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SKRIPSI
Disusun dalam Rangka Menyelesaikan Studi Strata 1
untuk memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sains
Oleh
Nama : Susanto
Nim : 4150403010
Program Studi : Matematika S1
Jurusan : Matematika
SKRIPSI
Panitia Ujian
Ketua, Sekretaris,
Anggota Penguji,
ii
ABSTRAK
iii
MOTTO DAN PERUNTUKAN
MOTTO
] With passion, with terminations, and with hard work we can to reach our dream
come true.
] Remember, the problems ahead of you are never as great as the power behind
you.
PERUNTUKAN
iv
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas limpahan
1. Drs. Kasmadi Imam S., M.S, Dekan FMIPA Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Semarang.
5. Bapak dan ibu yang senantiasa mendoakan serta memberikan dorongan baik
6. Semua keluarga yang telah memberikan dukungan dan semangat serta doa
8. Kelurga Besar Pandawa Kost Bapak Sodri sekeluarga, Rudi, Eko Budi,
dan Mas Arief yang tiada henti memotivasi penulis agar segera
v
9. Orang-orang yang tanpa sengaja memberikan inspirasi, motivasi, dan
Penulis,
vi
DAFTAR ISI
BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................ 1
A. Latar belakang .............................................................................. 1
B. Permasalahan................................................................................ 2
C. Tujuan penelitian.......................................................................... 2
D. Manfaat penelitian........................................................................ 2
E. Sistematika penulisn skripsi ......................................................... 3
vii
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN............................................................................... 34
A. Fungsi Hiperbolik......................................................................... 34
B. Turunan Fungsi Hiperbolik .......................................................... 42
C. Invers Fungsi Hiperbolik.............................................................. 46
D. Turunan Invers Fungsi Hiperbolik ............................................... 59
E. Anti Turunan Invers Fungsi Hiperbolik ....................................... 63
BAB V PENUTUP........................................................................................ 64
A. Simpulan....................................................................................... 64
B. Saran............................................................................................. 66
viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
f ( x) = coth 1 x .................................................................... 55
Gambar 15 Grafik fungsi f : [0, ) (0,1] , f ( x ) = sec hx .................. 56
ix
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
fungsi eksponen sebagai bagian dari kalkulus telah memberi pengaruh yang
1
2
tersebut. Dengan mengacu pada konsep invers pada fungsi biasa tersebut,
dari Kalkulus akan diterapkan untuk menentukan turunan dan anti turunan
B. PERMASALAHAN
C. TUJUAN PENELITIAN
D. MANFAAT PENELITIAN
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
penulisan skripsi.
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN
BAB V PENUTUP
khususnya.
Bagian akhir berisikan daftar pustaka sebagai acuan penulis dan lampiran-
LANDASAN TEORI
A. FUNGSI
Definisi 1.
Dipunyai D dan R dua himpunan dengan elemen real. Sebuah fungsi f adalah
daerah hasil atau jelajah (range) f, dan himpunan semua peta unsur di D oleh f
Contoh 1
Dipunyai f: D R, D R, f(x) = x2 + 5.
5
6
Penyelesaian:
= a2-b2
= 0.
Jadi a, b D, a = b, f (a ) = f (b) .
Contoh 2
Penyelesaian:
Ambil sembarang ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) D, ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
Jelas x1 = x 2 dan y1 = y 2
Jelas f ( x1 , y1 ) f ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( x12 + 2 y1 ) ( x 22 + 2 y 2 )
= ( x12 + 2 y1 ) ( x12 + 2 y1 )
= 0.
Jadi ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) D, ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x 2 , y 2 ), f ( x1 , y1 ) = f ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
B. LIMIT FUNGSI
Definisi 2.
Milsalkan f sebuah fungsi yang terdefinisi pada suatu selang buka I, yang
memuat a, kecuali mungkin pada a itu sendiri. Maka limit f(x) untuk x
Contoh 3
Buktikan lim(4 x + 2) = 22 .
x 5
Bukti:
Pilih = .
4
Jelas f ( x) 22 = 4 x + 2 22
= 4 x 20
= 4x5
< 4
<4
4
=.
Jadi lim(4 x + 2) = 22 .
x 5
C. KEKONTINUAN FUNGSI
Definisi 3.
Definisi tersebut menysaratkan tiga hal berikut yang harus dipenuhi agar suatu
a. f(a) ada
b. lim f ( x) ada
x a
c. lim f ( x) = f (a)
x a
Contoh 4
Bukti:
Dipunyai f(x) = x2 + 2.
Jadi f kontinu di x = 1.
9
D. TURUNAN (DIFERENSIAL)
Definisi 4.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f(x) = lim , jika limitnya ada.
h 0 h
Contoh 5
Penyelesaian:
Dipunyai f ( x) = x 2 8 x + 9 .
f ( a + h) f ( a )
Jelas f ' (a ) = lim
h0 h
[(a + h) 2 8(a + h) + 9] [a 2 8a + 9]
= lim
h 0 h
a 2 + 2ah + h 2 8a 8h + 9 a 2 + 8a 9
= lim
h 0 h
2ah + h 2 8h
= lim
h 0 h
= lim(2a + h 8)
h0
= 2a 8 .
f
Jika f dan g terdiferensialkan pada x, g ( x) 0 maka terdiferensialkan
g
f g ( x) f ' ( x) f ( x) g ' ( x)
pada x dan ( x ) = .
g [ g ( x)]2
Jika f dan g fungsi yang terdiferensial dengan y = f(u) dan u = g(x), maka
dy d d dy dy du
= f (u ). g ( x) , atau dapat dituliskan = . .
dx du dx dx du dx
11
Bukti:
f ( x + h) f ( x )
Jelas f ' ( x) = lim
h 0 h
( x + h) n x n
= lim
h 0 h
n n 1 n(n 1) n 2 2 n 1 n
x + nx h + 2! x h + ... + nxh + h x
n
= lim
h 0 h
n(n 1) n 2 2
nx n 1 h + x h + ... + nxh n 1 + h n
= lim 2!
h 0 h
n(n 1) n 2
= lim nx n 1 + x h + ... + nxh n 2 + h n 1
h 0 2!
