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Another point to be considered is that when the traveling wave reaches a point where there is a change in
value of surge impedance of the line, a reflection of the wave will occur, the reflection being whole or partial
depending on the amount of change in the surge impedance. The intensity of voltage, at the point of reflection
will therefore be more, even double, depending upon the nature of reflection.
The oscillograms of the lightning current indicate that the lightning current is very high initially and has
short front times in the range of 10 ms. The low current portion follows next and lasts for a longer duration
in the range of milliseconds. Although this last portion is low in magnitude, it can cause thermal damage
to insulation owing to its longer duration. Time taken to reach the peak value and the rate of rise are also
important. Based on practical data, it can be concluded that 50% of lightning stroke currents have a rate of
rise higher than 7.5 kA/ ms. Only for 10% of lightning strokes, it is more than 25 kA/ms.
Actual measurements of lightning overvoltages reveal that a maximum voltage of 5000 kV occurs on the
transmission lines. But, in general the lightning strokes give rise to overvoltages of not more than 1000 kV on
the transmission lines. The wave-front time ranges from 0.8 to 10 ms and the tail times are generally between
20 to 100 ms. The typical value of rate of rise of voltage is about 1 MV/ms.
ZG ZG
IG @ IG
I0 I0 ZT
IT IT
ZT
VT = IT ZT
where,
VT = instantaneous magnitude of voltage at tower top
ZT = surge impedance of the tower
ZG = surge impedance of the ground wire
I0 = lightning current
IG = lightning current through the ground wire path
IT = lightning current through tower path
Lightning Overvoltage Protection 453
The equation given above can be further simplified by using division of current in parallel paths as shown
below.
I0 ZG
VT = IT ZT = _______ ZT
ZT + ZG
I0 ZT
\ VT = ______
ZT
1 + ___
ZG
Thus, it can be concluded that VT is greatly dependent on the surge impedance of the tower which is
nothing but the effective tower footing resistance. So, the final conclusion is that the use of ground wire must
be supported by the reduction in the effective tower-footing resistance. This can be achieved by the use of
driving ground rods and counter-poise wires connected to the tower-bottom foundation.
3. The diverter must be capable of carrying the discharge current for a short duration without being
damaged.
4. The arrester must, after discharge, cease to carry any current, i.e., it must seal-in itself.
5. After operation, the arrester must be in a condition to accept and deal with ensuing surges i.e., there
must be no failure of the arrester itself.
Figure 17.8 shows the functioning of a simple lightning arrester. The successive stages of operation are
shown diagrammatically.
In Fig. (a), the front of the wave approaches the diverter which is protecting the terminal equipment (not
shown), connected to the line to the left of the diverter. By (b), the surge has reached the diverter and in about
0.25 ms, the voltage has reached a value sufficient (V ) to break down the spark gaps. During (c), the surge
current flows to earth. As the voltage applied increases, and just as rapidly, the resistance of the element
decreases, thus permitting further surge energy to discharge, and so limiting the voltage impressed on the
terminal apparatus to a safe value. At (d), the front of the wave is shown approaching and during (e) the tail
of the wave passing the arrester, and in consequence the current through the arrester decreases while the
resistance increases, reaching a stage when the current flow is interrupted by the spark gaps, thus sealing the
diverter as shown by (f ). This entire operation takes place in a matter of microseconds, typically 30 ms.
Surge
Line V
LA
(a) (b) (c)