)Wind, ii) Solar(May/June 2012)
6. Explain the principle and working of the following solar energy
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applications: (i)) Solar air-conditioning.

7. Discuss briefly about solar energy production and explain solar collection systems.
8. Describe with neat sketches the working principle of the power generation sources of
a. Geothermal
b. Tidal wave
9. What are high and low tides.Describe with sketches how tidal energy is harnessed for generating
power. (April/May 2011) (APRIL/MAY 15)

10. Explain the working of low temperature solar system for power generation. (April/May 2011),
a. (May/June 2012), (Nov/Dec 2012)
11. Explain with neat sketch the process production from: (April/May 2011)
i. Wind Energy
ii. Hydro Energy
12. Discuss the methods of power production from Magneto Hydro Dynamics and the various
losses associated with it.(Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
13. Compare the various alternative energy sources as a future source of energy. (Nov/Dec 2011)
14. Discuss geothermal power and its applications in various fields. (May/June 2012)
15. What are the types of tidal power generation systems? Explain with neat sketches.
(May/June2013)
16. Write on wind power potential in India. Mention Beltz Limit. (May/June 2013,2014)
17. Sketch and explain the principle involved in working of solar pond. (NOV/DEC 2015)
18. Explain the prospects of utilization of wind energy in our country. (NOV/DEC 2015)
19. Explain the current trend in generation of power from wind and water. (NOV/DEC 2015)
20. A)How solar air collectors classified? (4) (b)What are the main components of a flat plate solar
collector,explain the function of each? (8) (c) List the advantages and disadvantages of
concentrating collector over flat plate collector (4) (NOV/DEC 2015)
21. Describe with a neat sketch the working of a wind energy conservation system (WECS)
including the main components. (NOV/DEC 2015)

UNIT-IV
BIOMASS ENERGY
COURSE OUTCOME
C310.4 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various energy
alternatives from biomass

PART-A
1. List out the processes involved in the biochemical energy conversion processes .
Photosynthesis, glycolysis, nitrogen fixation and fermentation processes
2. What is the difference between bio-mass and bio-gas?(NOV/DEC 2015)
Biomass is the amount of living matter in a given habitat, expressed either as the weight of
organisms per unit area or as the volume of organisms per unit volume of habitat.
Biogas is any gas fuel derived from the decay of organic matter, as the mixture of methane and
carbon dioxide produced by the bacterial decomposition of sewage, manure, garbage, or plant
crops.
3. What are the major constituents of bio-gas?
Typical composition of biogas
Methane (CH4 ) 5075%, Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 2550%,Nitrogen (N 2 ) 0-10%,
Hydrogen (H2 ) 01%, Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) 03%.
4. What is Bio-gas?
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel. Biogas is
produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass,
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manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material and energy crops This type of
biogas comprises primarily methane and carbon dioxide.
5. Name the materials used for Bio-gas generation.
Feed stock materials, animal wastes, human wastes, agricultural wastes, industrial wastes
and wastes of aquatic origin.
6. What are the techniques suggested for maintaining the biogas production?
Insulating the gas plant, composting, hot water circulation, use of chemicals, solar energy
systems.
7. Define combustion.
It is the process of rapid chemical combination of oxygen with the combustible portions of the
fuels in heat release.
8. Define pyrolysis.
Pyrolysis is a general term used for all the processes whereby organic material is heated or
partially combusted to produce secondary fuels and chemical products.
9. Define Gasification.
The word gasification implies converting a solid or liquid into a gaseous fuel without leaving
any solid carbonaceous residue.
10. What is biocrude?
Pyrolysis oil, sometimes also known as biocrude or biooil, is a synthetic fuel under investigation
as substitute for petroleum. It is extracted by biomass to liquid technology of destructive
distillation from dried biomass in a reactor at temperature of about 500 C with subsequent
cooling.
11. Discuss the conversion of biomass into useful form of energy.
Methods of converting biomass into useful forms of energy can be broadly classified as
Biochemical and Thermochemical.
Biochemical conversion route is a low energy process and relies upon the action of bacteria
which degrade complex molecules into simpler ones.
In thermochemical conversion biomass is raised to high temperatures and depending on the
quantity of oxygen supplied processes such as pyrolysis, gasification and combustion occurs.
12. What are the different methods of biomass estimation?
Biomass can be determined using either direct or indirect sampling methods. Direct methods
involve techniques that weigh or estimate the actual biomass of plants in quadrats. Indirect
methods are based on developing a relationship between plant weight and an easier-to-measure
attribute such as plant height, rainfall, or cover.
The most suitable approach to determine biomass in an inventory or monitoring program
depends on the type of vegetation, skills of observers, sample size requirements, and time and
budgetary constraints.
13. What is Biochemical conversion of biomass?
Biochemical conversion route is a low energy process and relies upon the action of bacteria
which degrade complex molecules into simpler ones.
14. What is thermochemical conversion of biomass?
In thermochemical conversion biomass is raised to high temperatures and depending on the
quantity of oxygen supplied processes such as pyrolysis, gasification and combustion occurs
15. What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be
produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process
used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification.
16. What is transesterification?
The transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form
esters and glycerol. A triglyceride has a glycerine molecule as its base with three long chain

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fatty acids attached. The characteristics of the fat are determined by the nature of the fatty acids
attached to the glycerine. The nature of the fatty acids can, in turn, affect the characteristics of
the biodiesel.
17. What is bioconversion?
Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is the conversion of organic materials, such as
plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy sources by biological processes or agents,
such as certain microorganisms
18. What id bio gasification?
Biomass gasification is a process of converting solid biomass fuel into a gaseous combustible
gas (called producer gas) through a sequence of thermo-chemical reactions. The gas is a low-
heating value fuel, with a calorific value between 1000- 1200 kcal/Nm3 (kilo calorie per normal
cubic metre).
19. What is integrated gasification
An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a technology that uses a high
pressure gasifier to turn coal and other carbon based fuels into pressurized gassynthesis gas
(syngas). It can then remove impurities from the syngas prior to the power generation cycle.
20. Define Biofuels
Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term
covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Biofuels are gaining increased public
and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy
security, and concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.
PART-B