= nx n 1 .
f ( x + h) f ( x )
Jelas f ' ( x) = lim
h 0 h
cc
= lim
h 0 h
0
= lim
h 0 h
= lim 0 = 0 .
h0
(cf )( x + h) (cf )( x)
Jelas (cf )' ( x) = lim
h 0 h
cf ( x + h) cf ( x)
= lim
h 0 h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim c
h 0
h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= c lim
h 0 h
= cf ' ( x) .
( f ( x + x) + g ( x + x)) ( f ( x) + g ( x))
Jelas (f + g)(x) = lim
h 0 h
f ( x + h) f ( x ) + g ( x + h) g ( x )
= lim
h 0 h
f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x )
= lim + lim
h 0 h h0 h
= f(x) + g(x).
f ( x + h).g ( x + h) f ( x).g ( x)
Jelas (fg)(x) = lim
h 0 h
f ( x + h) g ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) + f ( x ) g ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x )
= lim
h 0 h
f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x )
= lim ( ) g ( x + h) + f ( x)( )
h 0
h h
13
f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x )
= lim lim g ( x + h) + lim f ( x) lim
h x h h 0 h 0 h 0 h
= f(x)g(x) + f(x)g(x)
f
(g) Dipunyai f, g, dan terdiferensial.
g
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f g ( x + h) g ( x )
Jelas ( )' ( x) = lim
g h 0 h
f ( x + h ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + h)
g ( x + h) g ( x )
= lim
h 0 h
f ( x + h) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + h)
= lim
h 0 [ g ( x + h) g ( x)]h
1 f ( x + h) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + h)
= lim lim
h 0 [ g ( x + h) g ( x )] h 0 h
1 f ( x + h) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + h)
= {lim
2 h 0
}
[ g ( x)] h
1 f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x )
= {lim (
2 h0
) g ( x) f ( x)( ) }
[ g ( x)] h h
1 f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x)
{lim(
2 h0
) lim g ( x) lim f ( x) lim( )}
[ g ( x)] h h0 h0 h 0 h
1
= { f ' ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ' ( x)}
[ g ( x)]2
f ' ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ' ( x)
= .
[ g ( x)]2
14
f f ' ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ' ( x)
Jadi terbukti bahwa ( )' ( x) = .
g [ g ( x)]2
Contoh 6
Penyelesaian:
Jelas f ' ( x) = 0 .
Jelas g ' ( x) = 8 x .
= 8x + 1.
E. INTEGRAL
Definisi 5.
Fungsi F dinamakkan anti turunan dari fungsi f jika turunan dari F adalah f.
Contoh 7
1 3 1 1
Dipunyai f ( x) = x 2 , F1 ( x) = x , F2 ( x) = x 3 + 5 dan F3 ( x) = x .
3 3 3
Penyelesaian:
1
d x3
d [ F1 ( x)] 3 1 d (x3 ) 1 2
Jelas = = = .3 x = x 2 .
dx dx 3 dx 3
1 1
d x 3 + 5 d x 3 + d (5)
d [ F2 ( x)] 3 = 3 1 d (x3 ) 1
Jelas = = + 0 = .3x 2 = x 2 .
dx dx dx 3 dx 3
15
1 1
d x3 d x 3 d ( )
d [ F2 ( x)] 3 = 3 1 d (x3 ) 1
Jelas = = 0 = .3x 2 = x 2
dx dx dx 3 dx 3
Definisi 6.
Jika F (x) pada selang buka I merupakan anti turunan dari f (x) dan C
d [ F ( x) + C ] d [ F ( x)] d (C )
= + = f ( x) + 0 = f ( x) .
dx dx dx
Definisi 7.
Dipunyai fungsi f terdefinisi pada selang buka I dan F suatu anti turunan f
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
dengan C sembarang konstanta dan di baca integral tak tentu dai f terhadap
variabel x.
Contoh 8
Penyelesaian:
d [ F ( x)] d (sin x)
Jelas F ' ( x) = = = cos x = f ( x) .
dx dx
Teorema 2.1
x n +1
x dx = +C.
n
n +1
Bukti:
Jelas f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C .
d [ F ( x)]
Jadi F ' ( x) = f ( x) = f ( x) .
dx
x n +1
d + C
n +1
dx
1 d ( x n +1 )
n + 1 dx
1
(n + 1) x n = x n = f ( x) .
n +1
Teorema 2.2
Bukti:
d [ F ( x)]
Jadi F ' ( x) = f ( x) = f ( x)
dx
17
d [ F ( x)]
c. = c. f ( x)
dx
d [c.F ( x)]
= c. f ( x) .
dx
Jadi ( f + g )( x)dx = ( F + G )( x) + C
= [ F ( x) + C1 ] + [G ( x) + C 2 ]
= f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx .
Jadi ( f g )( x)dx = ( F G )( x) + C
= [ F ( x) + C1 ] [G ( x) + C 2 ]
18
= f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .
Contoh 9
Penyelesaian:
= 4(sin x + C )
= 4 sin x + 4C
= 4 sin x + K , K = 4C .
1 2 1
= x + C1 + x 3 + C 2
2 3
1 2 1 3
= x + x + C1 + C 2
2 3
1 2 1 3
= x + x + C , C = C1 + C 2 .
2 3
Teorema 2.3
Dipunyai g suatu fungsi yang terdiferensialkan pada selang buka I dan F anti
Dipunyai R g I .
d (F [ g ( x)])
Jadi F '[ g ( x)] = f [ g ( x)] = f [ g ( x)] .
dx
19
Penyelesaian:
(a) Tulis u = x 2 + 1 .
du
Jelas = 2 x du = 2 xdx
dx
1 11
= u +C
11
1 2
= ( x + 1) + C .
11
du
Jelas = cos x du = cos xdx .
dx
1
= u3 + C
3
1
= sin 3 x + C .
3
20
Teorema 2.4
UdV = U .V V .dU .
Bukti:
U .V = U .dV + V .dU
U .dV = U .V V .dU .
Contoh 11
= x. sin x + sin x + C .
1. Fungsi Invers
Definisi 8.
1
g= f , adalah fungsi yang didefinisikan sebagai
g ( f ( x)) = x xD.
21
Contoh 12
1
g ( x) = x.
2
Penyelesaian:
Tulis y = f ( x)
Jelas y = 2 x .
1 1
Jelas g ( y ) = y = .2 x = x .
2 2
1 1
Jelas g ( f ( x)) = f ( x) = .2 x = x , x (, ) .
2 2
Contoh 13
Penyelesaian:
Tulis y = f (x)
Jelas y = x
Jelas g ( y ) = ( x)2
= x.
Deinisi 9.
domain f, x1 x 2 maka f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
Contoh 14
Dipunyai f: D R, D R2, f ( x) = 2 x 2 + y .
22
Penyelesaian:
Ambil sembarang ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) D, ( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
Jelas x1 x 2 dan y1 y 2 .
Jelas f ( x1 , y1 ) f ( x 2 , y 2 ) = (2 x12 + y1 ) (2 x 22 + y 2 )
= (2 x12 2 x 22 ) + ( y1 y 2 )
0.
Jadi ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) D, ( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ), f ( x1 , y1 ) f ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
Teorema 2.5
satu maka
1
(i) f ada, dan
1
(ii) daerah definisi f adalah range f.
Bukti:
Definisikan pemadanan
g : Rf Df
Ambil y1 , y 2 R f dengan y1 = y 2 .
Karena y1 = y 2 , maka f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) .
Dipunyai f satu-satu.
Jadi x1 = x 2 .
Jelas g ( f ( x)) = g ( y ) = x , x D f .
1
Jadi terdapat fungsi invers g untuk f. Tulis g = f .
Jelas D f 1 = D g = R f .
Contoh 15
Penyelesaian:
Dipunyai f ( x) = 2 x 4 .
Tulis y = f ( x) .
Jelas y = 2 x 4
2x = y + 4
y+4 y
x= = + 2.
2 2
y
Jadi f 1 ( y ) = +2.
2
1
Jelas f 1 ( y ) = (2 x 4) + 2 = x , x (, ) .
2
x
Jadi f 1 ( x) = + 2.
2
24
Definisi 10.
x 1
ln x = dt x > 0.
1 t
Definisi 11.
d (ln x) 1
= , x > 0.
dx x
Definisi 12.
d (ln u ) 1 du
= . , u >0.
dx u dx
Contoh 16
Penyelesaian:
d [ln( x + x 2 )]
(a) Jelas f ' ( x) =
dx
d [ln( x + x 2 )] d ( x + x 2 )
= .
d (x + x2 ) dx
1
= .(1 + 2 x)
(x + x2 )
25
(1 + 2 x)
= .
(x + x2 )
d [ f ( x)]
(b) Jelas f ' ( x) =
dx
d [ x ln(1 + x 2 )]
=
dx
d ( x) d [ln(1 + x 2 )]
= ln(1 + x 2 ). + x.
dx dx
d [ln(1 + x 2 )] d (1 + x 2 )
= ln(1 + x ) + x.
2
.
d (1 + x 2 ) dx
1
= ln(1 + x 2 ) + x. .2 x
(1 + x 2 )
2x 2
= ln(1 + x 2 ) + .
(1 + x 2 )
Teorema 2.6
(1) ln(ab) = ln a + ln b
a
(2) ln = ln a ln b ,
b
(3) ln(a r ) = r ln a .
Bukti:
Pilih f ( x) = ln ax dan g ( x) = ln x .
d [ g ( x)] d (ln x) 1
= = .
dx dx x
Jadi f ( x) = g ( x) + ln a
ln ax = ln x + ln a .
Pilih x = b .
Jelas ln ab = ln a + ln b .
(2) Dipunyai ln ab = ln a + ln b .
1
Pilih a = .
b
1 1
Jelas ln + ln b = ln .b = ln 1 = 0 .
b b
1
Jadi ln = ln 1 ln b = 0 ln b = ln b .
b
a 1 1
Jadi ln = ln a. = ln a + ln = ln a ln b .
b b b
(3) Dipunyai a x = e x. ln a , x R .
Jelas r R .
Jadi a r = e r . ln a .
