fe TEXT & REFERENCE e TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM e PRINCIPLES . ® COMPONENTS & © APPLICATION 191-204 Section 7200-248IL 11 Ww vr vir vr Ix XI XIE TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... oe ee ee STANDARDS FOR SATISFACTORY CONDITIONS. JET CHARACTERISTICS,» 6. ee ee ee A. ISOTHERMAL - FREE SPACE... ss B, NONISOTHERMAL - FREE SPACE. . . «+ ©. DEFLECTION VANES. 6... a D, CEILING EFFECT. ©... ee eae E, THROW AND DROP FOR CONFINED SPACES. F, OPPOSING JET STREAMS... . ss G. PARALLEL JET STREAMS, 6... H. CEILING HEIGHT, » 2. ee eee I. RADIAL JETS. eee ee eee J. CURRENTS, STAGNANT ZONES. . 3. ss SUPPLY OUTLET TYPES... 2 1 ee eee PoC Goo g00 600 co0 0 B. CEILING DIFFUSERS... 2... 4s (che SLOT, DIFFUSERS arse ee eer D, PERFORATED CEILING PANELS... . + E, OUTLETS INSTALLED ON DUCTHORK . . . OUTLET PERFORMANCE (MAPPING) BASED ON LOCATION . LOMIGEh G0 0 Goon o Hoon OD GENERAI, OUTLET SELECTION PROCEDURE . SELECTION DOUBLE DEFLECTION GRILLE (HIGH SELECTION OF SLOT DIFFUSERS... . . « A. PERPENDICULAR FLOW. 2... ee B. PARALLEL FLOW. 2 ee eee es SELECTION OF CEILING DIFFUSERS . . . « Mb bodg0dcdd0d5q500 APPENDIX 5p eee ee eee PAGETECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AIR_DIS INTRODUCTION Room air distribution is one of the the air nest important segments conditioning system. For Instance, excellent distribution of air within the room can compensate to a large extent for a minor defictency in capacity. But no level of excellence in the refrigeration or afr supply systems can compensate for poorly designed room air distribution The mission of the designer of room air distribution Is to assure a proper combination of alt temperature and motion in the occupied zone to assure comfortable conditions. Discomfort may arise from excessive room ait tenperature variations, excessive air notion (drafts), failure to deliver adequate air to local cold or hot spots, or too rapid a fluctuation of room temperature or air notion (gusts). Furthermore, it should be recognized that there is difference fn density between the alr fa the room and the aly being supplied. During summer, the supply air is cooler and more dense than room alr and tends to drop due to gravity, During winter heating the opposite is true. the distribution design mist accommodate RIBUTION all these considerations, and at an unobtrusive sound level as well. This Is a large order. Tt is under~ standable that many air conditioning systems are no more than adequate Insofar as air distribution 4s con- cerned. If the system designer recognizes the pitfalls, on the other hand, and applies sound judgenent in accommodating them, he will achfeve good resuits consistently SATISFACTORY CONDITIONS STANDARDS. FOR The object of afr distribution is to create an acceptable combination of temperature and alr motion in the occupted zone of the conditioned room, usually considered to be from the Hoot to 6 ft. above floor level. Considerable investigation has been conducted into the elfects of each of the variables by a number of labo- Generally the conclusions ratories. reached may he stated as follows: 1, No conditions will satisfy everyone. Even with the most carefully designed and controlled tem, small percentage of people will complain of feeling cold or warm.OCCUPIED ZONE ROOM AIR VELOCITIES ROW A necommenoro © vecocr'y neacrion Sacer trom Compiaints about stagnant air None Tea! design — Invorable {Commercial Probably Iavorable bul $9 thm is approaching rmaxisiim tolerable velocity for seated {All Commercial Unfavorable light papers aré blown ofa dea eto and Dept Store Unper limits tor people moving about slowly — Some taclory ar condilining instaliations — Faclary ar conditioning higher spot cooling Figure 1 2. Air velocity will be sensed by a 5. Still air does not remove heat person exposed to it as a feeling quickly enough to avoid a feeling of coolness, which may be offset of "stuffiness" on the part of the ture. Tf the air temperature {s IF higher for each 15 FIM These conclusions can be reduced to increase in velocity, most rules which, {f followed, wil] result persons feel equally comfortable. In condittons within the occupfed zone which are confortable to a very high 3. Variations of up to 4F in space ie tena percentage of people in non-industrial temperature and air velocities oi isonments between 15 FPH and 50 FPN are considered acceptable by af least 1 Limit temperature variations to @ 852 of the population, providing naximom of &F. sudden changes are avoided. Maintain general air motion 4. Temperature changes or high air between 15 and 50 fpm. velocity has considerably more effect on comfort when applied to In industrial environments higher air the neck region of a human velocities are sometimes permissible subject than when applied to the or even favorable. The above table ankle region. The neck region ts (Figure 1) gives information that may twice as sensitive be used for various environments.We ISOTHERMAL JETS ~ FREE SPACE Understanding the behavior of jets is necessary to properly select and locate supply outlets. Figure 2 shows ISOTHERMAL JET eee Dee ares CCr Noucen an Figure 2 an axial jet of air exiting from an outlet with an air tenpersture equal to the surrounding afr temperature (isothermal air). Shortly after the high velocity primary alr leaves the outlet Lt induces surrounding alr {nto the air stream, This total air envelope then assumes the shape of an expanding cone as it enters a free space (no obstructions) As the cone expands the velocity of the air within decreases. Throw {s defined as the distance to any mea ured velocity, (terminal velocity) along the centerline of the cone. The total air envelope defines all points fon the wall of the cone where the alr velocity 4s the same value Manufacturers generally publish throw values for 150 FPM, 100 FM and 50 FPM cerminal velocites. Maximum throw occurs at 50 FPM terminal velocity. Minimum throw occurs at 150 FPM. Surprisingly the air stream assumes a cone shape shortly after leaving the outlet regardless of the shape of the outlet, and lends itself to mathemac- Jeal prediction of throw; prediction of the amount of secondary air induced {nto the total air envelop; and prediction of the velocicy patterns along any cross section of the jet Analysis and experimentation reveals that the performance of any outlet is related to the Initial velocity of the air as it exits the outlet and the area of the outlet. Doubling the Initial velocity will double the throw and double the amount of air induced into the jet The throw for a given in{tial velocity also increases as the area of the outlet increases More detailed information on the predictability of {sothermal jets can be found in the ASHRAF Cufde and Data Book. Heating or coaling applications of free Jets involves the use of primary alr whose temperature Ls warner or colder respectively than the surround~ ing room air. This difference inNON:ISOTHERMAL JETS — FREE SPACE 4 now 4 AGES ~ ae a \ ee gre) SS a Foon Figure % ® temperature between the primary and envelope dropping or rising from the room air is called outlet at. outlet centerline. The bouyant effect will take place whenever the jet s the jet progresses into the room centerline velocity falls below 150 nig ieee ae eco PM. With velocities preater than 150 orbing the room load. Thus the P momentum of the jet will further away the jet fs (rom the worcome bouvant forces and keep outlet, the closer the jet Eemperature ne Gyox horizental is to room temperature, Generally the jet temperature will be within 0.5F to Iftele published research work is O.8F when the terminal velocity een available to accurately predict actual throw and drop once the nonisothermal Since the two regions of air in the jet has dropped below 150 FPN, Thus room are at different temperatures, a reliance must be placed on outlet density difference also exi This manufacturers published data which Wifference in densities causes bouyant reflects tested performance of indi- 6 forces which result in the total air vidual producesSPREAD VS VANE SETTING Figure 4 Figure 3 shows the general impact on room alr motion caused by a non- isothermal jet. With an outlet applied as shown the occupled zone velocities will be within an accept- able range of 15 FPN to 50 FPN, and the air temperature within the oc cupled zone will be relatively con stant. Allowing the total alr envel~ ope at 50 FPM to fall into the oc~ cupied zone will create- local veloc- ities greater than 50 FPN with com plaints of drafts, Thus the outtet must be located above the occupled zone at a hetght equal to the expected drop. This information is conmonly available since manufacturers rate outlet performance on the basis of throw, drop, outlet velocity, and outlet At. Obviously the opposite effect occurs during heating. After slowing to 150 FPM the total air envelope rises. Careful attention must therefore