1617- O Level Biology 6th Top 10 Questions- guidelines

Guidelines-Sixth top 10 questions

1 Blood clotting
- capillaries / blood vessels damaged ;
- bleeding / blood flow ;
- platelets / thrombokinase / prothrombin / thrombin ;
- fibrinogen into fibrin ; clotting ;
- new cell growth ; skin re-seals ;
Defense
- white blood cells produce antibodies
- phagocytosis

2 a) i) label axes correctly with appropriate unit;

ruled straight lines from point to point / smooth line of best fit
ii) temperature drops faster at first
temperature continues to drop but slower
iii) the temperature of one tube dropped than the group
A compared with B / A compared with C / B compared with C (use figures)
iv) reference to animals or tubes with idea of transfer of heat/trap warm air/keep them
warm/maintain body temperature;
use of appropriate scientific term insulation/conduction/radiation/convection;
b) - shield tubes from draughts/move apparatus out of draught;
- use of lids [to reduce loss of heat from too exposed surface];
- stir the water before taking temperature reading;
- replication/average/ accept measure more tubes in outer ring C;
- more frequent readings; [ignore longer periods]

3 a) (i) shade in all of the central xylem

shade in the innermost half of all vascular bundles;
(ii) xylem;
b) (i) root hair/root hair cells (reject hair roots);
(ii) correct arrow indicating end of root;
c) - long tubular hollow tubes with no cytoplasm to allow water and dissolved ions to pass
freely
- they are perforated with pits to allow movement of water sideways between cells
- they have lignified walls for support

4
a) (i) 1oxides of nitrogen ;
2 vehicle / car, exhausts / fumes / emissions / gases /
3 burning fossil fuels in houses / burning forests ;
4 volcanic eruptions / snow melt ;
ii) 1 leaves / trees / producers / vegetation / plants, harmed / damaged /killed ;
2 trees more likely to get diseased ;
3 bark is damaged ;
4 roots killed ;

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1617- O Level Biology 6th Top 10 Questions- guidelines

5 (sensitive species of) lichens killed ;

6 (named) microorganisms killed ; bacteria / fungi /
7 soil pH decreases / soil becomes more acidic
8 aluminium ions become mobile ;
9 nutrients / named example(s), leached ;
10 food chains / food webs disrupted /
11 loss of habitat / less biodiversity / extinction of species ;
b) 1 use, alternative / renewable / green /, sources of energy ;nuclear power / wind power / wave
power / solar power /hydrogen power
2 use low sulfur fuels ;
3 reduce use of coal ;
4 flue gas desulfurisation / use scrubbers / chimney electrostatic precipitators / neutralise
waste gasses with lime ;
5 catalytic converters ;
6 provide / use, more public transport ;
7 car sharing / car pools / reduce use of cars / hybrid cars / electric cars /use biofuels ;
8 walking / cycling ;
c) 1 enzymes do not function (well) /
2 acid damages, shells / scales / skin ; A only external tissues
3 calcium ions not available for shells
4 aluminium in solution, toxic to fish / fish die ;
5 acid / low pH, kills fish ;
6 fish produce (lots of) mucus ; 7 blocks gills ;

5 C (Clethrionomys glareolus) ;
D (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ;
E (Sciurus caroliniensis) ;
A (Sorex araneus) ;
B (Talpa europaea) ;

6 a) feeding/nutrition;
excreting;
responding to stimuli/sensitivity/irritability breathing;
reproduction + laying eggs
b) temperature of lizard drops
ref. to relationship being directly proportional;
from 20 to 10/drops 10;
c) i. less respiration/metabolic reactions slow down
ii. respiration controlled by enzymes;
iii. enzymes work more slowly as temperature drops
vi. less energy released/available;

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1617- O Level Biology 6th Top 10 Questions- guidelines

7 a) i) (95.0 84.4 = 10.6)

10.6 x 100 = 12.56 / 12.6 / 13
84.4
ii) 1(taller plants / more leaves) = more yield ;
2 height more, flowers / fruits / tomatoes / leaves ;
3 ref to competition for light / access to more light ;
4 leaves increase surface area ;
5 more, chlorophyll / chloroplasts ;
6 for, absorption / trapping, of light ;
7 more stomata for uptake of carbon dioxide ;
8 more photosynthesis ;
9 production of more, sugars / food / starch
b) 1 planted at same time / same growing period / same age or size atplanting ;
same
2 species / variety / strain / type, of plant ; R same seeds unqualified ;
3 soil type ;
4 soil pH ;
5 distance between plants / planting density ;
6 soil water / quantity of water applied /
7 type of, fertiliser / minerals / nutrients ;
8 quantity of, fertiliser / minerals / nutrients ;
9 ref to protection against, pests / diseases
c) 1 ref to, sensor(s) / thermostat /
2 computer control / negative feedback / automated control ;
3 ref to, reducing / controlling, effect of limiting factors ;
4 provide (artificial) light (when light intensity is low) ;
5 provide shade ;
6 temperature control / heating / cooling / ventilation / air conditioning ;
7 carbon dioxide, enrichment ;
8 control humidity / misting ;
9 watering ;
10 soil-less cultivation / hydroponics /
11 ref to, fertilisers / minerals / nutrients

8- a) genes are transferred from one species to another species

b) DNA / RNA / nucleic acid
c) i) testosterone
ii) voice will break
hair on, chest / face / under arms / in pubic area / around sex organs ;
shoulders broaden ; muscle develops ; penis enlarges ;
testes / scrotum, enlarge ; produce, sperm / seminal fluid
d) i) (x axis) time / years / months ;
(y axis) number of toads / number of individuals / population /
S shaped curve ;
exponential / log, phase labelled on straight part of curve (bracket or line)

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1617- O Level Biology 6th Top 10 Questions- guidelines

ii) lack of food / prey ref. to habitat change or damage ;

change in temperature / global warming ;
ref. to pollution ;
bacterial disease / parasite ;
lack of breeding places ;
shortage of water / drought
e)

9 a)

b) - axes labelled - number of leaves or leaflets [y] and number of spots [x];
- scale evenly spaced and numbers for spots to be placed on axis centrally for columns;
- plotted correctly;
- lines ruled and columns of equal width BUT not touching;
- key or labelled to distinguish two sets of data;
c)

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1617- O Level Biology 6th Top 10 Questions- guidelines

10 a) The toothpaste has an alkaline pH / pH 8.5, which neutralises acids in the mouth /
maintains alkaline conditions so pH in mouth is raised
The toothpaste contains fluoride which hardens enamel
The toothpaste contains anti-bacterial agent that kills bacteria that produce acid
b) i. regular visits to the dentist
ii. use of dental floss / tooth pick ;
iii. avoiding + eating sugary food / eating between meals ;
iv. ref. to fluoride + drinking water / mouthwash ;
v. use (antibacterial) mouthwash / (antiseptic) mouthwash ;
vi. eat + apples / crisp fruit ;
vii. eat foods containing calcium / phosphate / vitamin D / vitamin C ;
viii. do not open bottles / crack open nuts + with teeth
ix. rinse mouth with water after eating ;
x. brush or massage gums
xi. have teeth coated with protective coating ;
c) For the use of fluoride
Studies found that adding fluoride to drinking water decreases the frequency of tooth decay
because fluoride hardens the enamel.
Against
Too much fluoride can be harmful; high concentrations in drinking water cause black spots on
the teeth (discoloring) and very high concentrations cause sickness and abdominal pain and
cause bones to be more brittle; this may cause bone cancer in boys.