Jadi ln a r = ln e r . ln a
ln a r = r. ln a. ln e
ln a r = r. ln a.1
27
ln a r = r. ln a .
Definisi 13.
Teorema 2.7
1
x dx = ln x + C , x 0.
Bukti:
Ambil sembarang x R , x 0 .
Kasus x > 0 .
Jelas x = x
Kasus x < 0 .
Jelas x = x .
Contoh 17
1 + cos x
Tentukan x + sin x dx , x + sin x 0 .
28
Penyelesaian:
Tulis u = x + sin x
1 + cos x du
Jelas x + sin x dx = u
= ln u + C
= ln x + sin x + C .
3. Fungsi Eksponen
Definisi 14.
Definisi 15.
ln e = 1 .
Teorema 2.8
(i) e x1 .e x2 = e x1 + x2 ,
e x1
(ii) x2 = e x1 x2 , dan
e
(iii) [e x1 ] r = e rx1 .
Bukti:
Jelas y1 = e x1 x1 = ln y1 dan y 2 = e x2 x 2 = ln y 2 .
Jadi x1 + x 2 = ln y1 + ln y 2
x1 + x 2 = ln( y1 . y 2 )
e x1 + x2 = y1 . y 2
y1 . y 2 = e x1 + x2
e x1 e x2 = e x1 + x2 .
Jelas y1 = e x1 x1 = ln y1 dan y 2 = e x2 x 2 = ln y 2 .
Jadi x1 x 2 = ln y1 ln y 2
y
x1 x 2 = ln 1
y2
y1
= e x1 x2
y2
e x1
x2 = e x1 x2 .
e
(iii) Dipunyai ln a r = r. ln a .
Tulis y = (e x1 ) r .
Jadi y = e rx1 .
Jadi (e x1 ) r = e rx1 .
30
Teorema 2.9
d (e x )
= ex , x R .
dx
Bukti:
Ambil sembarang x R .
Dipunyai ln e x = x .
d (ln e x ) d ( x)
Jelas =
dx dx
d (ln e x ) d (e x )
. =1
d (e x ) dx
1 d (e x )
. =1
e x dx
d (e x )
= ex .
dx
d (e x )
Jadi = e x untuk setiap x R .
dx
Contoh 18
Penyelesaian:
d [ f ( x)]
Jelas f ' ( x) =
dx
d (e x sin x )
=
dx
d (e x sin x ) d ( x sin x)
= .
d ( x sin x) dx
Teorema 2.10
e dx = e x + C .
x
Bukti:
Dipunyai e x dx = e x + C .
Jelas
(
d e x dx ) = d [ F ( x) + C ]
dx dx
d (e x + C )
=
dx
d (e x ) d (C )
= +
dx dx
= e x = f (x) .
Contoh 19
Tentukan e 3 x dx .
Penyelesaian:
Tulis u = 3 x .
Jelas du = 3dx .
1
Jelas e 3 x dx = e u ( )du
3
1 u
3
= e du
1 1
= e u + C = e 3 x + C .
3 3
BAB III
METODE PENELITIAN
Pada penelitian ini metode yang digunakan penulis adalah studi pustaka.
A. Menentukan Masalah
Dalam tahap ini dilakukan pencarian sumber pustaka dan memilih bagian
B. Merumuskan Masalah
ditemukan yakni
C. Studi Pustaka
32
33
berikut:
3. Mencari penurunan rumus fungsi hiperbolik dan invers serta turunan dan
E. Penarikan Simpulan
PEMBAHASAN
A. FUNGSI HIPERBOLIK
fungsi-fungsi tersebut diberi nama khusus. Untuk itu pada bagian ini akan
dibahas secara khusus suatu fungsi yang memuat kombinasi dari kedua fungsi
+ ex + ex
p : R R , p ( x) = dan q : R R , q ( x) = .
2 2
34
35
f ( x) = p ( x) + q( x) dan g ( x) = p ( x) q( x) .
f ( x) = p ( x) + q ( x)
36
e x + ex
Dipunyai f : R [1, ) , f ( x) = .
2
e x ex e x ex
Jelas f ' ( x) = >0 x > 0 dan f ' ( x) = <0 x < 0.
2 2
ex + e x e x + ex
Jelas f ( x) = = = f ( x) x R .
2 2
e x + ex
Jelas f ' ' ( x) = = f ( x) > 0 .
2
g ( x) = p ( x) q( x)
e x ex
Dipunyai g : R R , g ( x) = .
2
37
e x + ex
Jelas g ' ( x) = > 0 xR.
2
ex e x e x ex
Jelas g ( x) = = = g ( x) x R .
2 2
e x ex + , x > 0
Jelas g ' ' ( x) = = g ( x) .
2 , x < 0
Jadi grafik g cekung ke bawah pada (,0] dan cekung ke atas pada [0, ) .
Sifat 4.1
(2) f ' ( x) = g ( x) x R ,
(3) g ' ( x) = f ( x) x R ,
(4) f 2 ( x) g 2 ( x) = 1 ,
2
f ( x) 1
(7) 1 = 2 , dan
g ( x) g ( x)
2
g ( x) 1
(8) 1 = 2 .
f ( x) f ( x)
Bukti:
e x + ex e x ex
Dipunyai f ( x) = dan g ( x) = .
2 2
38
e0 + e0 2 e0 e0 0
(1) Jelas f (0) = = = 1 dan g (0) = = = 0.
2 2 2 2
e x ex
(2) Jelas f ' ( x) = = g ( x) .