1. With the help of a neat diagram explain the production of biogas

2. Discuss in detail, the production of fuel from biomass. (NOV/DEC 2015)
3. Explain about the origin and various biomass resources?
4. What is Biomass estimation? Explain in detail about different methods for Biomass estimation?
5. Explain (i) Thermo chemical conversion (ii) Biological conversion (iii) Chemical conversion
6. Explain about solvolysis ?
7. Explain in detail about integrated gasification process?
8. Explain about biodiesel power generation?
9. Explain in detail about biodiesel production?
10. Explain the various methods for conversion of biomass into useful form of energy

UNIT-V
ENERGY CONSERVATION

COURSE OUTCOME
C310.5 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various energy
conservation methodologies, energy audit ,energy management etc.
PART-A
1. What are the different types of energy audit?
Preliminary energy audit:- Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
Detailed energy audit:- Evaluates all energy using system, equipment and include detailed
energy savings and costs
Carried out in 3 phases : Pre-audit Phase ,Audit Phase ,Post-Audit.
2. What is energy conservation

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Energy conservation means to reduce the quantity of energy that is used for different purposes.
This practice may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national and
personal security, and human comfort.
3. What is the need of energy conservation?
Energy is an indispensable component of industrial product, employment, economic growth,
environment and comfort.
4. What is Energy management?
Energy management is the best solution for direct and immediate reduction of energy consumption. It
includes planning and operation of energy-related production and consumption units. The main objectives
of energy management are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings.
5. List the importance of energy management?
Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance of
energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects energy prices,
emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you
should save energy at your organization specifically.
6. Mention the importance of material balance
A mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the
analysis of physical systems. By accounting for materialentering and leaving a
system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure
without this technique.
7. Mention the methods to manage energy conservation?
Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data
Finding and quantifying opportunities to save energy
Targeting the opportunities to save energy
Tracking your progress at saving energy
8. What is the need for energy audit?
Need for Energy Audit In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be
energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If one were to relate to the
manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of the above components, energy
would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a
strategic area for cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways
energy and fuel are used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur
and where scope for improvement exists.
The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive
maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and utility activities.
Such an audit programme will help to keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs,
availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, identify energy
conservation technologies, retrofit for energy conservation equipment etc.
9. What is law of energy conservation?
In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system
remains constantit is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another.
10. Mention the preliminary energy audit methodology?
Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
Establish energy consumption in the organization
Estimate the scope for saving
Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
11. Define Energy Audit

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Energy Audit is defined as The verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including
submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption.
12. List the phases of Detailed energy auditing
Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase
13. What are factors to be considered for choosing the type of energy audit?
The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on: -
Function and type of industry
Depth to which final audit is needed
Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
14. How will you conserve the power (NOV/DEC 2015)
Wear the right clothes. Dress for the temperature
Set your thermostat.
Turn heaters and coolers off when you don't need them.
Wash clothes using cold water.
Run your fridge efficiently.
Insulate your roof.
Stop standby power waste.
15. What is energy conservation act?
The Act provides for the legal framework, institutional arrangement and a regulatory mechanism
at the Central and State level to embark upon energy efficiency drive in the country. Measures
include: pilot phase of programme for energy efficiency in government buildings and prepare
action plan for wider dissemination and implementation, development of energy conservation
building codes, beginning a Standards and Labeling Program to identify energy efficient
appliances and equipment, assisting 5 electric utilities to set up DSM (demand side management)
Cell, formulation of energy efficiency codes and standards, introducing educational programs to
increase awareness regarding efficient use of energy resources, and the introduction of the
Energy Conservation Awards to nationally recognize efforts to reduce energy consumption.
16. What is energy management?
Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production
and energy consumption units. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost
savings, while the users have permanent access to the energy they need.
17. What are steps involved in energy management?
Energy management involves the following steps:
Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data.
Finding opportunities to save energy, and estimating how much energy each opportunity could
save. You would typically analyze your meter data to find and quantify routine energy waste,
and you might also investigate the energy savings that you could make b y replacing equipment
(e.g. lighting) or by upgrading your building's insulation.
Taking action to target the opportunities to save energy (i.e. tackling the routine waste and
replacing or upgrading the inefficient equipment). Typically you'd start with the best
opportunities first.
Tracking your progress by analyzing your meter data to see how well your ene rgy-saving efforts
have worked.
18. What is the importance of energy management?
Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance of
energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects energy prices,
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emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you
should save energy at your organization specifically.
19. What is the need for thermal energy management?
By introducing energy management systems into a given region as well as factories, it is possible
to optimize the supply and demand for energy, including energy exchange among some factories
and utilization of untapped thermal energy.
20. What is the global need to save energy?
Reduce the damage that we're doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would probably
find things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to make it last.
Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in supply.

PART-B

1. Define Energy audit. What are the steps involved in energy auditing? Explain.
2. What is Energy audit? Explain in detail about the different types energy audit.
3. Explain duties and responsibilities toward energy management.
4. Explain the methodology, reports and instrument for energy audit
5. Explain about benchmarking and energy performance
6. Explain about material and energy balance and thermal energy management
7. Explain the need for energy management?
8. Explain the Ten Steps Methodology for Detailed Energy Audit
9. Explain the Energy Audit Reporting Format
10. Explain in detail about the various energy conservation act?

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