Aluminium III

Colourles Chromium Ruby,

III
s Green
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq)
White Green
ppt. ppt.
OH -
OH -

Equation [Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- Equation [Cr(H2O)6]3++ 3OH-

Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3H2O Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3H2O
Previous Previous
precipitat precipitat
Excess e Excess e
OH- dissolves OH- dissolves

Equation Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + OH- Equation Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3OH-

[Al(OH)4]3- + 3H2O [Cr(OH)6]3- + 3H2O

White Green
NH3 ppt. NH3 ppt.

Equation [Al(H2O)6]3++ 3NH3 Equation [Cr(H2O)6]3++ 3OH-

Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 2H2O+ Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 + 2H2O+
3NH4+ 3NH4+

Excess Excess Purple sol

NH3 NH3

Equation No further reaction Equation Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 + 6NH3

[Cr(NH3)6]3+ + 3H2O +
3OH-
White ppt Green ppt.
CO 3
2-
CO 3
2-
Bubbles of Bubbles of
CO2 CO2

Equation 2[Al(H2O)6]3++ 3CO32- Equation 2[Cr(H2O)6]3++ 3CO32-

2[Al(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3CO2
+ 3H2O 2[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3CO2
+ 3H2O
 Cobalt II [Co(H2O)6]
Pink
2+
Copper IIPale blue
[Cu(H2O)6]2+
(aq) (aq)

Blue ppt. Pale Blue

OH -
OH - ppt.

Equation [Co(H2O)6]2++ 2OH- Equatio [Cu(H2O)6]2++ 2OH-

Co(H2O)4(OH)2 + 2H2O n Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 + 2H2O

Excess Excess
OH- OH-

Equation No further reaction Equatio No further reaction

n
Blue ppt.
Pale Blue
NH3 NH3 contains NH3 ppt.
OH- acts as a
base
removing
Equation Co(H2O)6] + 2OH
2+ -
Equatio [Cu(H2O)6]2++ 2OH-
Co(H2O)4(OH)2 + 2H2O+ n Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 + 2H2O+
Pale
2NH 4
+yellow -brown
2NH4+
sol
Increased amm. conc Deep blue sol.
shifts eq
Excess Amm better ligand Excess Octahedral
NH3 Oxidises to NH3 H2O bonds longer
and weaker (not
[Co(NH3)6]3+ good ligand)
in air ( +
dark brown
Equation Co(H2O)4(OH) 2 6NH 3 Equatio Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 +4NH3
mix)
Equilibrium [Co(NH3)6] + 4H2O +
2+
n [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 2H2O
2OH- Equilibrium + 2OH-

CO 32- Pink ppt. CO 32- Blue- Green

ppt.

Equation [Co(H2O)6]2++ CO32- Equatio [Cu(H2O)6]2++ CO32-

CoCO3 + 6H2O n CuCO3 + 6H2O
Due to the
large atomic
Cl- radius of Cl- Cl-
there is a
change in co-
Equation [Co(H2O)6]2++ 4Cl- Equatio [Cu(H2O)6]2++ 4Cl-
[CoCl4]2- + 6H2O n [CuCl4]2- + 6H2O

Iron II Pale Green

Iron IIIPurple, Yellow, Brown
[Fe(H2O)6] (aq)
2+
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq)
Green
Brown
gelatinous
OH -
ppt.
OH- gelatinous ppt.

Equation [Fe(H2O)6]2++ 2OH- Equatio [Fe(H2O)6]3++ 3OH-

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 + 2H2O n Co(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3H2O

Excess Excess
OH- OH-

Equation No further reaction Equatio No further reaction

n
Green
NH3 gelatinous NH3 Brown
ppt. gelatinous ppt.

Equation [Fe(H2O)6]2++2OH- Equatio [Fe(H2O)6]3++ 3OH

Fe(H2O)4(OH)4 + 2H2O+ n Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 + 2H2O+
4NH4+ 3NH4+

Excess Excess
NH3 NH3

Equation No further reaction Equatio No further reaction

CO 32- Green CO 32- Brown

ppt. gelatinous ppt.

Equation [Fe(H2O)6]2++ CO32- Equatio 2[Fe(H2O)6]3++ 3CO32-

FeCO3 + 6H2O n 2[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3CO2
+ 3H2O
 2+ ions are not as acidic as
3+ ions so (M3+)2 (CO3)2 does
not form but M2+ CO3 does