2
e x + ex
(3) Jelas g ' ( x) = = f ( x) .
2
2 2
e x + ex e x ex
(4) Jelas f ( x) g ( x) =
2 2
2 2
e 2 x + 2 + e 2 x e 2 x 2 e 2 x
=
4 4
4
= = 1.
4
e x+ y + e ( x+ y )
(5) Jelas f ( x + y ) =
2
e xe y + exe y
=
2
=
2
[
1 x y
e e + e x e y ]
=
1
[( f ( x) + g ( x))( f ( y) + g ( y)) + ( f ( x) g ( x))( f ( y) g ( y))]
2
1 f ( x ) f ( y ) + f ( x ) g ( y ) + g ( x ) f ( y ) + g ( y ) g ( x) + f ( x) f ( y )
=
2 f ( x) g ( y ) g ( x) f ( y ) + g ( x) g ( y )
=
1
[2 f ( x) f ( y) + 2 g ( x) g ( y)]
2
= f ( x). f ( y ) + g ( x).g ( y ) .
39
e x+ y e ( x+ y )
(6) Jelas g ( x + y ) =
2
e xe y exe y
=
2
=
2
[
1 x y
e e e x e y ]
=
1
[( f ( x) + g ( x))( f ( y) + g ( y)) ( f ( x) g ( x))( f ( y) g ( y))]
2
1 f ( x) f ( y ) + f ( x) g ( y ) + g ( x) f ( y ) + g ( y ) g ( x) f ( x) f ( y )
=
2 + f ( x) g ( y ) + g ( x) f ( y ) g ( x) g ( y )
=
1
[2 f ( x) g ( y) + 2 g ( x) f ( y)]
2
= f ( x).g ( y ) + g ( x). f ( y ) .
2
f ( x) f 2 ( x)
(7) Jelas 1 = 1 2
g ( x) g ( x)
g 2 ( x) f 2 ( x)
=
g 2 ( x)
f 2 ( x) g 2 ( x)
=
g 2 ( x)
1
= 2
.
g ( x)
2
g ( x) g 2 ( x)
(8) Jelas 1 = 1 2
f ( x) f ( x)
f 2 ( x) g 2 ( x)
=
f 2 ( x)
40
1
= 2
.
f ( x)
trigonometri. Hal ini memberikan suatu ide untuk mendefinisikan fungsi f dan
Sifat 4.2
e x ex
sinh x = ,
2
e x + ex
cosh x = ,
2
sinh x e x e x
tanh x = = ,
cosh x e x + e x
didefinisikan sebagai
cosh x e x + e x
coth x = = , dan
sinh x e x e x
1 2
sec hx = = x .
cosh x e + e x
41
Gambar 9.
Teorema 4.1
d (sinh x)
(1) = cosh x
dx
d (cosh x)
(2) = sinh x
dx
d (tanh x)
(3) = sec h 2 x
dx
d (coth x)
(4) = csc h 2 x
dx
d (sec hx)
(5) = tanh x. sec hx .
dx
Bukti:
e x ex
(1) Dipunyai sinh x = .
2
43
e x ex
d
Jelas
d (sinh x)
=
2
dx dx
1 d (e x e x )
=
2 dx
1 x
= (e + e x )
2
= cosh x .
d (sinh x)
Jadi = cosh x .
dx
e x + ex
(2) Dipunyai cosh = .
2
e x + ex
d
=
d (cosh x) 2
Jelas
dx dx
1 d (e x + e x )
=
2 dx
1 x
= (e e x )
2
= sinh x .
d (cosh x)
Jadi = sinh x .
dx
e x ex e x + ex
(3) Dipunyai sinh x = dan cosh = .
2 2
sinh x
d
Jelas
d (tanh x)
= cosh x
dx dx
44
e x ex
d x
e + e x
=
dx
d (e x e x ) d (e x + e x )
(e x + e x ) (e x e x )
= dx dx
(e x + e x ) 2
(e x + e x )(e x + e x ) (e x e x )(e x e x )
=
(e x + e x ) 2
( e x + e x ) 2 (e x e x ) 2
=
(e x + e x ) 2
(e x e x ) 2
= 1
(e x + e x ) 2
2
e x ex
= 1 x x
e +e
= 1 tanh 2 x
= sec h 2 x .
d (tanh x)
Jadi = sec h 2 x .
dx
e x ex e x + ex
(4) Dipunyai sinh x = dan cosh = .
2 2
cosh x
d
d (coth x) sinh x
Jelas =
dx dx
e x + ex
d x
e e x
=
dx
45
d (e x + e x ) d (e x e x )
(e x e x ) (e x + e x )
= dx dx
x 2
(e e )
x
(e x e x )(e x e x ) (e x + e x )(e x + e x )
=
(e x e x ) 2
( e x e x ) 2 (e x + e x ) 2
=
(e x e x ) 2
(e x + e x ) 2
= 1
(e x e x ) 2
2
e x + ex
= 1 x x
e e
= 1 coth 2 x
= csc h 2 x .
d (coth x)
Jadi = csc h 2 x .
dx
e x + ex
(5) Dipunyai cosh = .
2
1
d
Jelas
d (sec hx)
= cosh x
dx dx
2
d x x
e +e
=
dx
d ( 2) d (e x + e x )
(e x + e x ) 2
= dx dx
x 2
(e + e )
x
2(e x e x )
=
(e x + e x ) 2
46
(e x e x ) 2
=
(e + e ) (e + e x )
x x x
= tanh x. sec hx .
d (sec hx)
Jadi = tanh x. sec hx .
dx
berikut.