be patd to this when selecting heating outlets, and particularly when the outlets must both heat and cool VANES vanes in the outiet deflection ave set at angles to give a fanning or flaring effect, both throw and drop are reduced. Short throws and minimum drop can be achieved by using smal] quantities of air (multiple outlets) and spreading the air. Figure & shows the Impact of deflection vanes for one As the manufacturers outlet deflec~ tion angle increases the spread ofthe jet pattern also increases. Since the phenomenon does not lend itself readily to mathematical analysis manufacturers test data should be used to predict spread. EEFECT OF WALLS AND GENLINGS The discusston of throw and drop has thus far been limited to free space applications. If the jet is projected parallel to and within a few inches of a wall or ceiling (Figure 5) the jet EFFECT OF WALLS AND CEILINGS ouner ree Figure 5 will a half cone. if the take on the form of The cone size will be as jet were emanating from an outlet twice the area of the actual outlet. Flow must now be Fesentially the same distributed thru one half of a larger cone. Maximum velocities will remain close to the surface, creating a low pressure region between the jet and the surface. Thus the jet hugs the surface while induction is Ifmited to the free side of the jet. The net 6- free space will, result is that compared to projection the throw of the jet be increased, and the drop for hori- zontal projections decreased as the jet is pushed toward the surface by the rush of induced atr bhen outlets are not located within the surface, increased be one foot of surface effect can obtained by directing the flow of the jet tovards the surface. This effect will be manifested as long as the angle of discharge between the jet and the surface is less than 40° and the outlet is within two feet of the surface. The closer the jet is to the surface, the more the effect. It is good practice to make use of this effect in selecting outlets since it tends to keep the total air enve~ lope ont of the occupied zone, and thus Improves overall room air mation. FOR CONFINED SPACES THROW AND DROP For most applications primary air is that the total the supplied in such a way alr envelope doesn't enter oe- cupted zone. It is practical, however, in many applications to consider the region within 1 foot of the walls as also being outside the occupied zone. ‘The total air envelope will projectalong the walls as shown In Figure 6 In this case generally acceptable high air velocities will occur within a four inches of the wall. the velocity will rapidly fall off as the distance away from the wall Increases. Average air motion within the occupied zon THROW AND DROP FOR CONFINED SPACES Figure 6 will necessarily be less than the terminal velocity at the end of the Thus the acceptable throw in Figure 6 would be L + Nl. Another benefit in using the walls in this manner is the lack of need to be concerned with drop from overhead. The jet velocities will he high en to keep the air along the cei TOF OPPOSING JETS When two jets are blowing at each other, the air from either jet behaves just as if it had struck a vereical wall. After colliding the two streai ‘aject downward in a vertical plane with a high velocity region at the center (see Figure 7). The downward vertical projection is acceptable as long as it does not protrude into the occupied zone. IMPACT OF OPPOSING JETS Grortusion, oceupien ‘one Figure 7 Generally the acceptable throw at 50 FPM terminal velocity would be equal to the swm of the horizontal distance "L" plus the vertical distance "Dp". ome manufacturers account for this ct by publishing minimum radius of diffusion or minimum throw figures Thus the distance between two outlets should be no less than twice the published minimum throw data. Conversely the maximum distance two outlets could be separated would be twice the published throw values at 50 This insure that neither of the two jets would drop into the occupted zone. Fach jet would perform own in Figure &.MAXIMUM DISTANCE IMUM THROW =< MAXIMUM THROW « od TERMINAL VELOCITY EOUAL SPM OCCUPIED 20NE OUTLETS IN PARALLEL When two jets (Figure 9) located at a minimum distance "D are discharging in parallel, each has 9 maximum velocity core, and each behave independently until it reaches a distance "L" where the two interfere OUTLETS IN PARALLEL pom oF PLAN VIEW he point of interference the Up to maximum velocities Jie along the centerline of each jet. Past the point of interference the maximum velocity then occurs on a line midway between the outlets. At this point a IMPACT OF CEILING HEIGHT Figure 10 secondary jet conical profile is formed which behaves as if it were emanating from an outlet twice the size of either of the actual outle The net result of mixing under these conditions is that the throw of the two parallel jets exceeds that of one Individually and likewise the drop The minimum distance is a function 1 outlet spread pattern, . "outlet Thus, type, and outlet velocit manufacture: must be used to ascertain this "can range from zero up to 20 feet depei ing upon the varfables 11 above. IMPACT. ¢ Nost manufacturers rate their outlets based on 9 Ft. occupied heights. With a FL. occupied zone, this leaves 3 Fe. above the ceiling to allow for jetFigure 10 shows two roams with identical 8 Ft. x 6 Ft. occupied zones. In case "A" an outlet would have to be selected with a maximum throw of 8 + 4 = 11 Feet, Should che ceiling be raised 2 additional feet, there is now more room for the jet to drop before entering the sccupied zone. Thus the outlet (No, | in case B) could he selected with a maximum throw of 8 4 9 42 = 14 Fece As a rule of thumb, Che outlet max imum allowable throw can be Increased by one foot for every foot of additional ceiling height above 9 Feet. Outlets are also rated with minimum throw distances which usually corre~ spond to 150 FPM terminal velocity. At 9 Ft. ceiling hefght no wall or opposing jet should be closer than this minimum value. However, as the ceiling height increases, this min{mum throw value may be decreased by one foot for every foot of ceiling height. For example, let's assume the outlet in case "A" has a minimum throw of & Fe. Using the same outlet (No. ! in case 8") in a room with an I! Foot ceiling would allow the outle: to be Incated B - 2 © 4 Feet aay from the wall. Under no circumstances however should a vall or opposing jet be placed any closer than 50% of the rated minimum throw (B x 0.5 = 4 Ft. in this example). RADIAL JETS BLAM VIEW Figure IL RADIAL. JETS In a radial jet air is projected oucward from the outlet in a 360° pattern. A cross sectional view of the Jet in Fipure 1 reveals that the jet shape and therefore performance is similar to an axial jet projecting from a single outlet. Thus the previous illustrations relating to axial jets also apply to radial jets. STAGNANT. ZONES, convection currents rise from Natural warm surfaces or internal loads, and fall from cool surfaces. The process forms "pools" of stagnant air near the ceiling or floor. Air velocities within these currents and pools are usually low - less than 20. PM, Within the pools the air stratafies in layers of increasing temperatures frona low to a high level. The temperature gradiants within the stagnant regions of the room will be larger than in any other region of a room supplied by an air jet. When exposed to stagnant regions, people perceive thenselves as uncomfortable, Although ASURAE test studies show chat 85% of the people will be satisfied as long as the temperature gradiant within the eccupied zone does not exceed 4F CURRENTS. STAGNANT ZONES Poot or h WWW STAGNANT AIR NATURAL CONVECTION CURRENT Figure (2 Figure 12 shows the formation ef a warm stagnant region caused by a warm outside wall be The stagnant zone can only broken up or prevented by projecting a cool jet of air into the stagnant air. The reverse would be true for a cool stagnant region near the floor. Natural convection currents can also be overcome by projecting a high velocity jet (greater than 150 FPN) into the bouyant afr. With velocities less than this the bouyant forces In - caused by differing air densities will overcome the momentum of the jet. SUPPLY OUTLET TYPES ply outlets are classified both by their location in a room (i.e., high idewall), and by their physical configuration, This section will deal with the physical types of outlets. Four basic types of supply outlets are a a perforated available. They are @ diffusers, common ly diffusers, “w grilles, ceiling slot and ceiling panels. Fach type has indi~ vidual construction features, physical configurations and air pattern perfor chat one from mance distinguish another. GRILLE OUTLETS used is 13). The most common grille outlet an adjustable bar grille (Figure A single deflection grille consists of a frame enclosing a single set of either horizontal or vertical vanes. A