Dipunyai f : R R , f ( x) = sinh x .
Ambil sembarang x1 , x 2 R, x1 x 2 .
e x1 e x1 e x2 e x2
=
2 2
47
(e x1 e x2 ) + (e x2 e x1 )
= 0.
2
Ambil sembarang x R .
e y e y
Jelas x =
2
2x = e y e y
2 xe y = e y (e y e y )
2 xe y = e 2 y 1
e 2 y 2e y x 1 = 0
[ ]
(e y ) 2 2e y x + x 2 (1 + x 2 ) = 0
(
(e y x ) 2 1 + x 2 ) =0
2
e y = x 1+ x2 e y = x + 1+ x2 .
Jelas e y = x + 1 + x 2 y = ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) .
Jadi x R y = ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) R x = f ( y ) .
Gambar 10.
Ambil x1 = 1, x 2 =1 R .
Jelas x1 x 2 .
e + e 1
akan tetapi f ( x1 ) = f (1) = = f (1) = f ( x 2 ) .
2
Gambar 11.
f ( x) = cosh x
e y + e y
Jelas x =
2
2x = e y + e y
2 xe y = e y (e y + e y )
50
2 xe y = e 2 y + 1
e 2 y 2e y x + 1 = 0
[ ]
(e y ) 2 2e y x + x 2 ( x 2 1) = 0
(e y x ) 2 ( )
2
x2 1 = 0
e y = x x2 1 e y = x + x2 1 .
Jelas e y = x + x 2 1 y = ln( x + x 2 1) .
Ambil sembarang x1 , x 2 R, x1 x 2 .
e x1 e x1 e x2 e x2
=
e x1 + e x1 e x2 + e x2
(e x1 e x1 )(e x2 + e x2 ) (e x2 e x2 )(e x1 + e x1 )
=
(e x1 + e x1 )(e x2 + e x2 )
0.
Ambil sembarang x R .
e y e y
Jelas x =
e y + ey
x (e y + e y ) = e y e y
xe y (e y + e y ) = e y (e y e y )
x(e 2 y + 1) = e 2 y 1
e 2 y 1 x(e 2 y + 1) = 0
e 2 y xe 2 y x 1 = 0
(e y ) 2 x(e y ) 2 ( x + 1) = 0
(1 x)(e y ) 2 = x + 1
52
x +1
(e y ) 2 =
1 x
1+ x
ln(e y ) 2 = ln
1 x
1+ x
2. y. ln e = ln
1 x
1+ x
2. y = ln
1 x
1 1+ x
y= ln .
2 1 x
1 1+ x
Jadi x R y = ln (1,1) x = f ( y ) .
2 1 x
1 1+ x
Jadi tanh 1 x = ln .
2 1 x
Ambil sembarang x1 , x 2 R, x1 x 2 .
e x1 + e x1 e x2 + e x2
= x1
e e x1 e x2 e x2
(e x1 + e x1 )(e x2 e x2 ) (e x2 + e x2 )(e x1 e x1 )
=
(e x1 e x1 )(e x2 e x2 )
0.
Ambil sembarang x R .
e y + e y
Jelas x =
e y ey
x (e y e y ) = e y + e y
xe y (e y e y ) = e y (e y + e y )
x(e 2 y 1) = e 2 y + 1
e 2 y + 1 x(e 2 y 1) = 0
e 2 y xe 2 y + x + 1 = 0
(e y ) 2 x(e y ) 2 + ( x + 1) = 0
(1 x)(e y ) 2 = ( x + 1)
x 1
(e y ) 2 =
1 x
x 1
(e y ) 2 =
x +1
x +1
(e y ) 2 =
x 1
x +1
ln(e y ) 2 = ln
x 1
x +1
2. y. ln e = ln
x 1
x +1
2. y = ln
x 1
1 x +1
y= ln .
2 x 1
1 x +1
Jadi x R y = ln (,1) (1, ) x = f ( y ) .
2 x 1
1 1+ x
Jadi coth 1 x = ln .
2 1 x
Ambil x1 = 1, x 2 = 1 R .
Jelas x1 x 2 .
2
akan tetapi f ( x1 ) = f (1) = = f (1) = f ( x 2 ) .
e + e 1
56
Gambar 15.
f ( x) = sec hx
2
Jelas x =
e + ey
y
x (e y + e y ) = 2
xe y (e y + e y ) = 2e y
x(e 2 y + 1) = 2e 2 y
xe 2 y + x 2e 2 y = 0
x(e y ) 2 2e y + x = 0
2 4 4 x.x
e12y =
2x
2 4 4x 2
e12y =
2x
2 4(1 x 2 )
e12y =
2x
2 2 (1 x 2 )
e = y
12
2x
1 (1 x 2 )
e12y =
x
1+ 1 x2 1 1 x2
e = 1
y
atau e2 =
y
.
x x
1+ 1 x2 1+ 1 x2
Jelas e y = y = ln .
x x
1+ 1 x2
Jadi x [0, ) y = ln (0,1] x = f ( y ) .
x
1+ 1 x2
Jadi sec h 1 x = ln .
x
Teorema 4.2
(
(1) sinh 1 x = ln x + 1 + x 2 , ) < x < ,
(2) cosh 1 x = ln (x + x2 1 ), x 1,
1 1+ x
(3) tanh 1 x = ln , 1 < x < 1 ,
2 1 x
59
1 x +1
(4) coth 1 x = ln , x > 1 , dan
2 x 1
1+ 1 x2
(5) sec h 1 x = ln , 0 < x 1.
x
Teorema 4.3
d (sinh 1 x) 1
(1) = ,
dx 1+ x2
d (cosh 1 x) 1
(2) = ,
dx x2 1
d (tanh 1 x) 1
(3) = x < 1,
dx 1 x2
d (coth 1 x) 1
(4) = x > 1 , dan
dx 1 x2
d (sec h 1 x) 1
(5) = .
dx x 1 x2
Bukti:
(
(1) Dipunyai sinh 1 x = ln x + 1 + x 2 . )
d (sinh 1 x) d ln( x + 1 + x
2
Jelas =
dx dx
=
(
d ln( x + 1 + x 2 d x + 1 + x 2
.
)
d (x + 1 + x 2 ) dx
1 x
= .1 +
x + 1+ x
2
1+ x2
60
1+ x2 + x
1
=
2
x + 1+ x 1+ x 2
x + 1+ x2
=
(x + 1+ x2 ) 1+ x 2
1
= .
1+ x2
(
d ln x + x 2 1 d x + x 2 1 ) ( )
=
(
d x + x2 1
.
dx )
1 x
.1 +
=
(
x + x2 1 )
x2 1
x2 1 + x
1
=
(
x + x 1
2
x 1
2
)
(x + x2 1 )
=
(x + x 1 x 1
2
) 2
1
= .
x2 1
1 1+ x
(3) Dipunyai tanh 1 x = ln .
2 1 x
1 1+ x
d ln
1
d (tanh x) 2 1 x
Jelas =
dx dx
61
1 d ( ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) )
=
2 dx
1 d ln(1 + x) d ln(1 x)
=
2 dx dx
1 d ln(1 + x) d (1 + x) d ln(1 x) d (1 x)
= . .
2 d (1 + x) dx d (1 x) dx
1 1 1
= +
2 1 + x 1 x
1 1 x + 1 + x
=
2 1 x 2
1 2 1
= . = .
2 1 x 2
1 x2
1 x +1
(4) Dipunyai coth 1 x = ln .
2 x 1
1 x +1
Jelas coth 1 x = ln
2 x 1
1 d ( ln( x + 1) ln( x 1) )
=
2 dx
1 d ln( x + 1) d ln( x 1)
=
2 dx dx
1 d ln( x + 1) d ( x + 1) d ln( x 1) d ( x 1)
= . .
2 d ( x + 1) dx d ( x 1) dx
1 1 1
=
2 x + 1 x 1
1 ( x 1) ( x + 1)
=
2 x2 1
62
1 2
= . 2
2 x 1
1 1
= = .
x 1 1 x2
2
1+ 1 x2
(5) Dipunyai sec h 1 x = ln .
x
1+ 1 x2
d ln
x
d (sec h 1 x)
Jelas =
dx dx
d ln(1 + 1 x 2 d ln x
=
dx
d ln(1 + 1 x 2 ) d (1 + 1 x 2 ) d (ln x)
= .
d (1 + 1 x 2 ) dx dx
1 x 1
=
x
1+ 1 x2 1 x2
x 1
=
(1 + 1 x 2
)( 1 x )
2
x
x 2 1 x 2 + (1 x 2 )
=
x( 1 x 2 + (1 x 2 )
1 1 x2
=
x 1 x 2 (1 1 x 2 )
1
= .
x 1 x2
63
1
Teorema 4.3 menyatakan bahwa merupakan suatu anti
1+ x 2
1
turunan sinh 1 x dan , x 1 suatu anti turunan cosh 1 x . Akibatnya
x 1
2
Teorema 4.4
dx
(1) 1+ x 2
= sinh 1 x + C ,
dx
(2) x 1
2
= cosh 1 x + C ,
tanh 1 x + C , x <1
dx
(3) 1 x 2 = 1 , dan
coth x + C , x >1
dx
(4) x 1 x 2
= sec h 1 x + C .
64
dy
1. Tentukan dari masing-masing fungsi yang diberikan berikut.
dx
1
(a) y = cosh( x 4 ) (e) y = sec h(e 2 x ) (i) y = sinh 1
x
dx
(a) cosh(2 x 3)dx (e) 9 x 2 25
dx
(b) sinh 6 x cosh xdx (f) 2 2x + x 2
dx
(c) tanh x sec h 2 xdx (g) x2 2
dx
(d) 1 + 9x 2
Penyelesaian:
dy d [cosh( x 4 )]
Jelas =
dx dx
65
d [cosh( x 4 )] d ( x 4 )
= .
d (x 4 ) dx
= sinh( x 4 ).4 x 3
= 4 x 3 sinh( x 4 ) .
dy d [sinh(4 x 8)]
Jelas =
dx dx
d [sinh(4 x 8)] d (4 x 8)
= .
d (4 x 8) dx
= cosh(4 x 8).4
= 4 cosh(4 x 8) .
dy d [ln(tanh 2 x)]
Jelas =
dx dx
1
= . sec h 2 2 x.2
tanh 2 x
2 sec h 2 2 x
= .
tanh 2 x
dy d [coth(ln x)]
Jelas =
dx dx
1
= csc h 2 (ln x).
x
csc h 2 (ln x)
= .
x
dy d [sec h(e 2 x )]
Jelas =
dx dx
d [sec h(e 2 x )] d (e 2 x ) d (2 x)
= . .
d (e 2 x ) d (2 x) dx
dy d [sec h x ]
Jelas =
dx dx
d [sec h x ] d ( x )
= .
d( x) dx
1
= tanh x . sec h x .