double deflection grille has a second set of vanes installed behind and at right angles to the face vanes. Vanes may be either fixed or adjust able. Accessory dampers may he installed directly hehind the grille forming a combination called a regis~ ter.Figure 13 of discharge air patterns. For easy can contain face turning vanes which — tepieal construction view of Figure direct the air along the ceiling 14, or all cones extend only to the locations. Otherwise Chelr normal depth of the standard outer cone. construction directs the air downward into the occupied zone Adjustable pattern diffusers are available to change the air discharge pattern from horizontal to vertical and vice versa. This is accomplished Ceiling diffusers consist of flaring by the special construction of the rings or louvers which form a series diffuser itself or the use of an concentric air passages. They are accessory deflection device. Multi- diffusers are square or |Lf i ee Figure louvers or core assemblies to dis charge air simultaneously tn one or more directions. Damper and straight ening vane assemblies are available as CATION Depending on the discharge pattern ceiling diffusers can be located in several ceiling locations, high sidewall locations or on exposed ductwork. SLOT DLFFUS R_OUTLETS A slot diffuser (Figure 15) ts an elongated outlet consisting of a single or multiple number of slots Nepending the application it is available In lengths of 2,3,4, or 5 feet; or it can be installed in long continuous Lengths. Outlets with a HHmensfonal aspect ratio of 25 to tor preater with a maximum height of approximately 3 inches, generally meet the performance criteria for slots. ooSlots are available with adjustable flow equalization vanes installed behind and at right angles to the slot which improve the discharge pattern of assenblies are the diffuser. —Danper also available as an integral part of the slots for Flow adjustment. APPLIGAT ON Slot diffusers perform well én high sidewall Jocations; ceiling; or perimeter windowsill, curhy oF Floor locations. They also are sed sue~ cessfully as an integral part of recessed flourescent ght Cixtures Figure 15 PERFORATED GELLING PANELS Perforated ceiling air diffusers (Pigure 16) are designed to be used as lay in tiles in a "I" bac or perforated ceiling. The outlet consists of a square or rectangular flat perforated panel thru which air Sie may discharge vertically, Also an adaptor may be installed which houses directtonal deflectors to create horizontal air patterns along the ceiling. DIRECTIONAL DEFLECTORS ene / PERFORATED PANEL, Figure 16 OUTLETS INSTALLED ON DUCTWORK Care must be exercised when an outlet is located on or close to the main supply duct. The left hand side of Figure 17 shows that the air leaving the duct will tend to pile into the downstream side of the outlet result~ Ing in uneven and gusty distribution Clearly the air must be straightened before entering the outlet. This is typically accomplished with straight- ening vanes and volume extractors. The right hand side of Figure 17 shows a grille assembly with the accessories necessary for mounting the grille on a duct, Accessories similar {n function {f not {n shape are available for ali types of outlets. The volume extrac~ tor (usually adjustable) uses curvedLe Le 2 t © yecoeite OUTLET LocareD on over Guvenine wonzonran vanes bieecriowat Wemicaty vanes Figure 17 vanes to scoop the afr out of the duct various locations in the conditioned f and start it turning toward the space. : outlet. Straightening vanes then direct the air in a direction perpen- GROUP "A" OUT dicular to the outlet face. tse of accessories such as these insure The flow patterns shown in Figure 18 optimum performance. are representative of performance for a group of similar outlets including high sidewall grilles, — sidewall OUTLET PERFORMANCE BASED ON LocAtLON Uiltusers, sideval) slots, ceiling diffusers and linear ceiling dif- Figures 18 through 24 represent the fusers. results of outlet performance tests conducted at the University ef wigi stpewals, OUTLET Tllinols Engineering Experiment Station. They serve as a helpful During cooling the high sidewall guide in visualizing the flow patterns outlet shows a condition of overblow caused by different types of outlets caused by the use of the opposite wall vhen discharging cool or warm air from a8 part of the jet projection. TheFigure total air drops along the outside wall and flows slowly for some distance across the Floor. igh’ velocities on the order of 150 FPM may be found along the vall, but will dissipate within about four inches of the wall. In many applications this condition may be perfectly acceptable by considering the occupied zone to start one foot in from the outside wall. Good air mixing occurs within the occupied zone, and no stagnant areas exist. During heating the outlet delivers the same CFM and the total air envelope does not descend along the wall. Even though the outlet flow rate is the same as that shown for cooling, the bouyant warm air forces acting on the jet are stronger than the jet momen- tum. The bouyant warm alr causes the air envelope to curl back toward the ceiling. Thus a stagnant zone ts created within th occupied zoneCEILING OUTLET The cooling diagram for the cefling outlet (Figure 18) shows that jet momentum to the left Is counteracted by the stronger bouyant forces of comvectfon currents rising along the outside wall. Thus the jet drops before reaching the wall. The jet reaches the neutral temperature interfor wall to the right and drops down along it. No stagnant zones are noticeable. During heating the ceiling dif eser shows the effect of bouyant forces caused by natural convection currents. The downward cold alr draft on the outside wall to the left creates a slight negative pressure atthe ceiling. The warm air jet moves tn from the right to f411 the votd and the throw extends “to the wall However, the warm alr looses its dounsard momentum toward [ts terminal point and does not extend down the outside walls but being warm, tends to curl back toward the cefling- All nan discharge air near the ceiling to take outlets similar to Group advantage of ceiling effect. During cooling, the warm afr in the room ts induced upwards to mix {mmedtately with the cool primary afr far dove the occupied zone. Thus these outlets are capable of handling reiattvely 16 large quantities of supply air at large temperature differentials. air from the the During heating the warm outlet tends to remain along cetling. This produces a large stagnant zone at some distance above the floor. Temperature variations between the stagnant layer and the total air envelope will be small due to good mixing. However, there is a large temperature difference within the stagnant layer. This is caused result of cold natural off primarily as a outside that convection currents the wall. This condition indicates some means of projecting warm air to is that the floor required, or additfonal heat should be supplied at the base of the perimeter exposure — especially under windows In an interior zone where heat loads are not so severe, the stagnant layer is practically non existent during heating or cooling and conditions throughout the room are uniform with a minimum temperature gradiant. In summary, then standard outlets similar to group "A" type tend to be suited for cooling only applications, in regions where is interior spaces, or in the perimeter heating winter only a minor problem.FLOOR OUTLET. COOLING Figure PB" OUTLETS Figure [9 {Ilustrates a floor outl adjacent to an interior wall. Simflar {low characteristics would be produced by floor grilles, baseboard units, low sidewall unite, or Linear slot type grilles in the f or or windowst 11 Since these outlet types have no deflecting vanes to spread the airy t vertical primary air Is projected ly in a single jet up the inside wall When the air strikes the ceiling it fans out in all directions From the point of contact During cooling the total afr envelope follows the ceiling for some distance, drops into the occupied zone as it looses momentum. A stagnant rone is eated outside and above the terminal point of the total air envelope by FLOOR OUTLET, HEATING warm convection currents rising along the outside wall. This usually occurs above the occupied zone. The space below the total air envelope will be adequately cooled due to the induction of warm room air into the vertical jet cool air. Space to the right of the total air envelope and below the stagnant zone will also be adequately cooled as the cooler air drops into the occupied zone creating a counter Clockwise air movement to the right. the farther the inside wall is away from the total afr envelope the more stratification cemperature occurs in the occupied zone. Manufacturers test data suggest the inside wall not be more than 20 feet heyond the terminal point of the total air During heating the projection pattern {s similar to cooling. The less dense warm alr in the et hugs the ceilingThe throw extends out to and part way down opposite wall. Cold convec tion currents flow down the outside wall creating a zone along the floor. Comparison with Group "A' Type outlets will show the stagnant zone during heating to be smaller This 1s due to the induction of cold air along the floor directly into the vertical jet. This reduces the tendency toward stratification and results in greater temperature equali- zation in the occupied zone attaches itself further up the wall - minimizing scrubbing. J. OUTSIDE WALL a (é ‘ NT sTAGHANT a. 470 6 INCHES a | oursive wane STAGNANT px) \\ Ee ) eas me B INCHES MAXIMUM PREVENT WASHING WALL Figure 20 Vhen placed on an outside wall the primary air will be drawn toward the wall. This scrubbing of the wall {ncteases heat gain or loss. To minimize this effect (Figure 20) the outlet should be placed no more than 6 inches away from the wall and deflect ed at a 15 degree angle avay from the wall. Installed in this manner the Figure 21 locating the outlet in a low sidewall or sill produces the effect shown in Figure 21. Yo cause the primary air to be drawn back to the wall instead of being projected into the room, the jet must come in contact with a vertical surface of approximately 4 to 6 inches at the point of discharge. When Jocated along the outside wall these outlets will not completely counteract natural convection currents unless suffictent outlets are in- stalled around the perimeter ~ prefer- ably in areas of the largest heat gain When or loss (i.e., under windows). installed in this manner, Pigure 19 picture provides an adequate heating performanceOUTSIDE WALL OUTSIDE WALL, Figure 22 hn summary then Group "i" outlets perform better than Group "A" outlets ring heating particularly when located along the outside wall. Group "A" outlets, however outperform group "BY outlets during cooling. crour. Figure 22 illustrates a floor outlet nstalled next to an outside wal Performance shown would be similar for any floor mounted grille, diffuser, ot n linear slot; or any low sid liffuser. Although related to group "pM outlets, Group "6" outlets are characterized hy de spreading jets. higher supply cities, and higher Induction ratio: During cooling the wide diffusion: of the primary air along the wall lovers the jet velocity rapidly causing the cold tota) air to fold back toward the floor. This increases the size hori- vontally and vertically of the stag- nant zone compared to Group "B" outlets. Minimizing this effect is best achieved by using low outlet at's of less than 15F, The primary benefit of Group "Cc" outlets occurs during heating. Here the wider diffusion a d higher dis- charge velocities increase the induc~ tion of cold room air from the Floor. This reduces the stagnant zone com pared to Group "8" outlets. Group "GC" outlets have been used successfully for residential heating, however, they may also offer conmer- {al solutions hen heating require ments are severe, and cooling require- ments moderate—-oursine watt LOW WALL OUTLET, COOLING LOW WALL OUTLET. HEATING Figure 0 TLETS This group includes baseboard, low sidewall grilles and similar outlets These outlets (Figure 23) discharge the primary air in single or multiple jets horizontally across the floor into the occupfed zone During, cooling the total air envelope remains near the floor. Natural convectfon currents rise along the outer wall reating a large stagnant zone in the upper region of the room buring heating the total alr envelope rise toward the ceiling Inducing room air From che floor on either side and eliminating stagnant zones. Tempera tures within the room are thus uniform except within the total air envelope Due to che high velocity jet directed into the occupied zone, this group outlet arrangement is not recommended 23 for cooling. Lf used for heating, outlet velocities should be limited to 300 FPM These outlets have been suc residential sfully appited in heating or industrial process. ere controlled air installations velocities are desired. They have juestionable residential cooling or commercial comfort application value. GROUP "E" OUTLETS Figure 24 shows the heating and cooling grans for outlets mounted to provide downward vertical air projection. This group of outlets {ncludes ceiling diffusers, nozzles, linear type grilles, grilles and other similar outlets. The heating and cooling diagrams for these outlets show completely differ~ ent throws for the same CFM of deliv- ery air, During cooling the densityToone noon Figure of the cool air s the throw of the primary air to the floor, and the total air envelo pe tends to follow the floor. Th s pattern tends to create a stagnant zone near the ceiling, where warm convection currents off the exterior vall on the left have accum ulated a pool of warm ait. High and large elocitie temperature gradients exist where the total air envelope penetrates the occupted zone. buring heating the béuyant forces are acting against the jet of primary warm air. Sufficiently high outlet veloct ies are needed to project the cota alr to and across the floor. After reaching the floor bouyancy forces will fold the total afr back toward the ceiling. Cold downdrafts along the left exterfor wall remain unef fected, however, they are mixed into HEATING — f0o® the total afr envelope along the Noor ust as during cooling, the warm air envelope being projected into the occupied zone creates localized high velocities and temperature gradiants. The large variance in throw charac- teristics generally result in the outlets being used for cooling or one way of heating ~ seldom for both reducing the throw variance is to minimize bouvancy effects, This is accomplished by selecting small outlet Lemperature differentials (25F or less) To avoid the high velocity region in the occupied 2one, outlets are gen- erally placed along the outside wall which makes it more difficult to create proper air motion in the rest of the spaceIn summary, use of outlets tn this group is recommended for localized spot cooling or heating and not for applications requiring both cooling and heating from the same outlet HEATING AND COOLING FROM THE OUTLET A review of groups "A" through diffuser types reveals that optimum cooling performance {s achieved with the use of group "A" high sidewall or ceiling outlets, while group "Cc" outlets provide the best heating performance. Group ""B" out Lets represent a reasonable compromise for outlets that must both heat and cool. Group "B" compromises the optimum under the window heating performance order to of group in provide reasonable cooling performance. There is another group of recently developed outlets that compromises the optimum cooling performance of group "A" in order to provide reasonable heating performance. GROUP _"F"" OUTLETS This group of outlets includes ceLling diffusers and Linear ceiling diffusers that are able to redirect the supply air toward the outside wall when heating performance is required =a A review of group "E" (Figure 24) shows that when outlets are selected for heating the throw must overcome bouyancy forces to reach the floor. Nigh velocity air is required. The Rroup outlet when delivering the same CFM for cooling now runs into difficulty, The houyant forces now ald the momentum of the jet and the cooling throw becomes excessive - thrusting high velocity cool air along the floor into the occupied zone. Group "F" outlets supply primary air in two directions during cooling and the point The are located Us wy throw extends down the outside wall to wall near quarter of the room (Figure 25) the floor - Washing the with primary afr. Normal induction and convective currents will prevent the formation of stagnant regions During heating, che unit closes off flow to the fnterfor of the room and directs the total Clow of primary air toward the outside wall. Thus the discharge velocity is increased allowing the momentum of the jet to overcome {ts bouyancy tendencies and reach the floor. the way it cold Along and neutralizes the off mixes with downdraft the outside wall and windows. As the jet velocity slows it extends across the floor and then upward into the space as bouyancy forces dominate. Lower regions towardCOOLING HEATING igure 25 nate without the inducenent of tr sidewall or ceiling outlers fn order Vi VELOCITY FALL-OFF PER DISTANCE FROM GRILLE hieve reasonable heating perfor- mance fro! the same diffuser Figure 26 Outlets of this type tend to he utilized where climates are moderate ee ene ee khere bui pads are equal aaa confined space, a similar amount has 0 or less than 400 BTU/hr/lineal foot . come ir neeleercae 0 be removed or the circulation would ett ec reeer eu caee yee nee mlCueLs OE aatconalic seep rere uareleitprensies (eri perform sat: ctorily. When building 2 400 up in the space. Return openings must heating