2 x
tanh x . sec h x
= .
2 x
dy d [cosh 1 (1 x)]
Jelas =
dx dx
d [cosh 1 (1 x)] d (1 x)
= .
d (1 x) dx
67
1
= .(1)
(1 x) 2 1
1
= .
(1 x) 2 1
dy d [sec h 1 ( x 7 )]
Jelas =
dx dx
d [sec h 1 ( x 7 )] d ( x 7 )
= .
d (x7 ) dx
1
= .7 x 6
x 7
1 (x ) 7 2
7x6
= .
x7 1 (x7 )2
1
(i) Dipunyai y = sinh 1 .
x
1
d [sinh 1 ]
Jelas
dy
= x
dx dx
1 1
d [sinh 1 ] d
= x . x
1 dx
d
x
1 1
= . 2
1 x
2
1+
x
68
1
= .
2
1
x2 1+
x
dy d [ coth 1 x ]
Jelas =
dx dx
d ( coth 1 x ) d (coth 1 x)
= .
d (coth 1 x) dx
1 1
= .
2 coth 1 x 1 x
2
1
=
2(1 x 2 ) coth 1 x
1
Jelas cosh(2 x 3)dx =
2
cosh(2 x 3)d (2 x 3)
1
= sinh(2 x 3) + C .
2
Tulis u = sinh x .
1 7
= u +C
7
1
= sinh 7 x + C .
7
69
Tulis u = tanh x .
3
2
= u2 +C
3
2
= u. u + C
3
2
= tanh x tanh x + C .
3
dx
(d) 1 + 9x 2
dx 1 d (3x)
Jelas 1 + 9x 2
=
3 1 + (3x) 2
1
= sinh 1 3x + C .
3
dx
(e) 9 x 2 25
3x
d
dx 5 5
Jelas 9 x 2 25
=
3 3x 2
1
5
5 3x
= cosh 1 +C .
3 5
dx
(f) 2 2x + x 2
70
dx d (1 + x)
Jelas 2 2x + x 2
=
1 + (1 + x) 2
= sinh 1 (1 + x) + C .
dx
(g) x2 2
x
d
dx 2
Jelas x2 2
= 2
2
x
1
2
x
= 2 cosh 1 +C.
2
BAB V
PENUTUP
A. SIMPULAN
sebagai berikut.
ex ex
p ( x) = dan q : R R + , q ( x) = . Selanjutnya dibangun fungsi f
2 2
dan g yang dinyatakan sebagai jumlah dan selisih dari fungsi p dan q,
fungsi hiperbolik.
e x ex cosh x
(a) sinh x = (d) coth x =
2 sinh x
e x + ex 1
(b) cosh x = (e) sec hx =
2 cosh x
sinh x
(c) tanh x =
cosh x
d (sinh x)
(a) = cosh x ,
dx
64
65
d (cosh x)
(b) = sinh x ,
dx
d (tanh x)
(c) = sec h 2 x ,
dx
d (coth x)
(d) = csc h 2 x , dan
dx
d (sec hx)
(e) = tanh x. sec hx .
dx
(
(a) sinh 1 x = ln x + 1 + x 2 ) < x <
(b) cosh 1 x = ln (x + x2 1) x 1
1 1+ x 1 < x < 1
(c) tanh 1 x = ln
2 1 x
1 x +1
(d) coth 1 x = ln x >1
2 x 1
1+ 1 x2
(e) sec h 1 x = ln 0 < x 1.
x
d (sinh 1 x) 1
(a) =
dx 1+ x2
d (cosh 1 x) 1
(b) =
dx x2 1
d (tanh 1 x) 1
(c) = x <1
dx 1 x2
d (coth 1 x) 1
(d) = x >1
dx 1 x2
66
d (sec h 1 x) 1
(e) = .
dx x 1 x2
dx
(a) 1+ x 2
= sinh 1 x + C
dx
(b) x 1
2
= cosh 1 x + C
tanh 1 x + C , x <1
dx
(c) 1 x 2 = 1
coth x + C , x >1
dx
(d) x 1 x 2
= sec h 1 x + C .
B. SARAN
hiperbolik dan invers serta turunan dan anti turunan fungsi hiperbolik dan
inversnya pada fungsi hiperbolik bernilai real. Bagi pembaca yang beminat
Anton, H. 1980. Calculus With Analytic Geometry. New York: John Wiley And
Sons.
Berkey, D. Dennis. 1988. Calculus, 2nd Edition. New York: Sounders Collage
Publishing.
Chotim, M. 2004. Kalkulus 2. Semarang: Penerbit FMIPA Universitas Negeri
Semarang.
Leithold, L. 1993. Kalkulus dan Ilmu Ukur Analitik Jilid 2, Edisi Kelima
(diterjemahkan oleh Hutahean, Widianti Santoso, dan Koko Martono).
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Purcell, E. J. & Varberg, D. 1987. Kalkulus dan Geometri Analitik Jilid 1
(diterjemahkan oleh I Nyoman Susila, Bana Kartasasmita, dan Rawuh).
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Purcell, E. J., Varberg, D., & Rigdon, S. E. 2003. Kalkulus Jilid 1, Edisi
kedelapan (diterjemahkan oleh I Nyoman Susila). Jakarta: Erlangga.
Thomas, George. B. 1962. Calculus, 2nd. Tokyo: Japan Publications Trading
Company, LTD.
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