loads are greater th be located in the space to maintain BTU/hr /Lin + some form of low proper circulation perimeter heating systen is required to overcone cold convection cirrents As the Insert in Figure 26 shows, the @ off the exterior wall. approach air velocity to a return \intake drops rapidly just a few inches in Front of the opening. For this reason returns affect the room air motion only in its immed{ate vicinity. Recognizing this, some advantage can be obtained by Locating the returns in the most likely stagnant zones of a room. These regions by definition are always Located outside the total air envelope of the jet. Although returns do not eliminate stagnant ones, returns do shrink their size and shift their locations slightly, For heating, returns should be located low for the dense air dropping to During cooling the density pickup of cold the floor. difference between supply and room alr in aids {n natural diffusion within aJt areas of the occupied one, and stagnant zones are practfeally elim- inated. Thus, location for cooling ts not critical, however, expected low velocity regions of the space would be prime areas for the returns, ARCHITECTURAL CONS LDERATIONS Tn many applications a large centrally located return grille can be used This tends to minfmize return ductwork and draws air in all directions from the surrounding spaces. In other applications @ hall, corridor ot public space can be used as a return with the use of a large grille at the end of the passageway 2h Another conmon method of return in commercial buildings is through the cavity above the cetling. This is referred to as a ceiling plenum return. Returns of various types are located in the ceiling for this application, and the central equipment draws air from the cavity. Short Cirewiting The use of cefling returns outside the occupied zone can place the returns within the total air envelope of the supply alr. Concern over short efr- cuiting arises. When supply air is drawn into a return before it has been circulated 4n the occupied zone, and has not reached room temperature, it 1s considered to have been short circuited. Based on a 20F outlet at, every IF difference between room and supply air temperature corresponds to approximately a 5% cirevlation loss. The percentage of supply capacity short cirewited Is dependent upon the prediction of temperatures in the jet. ‘These temperatures are dependent upon (1) The location of the return with respect to the supply outlet, (2) Supply outlet initial velocity, and G) The terminal velocity of the supply air at the return opening. Returns within the total air envelope should be located perpendicular to theFlow of the jet and on a centerline which does not coincide with the jet centerline. This will assure che lowest velocity (subsequently warmest) supply air {s recirculated. Short circuiting loss will chus be min- imized. Returns should be located at least as far avay from the outlets as the minimum chrow. This usually corresponds to a centerline jet terminal velocity of 150 PM. Ae this distance short circuiting generally should be less than 15%, and even lower if the return is not on the jet centerline. focations at the maximum throw or along the extremities of the total air envelope uhere alr velocity equals 50 FPM will be less than 5%. MAX THROW a & - (Caccerrastes np — yore [Joerren a Figure 37 Figure 27 shows a plan view of two outlets discharging into a space. Several returns are shown at different ceiling locations. Location Ko. 1 ts acceptable with losses around 15%. Locations 2, 3 and 4 would be better since the jet velocities and tempera tures would tend to be within IF of 25 room temperature and losses would thus be around 5%.° The best location (No. 5) would be outside the total air envelope and losses would be zero Return Grille Selection Return grilles are selected by chons~ ing appropriate grille gross face areas which yield acceptable room noise levels, and reasonable grille static pressure losses. Manufacturers offer different rating methods, however, general selection guidelines can he tied to grille face velocities. The acceptable face velocity varies with the return Jocation and type of application, Figure 28 shows typical velocity recommendations based on grille gross areas (LX W). This is sufficient for approximating sizes. Final sizes should be selected from manufacturers data. POTION PROCEDUR The following procedure is generally followed in selecting the outlet type, the location, and outlet quantity for a given application: |. Determine Required CFM Supply Air Using load estimating techniques determine the CFM of air required to absorb the room load. Consid~ eratfon must he given here to theGRILLE LOCATION COMMERCIAL ‘Above Occupied Zone Within Occupied Zone, not near seats Wathin Qecupied Zone. neae seats Door oF Wall Louvers Undererting of Boars INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL Figure 28 outlet At to be used. Typically the design room temperature for cooling will be 75F and the temperature of the air leaving the outlet will be 55F. Thus an outlet dt of 75 - 95 = 20F ts common. CFM {s related to outlet At by the following equation CFM = RSU/(I.1 x At) where CFM - CFM of primary air RSH = Room Sensthle Heat (BTUN) 1.1 = Constant At = Outlet Temperature Difference Although 20F {s a common outlet At, others may be used to match psychronetric requirements duct sizing, or outlet performance Higher than a 20F at will reduce primary alr requirements, and less than 20F at will increase primary air CFM Select Outiet FPM OVER GROSS AREA foo ard above 600 - B00 400 - 600 500 - 1000 600 Consider Room Constraints Based on the space to be conditioned the following items should be determined | Meight of occupied zone 2, Potential use of a I Foot zone along the walls for projection of the total air envelope Architectural constraints such as windows, beams, columns, ceiling height and room dimensions. In locating the outlet consideration must be given to the projectton pattern of the jet, the room constraints, and the outlet heating and cooling requirements. Selecting the optimim location will maximize comfort and minimize drafts and stagnant regions.oe —~ourer crMso FT ain CHANGES courier TYPE FLOOR AREA PER HOUR OURANGE é 7 15-38 GRILLEIREGISTER 20-25 SLOT DIFFUSER 10 2 PERFORATED PANEL 6 8 20. CEILING DIFFUSER 2% 30 20 Figure 29 4. Select Outlet type throws (radius of diffusion), and Actually Step 3 and this step are most rapid temperature diffusion interrelated and it is difficult Slot diffusers fall in between to separate one from the other. these two. However, when a choice hetween outlets does exist figure 29 can 5. Select Outlet Size and Quantity @ serve as a general guide. . Keep : ene gene comer ee Manufacturer's ratings must be peeee eer eee matched to allowable throw, drop, final basis for choice. spread, room air motion, and room sound requirements to arrive at outlet quantity and size. Generally it can be said that each type of diffuser has charac~ teristics which make {t destrable SELECTION OF EFLECTION GRILLES for certain applicatior Grilles have the lowest induction rates and longest throws. the The preferred location for sidewall low induction rates result in the outlets is high on the wall at a point total air traveling a longer where there is some opportunity for distance before it approaches decrease of terminal velocity before room temperature. Grilles thus the total air envelope enters the can be sald to have a slow occupied zone. Performance of the temperature diffusion, Round and outlet depends on whether the jet is oe square ceiling diffusers have the discharging Into a "Free Space” or a highest induction rates, shortest "confined space." Adjustable vanesprovide an opportunity for changing the characteristics of the air stream to match the application. The influ- ence of vanes on outlet performance ts therefore of considerable tmportance Figure 30 FREE SPACE Many manufacturers rate their outlets on the basis of "Free Space” perfor~ mance, with horizontal vanes set straight so that no vertical de- flection is given to the air, The free space characteristics are those that would exist if the ceiling were a long distance above the top of the outlet, This type of ~ application might exist in auditoriums, churches, or gymnasiums or other spaces with high ceilings. Figure 30 is a graph- ical representation of a typical outlet's performance on the free space basis at 20F temperature difference Throw, plotted on the horizontal scale, is based on a terminal velocity of 50 fpm. The distance the afr stream drops helow the centerline of the outlet may be read along the vertical scale. Lines of constant outlet velocity and primary CFM are plotted on the grid to complete the chart. this As an example of the use of chart, assume that an outlet is sized to supply 500 CFM to a space at an outlet velocity of 900 FPN. The throw nay be read as about 24 Feet and the drop about 9 feet. The centerline of the outlet would have to be 6 Ft. +9 ab Fr = 15 Feet above the floor if desired. Thi Foot occupied zone is is necessary to prevent the air stream's penetration into the occupied zone before reaching the terminal velocity of 30 FPM. CONFINED SPACE ( LING EFFECT) outlets may also be installed in “confined spaces ~ i.e., rooms with close proximity walls, ceilings, and floors. Locating the top of the outlet within 1 foot of the ceiling results in the jet hugging the ceil~ ing, increasing throw, and reducing drop. Figure 31 shows the impact of coiling effect. ‘The same outlet as in the previous example now gives differ- ent results. For 500 CFM at a veloci~ ty of 500 FPN che throw may be read as 26.5 about Feet and the drop about 8 Feet. With this drop the outlet~ 29 - Figure 31 centerline need be only 6 Ft. 4 8 Fe = 14 Feet above the floor level to Prevent high velocities fn the ves pied zone Figure 31 also shows that drop ts primarily a function of the CEN delivered by the outlet and not the outlet velocity. At 400 CFM increas ing the velocity from 300 FPM to 1000 FRM only reduces the drop from 7.2 Ft. to about 6 Ft. However, at 500 FDM reducing the CEH from 1000 tw 200 reduces the drop from 10 Ft. to about 5,5 Ft. Thus when drop ts a consider- ation it is better to use multiple outlets with smaller ain quantities as opposed to one large outlet PACT OF SPREAD The pattern described by Figure 31 is altered significantly when vertical deflection vanes are set at angles to give Canning or flaring effect. noth Figure 32 throw and drop are reduced in this case. A well designed grille will be capable of deflecting the discharge air approximately 50 degrees to either side. Figure 32° shows the impact of 45 degrees vane deflection settings. The same outlet as in the previous exam- ples when delivering 500 CFM at 500 FPM outlet velocity gives a throw of about 19 Feet and a drop of only 4 Feet. The outlet centerline would have to be only 6 Feet + 4 Feet = 10 Feet above the floor, MUUINUM CEILING HEIGHT The cetling height required by a high Sidewall outlet equale the sum of (1) the height of the occupied zone, (2) the drop from the centerline of the outlet, (3) one half the outlet height, and (4) the distance from the top of the outlet to the ceiling30 = SPREAD VS VANE SETTING 3 bol ro) i so wow Figs The previous example required the | MIXING OF JETS centerline of the outlet to be 6 Ft. + 4 Ft = 10 ft. high, With an 8 inch high diffuser located | foot below the ceiling. The required ceiling height should be 10 Ft. + 1/2 (B In.) + 1 Ft. = LIF. @ Inches. Gedling effect will occur as Long as the top of the outlet is within | Foot of the ceiling. When located more than | Foot below the ceiling, hori- zontal vanes should be used to deflect the air up toward the ceiling. As a rule of thumb the top of the outlet should be no more than twice the outlet height below the cefling manufactur~ of Figure 33 represents one er's ratings for the spread the jet stream as a function of throw and vertical vane angle settings. It is common for spaces to be served by multiple outlets spaced along a common wall. In this case the spread of each jet may interfere with the spread of Jets on either side. Mixing of jets thus will occur, When mixing occurs at a distance from the outlet less than 50% of the normal throw, the mixed stream will expand vertically result and a signifi- If ing in increased drop in throw. 50% cant increase mixing the distance, the 15% with occurs beyond throw will increase by about no appreciable increase in dropoe FACTOR- SIDEWALL OUTLETS Factor + Figure 34 ROOM ALR NOTION Research into the performance of sidewall outlets in the 1930's led to a generalized technique for determin- ing the general air mot{on within a room. The approach depends on factor "K" which is the supply ofm divided by the area of the wall containing the outlet(s). This factor has the dimensions of velocity, and is related to the general air mot{on through the induction ratio. Test results have been correlated using the "k"” factor as a basis, and are pre- sented in Figure 34, The factor chart defines the interrelation of outlet cfm, outlet velocity, and average room velocity (or residual velocity) for spaces supplied with air through sidewall outlets. This chart, in conjunction vith outlet rating tables published in the appendix of this book has been used successfully for many years with vntformly good results. These ratings are representative of the type of information presented by the manufac~ turers of high s{dewall outlets. An inspection of these sidevall outlet ratings indicates that each size outlet is rated at various outlet velocities for various CFM's; throws at 0, 22-1/2 and 45° vane settings; and minimum ceiling height vs outlet temperature difference. Use of theseratings will be demonstrated in the selection procedure below. For spaces with beamed ceilings ratings of a reputable manufacturer should be consulted. we cue Hor orrice 5 NOMEAMS = Min THROW r5x50 35 FT Figure 35 LECTION PROCEDURE - SAMPLE PROBLEM Assume a real estate office as shown on Figure 35. The conditioned space fs 50 ft. by 22 ft. or 1100 sq. fe The ceiling height 1s 12 Ft. 0" inches with no obstructions. The Load estimate indicates that 1700 cfm with a 20F outlet At is required. OUTLET LOCATION One way of approaching this job ts to locate the air handler in the storage space, distributing the air from two outlets blowing the length of the space, This would result in a simple, relatively inexpensive job. 32 - OWABLE To adequately cover the area, the throw should be at least 75% of the available distance. This requires, in The basic reason at 79% this case, 17.5 Ft. for selecting a minimum throw of available distance is to provide some latitude in selecting outlets and also make provision for increased throw which may result from merging aty streans. The maximum allowable throw would normally be the length of the room plus the distance from the ceiling down to the top of the occupied zone. With a 12 Fe. ceding and a 6 Fe the maximum allowable (12-6) = 56 Feet. occupied zone throw would be 50 + If a 1 Foot zone slong the opposite wall could be used for downward projectton of the jet, then the maximum throw would be 50 + 12 = 62 Feet CHECKING JET SPREAD To avoid stagnant zones the jet must spread out to cover the opposite wall. Plowing into a 22 will With evo outlets Foot wide room the two jets adequately cover the opposite wall and begin to merge whenever the spread of exceeds Il Ft.. each jet Using a spread of 11 Ft. Figure 36 shows thatFigure 36 merging of jet streams will occur at (9, Ft., 12 Fe, and 5 Fe, for 0, 22 1/2, and 45 degree vane settings respectively. When merging occurs before the throw reaches 1/2 the room or 1/2 the (whichever 4s smaller) increased drop maximum outlet throw into the occupied zone and increased throw will occur. With a 50 Ft. room, all three vane settings would merge before reaching 1/2 the room. There- fore, a selection is desired whose throw fs less than theroom length of 50 Fe. MAXIMUM DROP. The outlet ratings in the appendix =re based on an occupted zone height of 6 Ft. with the outlet mounted a distance below the ceiling of twice the height of the outlet. Drop is automatically taken into account therefore, when the ratings show the minimum allowable 8 ceiling height. For this problem the minimum ceiling height must be less than 12 ft. MAXIMUM OUTLET VELOCLTY Using the "kK" factor chart will reveal the appropriate outlet velocity that will provide suitable room air motion. The outlet wall area is 22 Ft. x 12 Fe. = 264 Sq. Ft. The "KR" factor equals 1700 CHH/264 Sq. Ft. = 6.45 CPM/ Sq. Ft. Entering Figure 37 with a "K" factor of 6.45 reveals that the average room air:motion will be 22 FPN (Good) for an outlet velocity of 500 FM; 32 FPM (Good) for 750 FPM; 42 FPM (slightly high) for 1000 FPM; and 62 FPM (high, 50 FPM max) for 1500 FPMFigure 37 other than room afr motion anothet Limitation placed on ovtlet velocities {s acceptable room sound levels. The shows that for table in Figure 38 general offices the outlet velocity should be around 11M to 1250 ED OUTLET VELOCITIES RIAL vevocir® faa APPLICATION Broadcast stiior Residences partments Chunenes Hoel bedrooms Bivote ofices. acoustically Wea Several oitices Department stores. upper floors Figure 38 Thus 750 FPN would seem to be the most desirable from both an air motfon and sound point of view. However 1000 FPM could be tolerated -w- SELECT OUT! A sunmary of the above points shows that an outlet handLing 850 CEN should have (1) a throw between 37.5 Ft. and minimize the 50 Fe. to impact of merging air streams, (2) A minimum ceiling height Jess than 12 Fe.» and (3) an outlet velocity around 750 to 1000 FPN Inspection of outlet ratings in the appendix for flat ceiling reveals the results shown in Figure 39. A 30 x 6 outlet comes closest to meeting all the requirements. The 0 degree vane setting is not acceptable having @ throw which exceeds the Length of the room (53 Ft) and requiring a ceiling higher than 12 Ft. As pointed out earlier the combined spread of two cutlets set at 22 1/2" vanes will be 24 Pt. which exceeds the wvatlable room width of 22 Ft, The air streams will merge and increase throw 10 to 15%. Assuming 15% as the worst condition, adjusted throw = 40 x 1.15 = 46 Ft. This is less than the 50 Ft. length available and is acceptable, At 1047 fpm, when the outlet would deliver the required 850 cfm, the required ceiling height would be slightly higher than the 12) Ft, available.we ee CUTLET VELOCITY [SES 000 FP 00 FP Toe MT STATIC PhessuRE | — Sw A 093.22 StaNDARD OUTLET] gf! STATIC PRESSURE | 3g ay zp, a5 ass SHB 378.22 ag eS Sve 211,22 oe sue 715,724 78 Su B 136 tas METERING PLATE Wom, Si Temp oT FF ot Outlet | Vane [ng Free | Setting (cr Ae Tempo | py Tene OTT ‘areo) ‘cl Min lg Hi E rn : osnnty| i 15 [AREY 25 | ovanny | Sam 75. BRBT Fs | ovtty| Slew ae] 20 | : fea Min cig | Min Cig it Bei ab aa ras Tiss eh wed | sseh8s ER said fer | 423 [90] 18.9) t608 138) 180/180 180 pis nie a 1°53 [tao fino woo [50 [129 BY INTERPOLATION. Te eT Figure 39 In summary, 2 3 x 6 outlet with a 1/2 vane setting will deliver 850 cfm with an adjusted throw of a6 Fe and a minimum ceiling height of 12.0 Ft. The outlet velocity of 1047 1s acceptable from a noise generation standpoint for a typical general office applicatton, however the resultant room air mation will be on the high sfde (-40 FPM). The two air streams will also merge at a point less than 1/2 (40) = 20 Ft. and create an intrusion intn theviipper level of the occupied zone. Combined with the minimum ceiling height being «lightly larger than the available 12 Ft., some drafts will be felt in the upper regions of the occupied rone This then represents a marginally acceptable outlet selection due to (1) ? the Intrusion of the total air envelope into the upper region of the occupied zone and; (2) the room air motion will be about 42 to 43 fpm which approaches the 50 fpm maximum recommended for people in a sitting position, Had this job required more chan 1700 cim, ft would have been very difficult select two 1f not impossible to outlets blowing the 50 Fe. dimenston of the space. The problem would most certainly require a minimum ceiling height higher than that available he air streams would penetrate into the occupied zone before reaching a terminal velocity of 50 fpm. The result vould be complaints of drafts Nothing could be done to correct the problem short of another approach to the distribution system.HIGH_STDEWALL LOCATION, As an example of the use of the high sidewall slot diffuser informatfon, consider the same real estate office (Figure 43) discussed earlier. One approach might be to run a slot diffuser along the 22 foot wall of the space, fed froma distribution duct in the storage area CULAR HIGH SIDEWALL SLOT Figure 43 the active length of the slot may he taken as 70% of 22, 15.4 feet. As before, the CEM to be handled is 1700. The CFM per foot is then; 1700/15.4 110. E When used as a high sidewall outlet the throw should be approximately 75 - 100% of the space to be covered. In the absence of beams or other obstruc~ tions in the ceiling, the cefling effect should normally be used to reduce the drop, unless the cetlings are very high. The required throw is therefore trom 0.75 x 50 = 37.5 Fe. to about 50 Ft Inspection of the rating tables in appendix "B" shows that a 2" nominal width diffuser provides a throw of 1% fe. at 100 efm/ft. and 47 Fe. at 125 cfm/fe. Interpolating to 110 efm/ft., Cfm/Ft. ‘Throw Velocity Drop 100 39 960 42 110 (42.2) (1046) (44) 125 ar 1200 4.8 the throw fs 42.2 Ft., which is within the aceeptable range. The outiet be interpolated as Added velocity may also 1048 fpm and the drop as 4.4 Ft. to the 6 Ft. height of the occupied zone, the slot could be located 6 + 4.4 4 10.4 Ft. above the floor, This appears to be an excellent design from an engineering point of view, although the architect may prefer to have the slot run along the 50 foot wall for appearance sake. The design ts based on an assumed 70% active length, Three 5 Ft. active lengths might be used to achieve an arrangement as in Figure 43, Other arrangenents are possible. For instance, four - 4 Ft. sections with three ~ 1 Ft, and ewo - 1 1/2 Fee inactive sections would function well.PERIMETER SILL OR FLOOR Slot diffusers are also used in sills or Floors along the perimeter of a building. In these locations the stream of air directed upward during heating acts 0 counteract the downward flow of cold air due to natural convection. In perimeter spaces where both heating and cooling may be required, the method of distributing air must he a compromise Distribucion from perimeter slots 1s Probably the best compromise avat lable in terms of performance. the air stream from a perimeter slot diffuser discharging vertically upward should have sufficient throw to reach at least ceiling height, and some manufacturers recommend that the throw be continued some distance across the ceiling. tt should not reach so far as the opposite wall (or an opposing air stream) in the heating season, however. Appendix © presents data on perimeter slot diffusers as rated by one manufacturer. these-ratings give throw for both a 20F temperature difference cooling situation a the 0° 1 for temperature difference, "isothermal" condition. In using this application data the manulacturer recommends that the outlet be designed to provide sufficient throw to reach the ceiling and continue across the 39 - ceiling to a point about 15 feet from the room 4s the opposite wall. less than 15 feet wide, the stream should reach the ceiling. Figure 44 defines these ideas in more graphic form. 50 FPM TERMINAL VELOCITY ENVELOPE SILUTHROW Ty + Th Figure 44 A perimeter sill slot diffuser to supply afr to the real estate office should be located along the windows at the street end of the office. The outlet may be taken as being 2 feet above the floor. The vertical throw is then 12 - 2 or 10 feet, and the horizontal throw is 50 - 15 or 35 feet, If we follow the manufacturers recommendation. The total throw should therefore be about 45 feet. Taking the length of slot available as 18 feet and the active length 702 of that, the total active length is 12.6 ft. The cfm/foot is 1700/12.6 = 135, Inspection of the rating tables (Appendix shows a throw of 32 feet for 125 cfm/foot and 36 feet for- 40 - 150 cfm/foot for a 2" slot. At the selected Flow of 135 cfm/foot the throw would be about 34 feet, which nay not be enough to provide complete room coverage. one alternative that showld be con sidered {s to supplement the slot diffuser with another supply air means at the end of the office remote from consist of the street. This might ceiling diffusers, for instance. While such a system would be more expensive than any considered so far, 1t would have a very distinct advan- tage during che heating season. the transmission heating load could he completely handled by the slot dif- fuser air stream along the windows Since loads are Hights and people Still cooling loads away from the street, cool afr could he supplied to the distribution outlets tn that zone to keep conditions from becoming uncomfortably warm Before leaving perpendicular slot diffusers, it should be pointed out that Appendices B and C are presented as representative data only. The detailed design of the diffuser affects both throw and — drop; therefore, each manufacturer application data should be used for information on hts specific design product PARALLEL FLOW SLOT Parallel slot diffusers are available In indfvidual lengths; continuous lengths attached to a single plenum; oF continuous lengths with dummy inactive sections. Air is discharged parallel to che ceiling in an expand ing pattern. Macharge may be either in a single direction, or in two directions depending on the applica- tion requirements. The {deal application would be a continuous wall-to-wall slot whose 70% active discharge would blanket the cet ling The high induction capabilities of the outlet would maximize ceiling effect and result in mixing of primary and secondary air well above the occupied zone. The result would be efficient draftiess air diffuston within the occupied SPREAD When outlets are not installed wall- to-wall, the air diffusfon pattern “should be checked to insure adequate coverage of the ceiling. Figure 45 Indicates that the linear slot will, at the end of its maximum throw, spread out to cover an area 1.25 to 4 times the length of the outlet. for example the spread of a 4 Ft, slot will spread the discharge to cover amultiple straight lines of diffusers WAKIMUM SHOW showld be ated in the ceiling. Some general rules apply regarding the elative to location of paralle) slot one another and relative to walls. he PREAD 1astote xy To avoid dumping of high velocity cool air into the occupied zone, Figure 46 shows that outlets should be separated by a distance no less than twice the eee mutlet minimum throw, Resuleant room velocities in the occupied 2one should ceiling area 5 Ft. to Ih Ft be 25 to 50 FPH (depending on the manufacturers product) The maximum distance covered by an THROW outlet should be no more than the maximum throw. Consequently the For rooms lengths of more than two maximum distance between two outlets ® to three tines the ceiling hetghe should be no more than twice the me win waximune Figure 46maximum throw. The resultant occupted zone velocities should be between 20 bo 35 FPM. When projecting air toward a wall the qutlet can be cated up to a minimum distance from the wall of 1/2 the minimum throw, Tn this situation bigh velocity air vill blanket the ontstde wall in a @ to & inch layer. Genge- quently the wall should remain free of desks, tables, ete., which could deflect the high velocity air stream into the room As Figure 4b indicates nest manufac~ turers rate their parallel slot diffusers on the basis of a 9 foot ceiling with a 6 Ft, occupied zone The close proximity of the slot to the ceiling, maximizes “Ceiling Effect.” Thus the total air envelope hugs the ceiling, and only starts to enter the occupied zone at the .end of the naximam throw. Prop is therefore not a problem with ceiling heights of 9 Ft. or higher. For ceilings lower than 9 Fe. the rated maximum throw should be de~ creased by | Ft. and the minimum rated throw increased by 1 Ft. for every foot the ceiling Is below 9 Ft LOCATE UNITS IN TEE BAR GRID Locarine uit WeeTeE ban CEILING GRID | ple Figure 47 LOCATION 0 IN "P" BAR GRID The most popular type of cefling used in commercial buildings is the "I" bar suspended type. Grid size varies, however, the most popular size is 2" x 4, Parallel slots are designed to replace the cross tees (4 Ft. lengths) = leaving the main tees in tact to support the structural weight of the ceding As Figure 47 shows, the Least costly and most desirable location for the outlets Js to replace the cross tees.area T 7 7 stb 2x40 une vain rees = \ u woe SINGLE Line \ » Y i “ igure nite Hess desirable, the outlets can In a rectangular room Like this the be run anvehere between the cross tees iin tees In a standard 2 x & suspend- e or pavaliel to the main eoesy hosever, ell ceiling would most. kely tun aa nore hangers are required. the 50 Fe. length. 4 Ft. cross tees 7 would run the 22 Ft. length, Figure cece teiee ener rey meer eats oleic tele peer eterraees (looking down {rom above the ceiling) ‘h® lecstton of recessed I Fe. x 4 Fe. will aid in locating the outlets in a Flourescent Lighting fixtures. manner compatible with tees and vuheing teres SINGLE LANE APPROACH F the simplest approach would be to use EICAL SELECTION two-way blow slots located at 50/2 = 25 Fe. distances fron either vall As an example of the layout and Since the slot diffusers replace the selection of parallel slot diffusers, toss tees and mist he integrated vith consider the same 50 Ft. x 22 Ft. real the lighting fixtures, Figure 48 shows estate office discussed earlser. You that a single line of diffusers would LIL recall the ceiling hetghe vas 12 have to be located 26 Ft. and 24 Fe, @ Fes the room required 1700 CHM; and respectively from the walls (closest the outlet At was 20F. to the center as possible).ea > LINEAR SLOT DIFFUSER SELECTION TABLE ~ “ AG DIFFUSERS | TWO [a DROP (IN WG) ae to | 240 | 400 Bichavge weiee ay isdiper vensety | 200 | aap | 500 * dntamee a approx 50 rm a Figure 49 REQUIRED THROW would not adequately satisfy the throw requirements. (22 Ft. is less than the igute 49 represents one manufactur~ oe y . a required 26 Peet). Stagnant reglons er's ratings for 2 Fts, @ Ftss aml > yout form in the occupied zone. Ft. slots that are designed for a tee-bar ceiling. Note 4 indicates the jou ratings are based on 9 FL. ceilings, and throw figures published are to he Ing tvo Lines of outlets vil) offer adjusted for other ceiling hefahts- — heceer throw coverage. With two-way This office has a 12 Fe. coum — ouetets each Line of diffusers should height and requires the outlet to be located at approximately 50/4 throw the air 26 Ft. Inspection of 47.5 Fe, Replacing cross tees and the ratings reveals that a four fool ayoiaing lighting fixtures results in " By inp ‘ i the layout as shown in Figure 4B. CR can throw the afr 25 Ft. maximum with a 9 Ft. ceiling. With a 12 Fe now MANY OUT ceiling this same model could effec~ tively only throw the afr 25 - } > 22 Minimizing the unber of active slot Fe. maximum. Thus locating one single diffusers minimizes the installed cost Line of slot diffusers tn the room of the job, Reviewing the ratings in S &- 45 - Figure 49 once again reveals a maximum of 400 CFM is available with a four Foot long slot. 5 Ft. slots would not be compatible with the x 4 ceiling grids. The minimum number of nuttets is therefore 1700 crN/aim CRM = 5 With two Lines of outlets tt is advisable to have equal numbers of active slots for good air motion. Three outlets per line ts thus advis~ able (a total of f outlets). — kach putlet must therefore deliver 17/6 = 283 CFM. CHECKING THROK A review of the Layout in Figure 48 shows the maximum required throw with a 12 Pt. ceiling is 14 Ft. Inspection of the ratings in Figure 49 reveals that a 4 Ft. long two-way blow Al unte delivering 283 CHI will have a maximum throw of about 17.6 Fty and a minimum throw of 5.6 Fe, when used with a @ Fe. ceiling. When used with a 1? Ft ceiling the maximum throw becomes 14.6 Feet. The selection fs adequate Since the available throw “(14.6 Feet) exceeds the required throw (14.0 Feet). Each 4 Ft, slot is capable of spread- ing the air up to four times its length or 4 x 4 = 16 Feet. This means @ path of (16-4)/2 = 6 Feet can extst on each end of an outlet. A review of Figure 47 reveals a maximum of 5 Fr. of ceiling exists without a slot. The spread of the All linear slots ade~ quately covers the cefling. In the lavout shown dumay (inactive) slots WII] be used to fill the 5 Ft. spaces on either end of the J active slots. ALTERNATE LAYOUT Fach line ef outlets in Figure 48 could also be satisfactorily arranged as follows: 1 Fe. dummy stot; 4 Pt. active stot, 4 Ft. dummy slot, 4 Ft. active slot, 4 Fe. dummy slot, 4 Ft. active slot and 1 Fc, dummy slot. ING FOR DROP. The closest wall ts 12 Ft. away from the outlet. The maximum rated throw is 17.6 Pt. With a 12 Pt. ceiling, 6 Ft. of wall exists above the occupted zone. the outlet will therefore Project the total air envelope across the 12 Te. of ceiling to the wall and then (17.6 = 12 © 5.6 Feet) down the wall. The total air envelope will not enter the occupied zone. The closest distance between two outlets in Figure 47 4s 24 Feet. Two {ines the outlet minimum throw is (2 x 5.6 = 11.2 Ft). Since the units are farther apart than 11.2 Feet, there will be no problem with the two airstreams colliding and dumping high velocity cold air into the occupted HORIZONTAL DIS when a diffuser 4s parallel slot mounted in the bottom of a soffit (Figure 50), and set Co discharge alt horizontally, there mist be a fl horizontal surface (Il) to help estab Lish ceiling effect. this horizontal distance (II) should be 6 inches Long for each inch of slot width, The depth of the soffit (D), also impacts ceiling effect. The more soffit depth the less ceiling effect. The unit throw decreases as the total air envelope leaves the ceiling sooner to curl back into the occupied zone. Soffit depths greater than 2 feet require consultation with the mantfac turer to establish accurate drop characteristics. With a 2 Ft. drop the maximum throw will be reduced approximately 20% LLING DIFFUSERS diffusers normally used celling for distributing air over the ceiling ina rallel to the ceil 1 direction p be c adjusted types, to blow directly down provide spot cooling or heating. ave available tn round, square, mateh arch rectangular shapes to tural and performance requirements round and diffusers Since generally project air equally in all directions, they best serve a should square area. Therefore, they be located as nearly as possible in the center of equal squares within a room. In some instances, because of dimen sional relationships or structural conditions, a diffuser must serve @ rectangular area, Situations like this are best handled by selecting a miltiple direction outlet which can have different throws and CFMS Leaving the sane outlet simultaneously, but in different directions. Square and diffusers with adjustable cores this round or for suited best application.| ' ee | at ‘occurien Ceiuine Heicwr | maximune naows @ Figure 51 Ror difference on drop. & 20F outlet at 18 common for most alr conditioning Most manufacturers of cetling dif- applications and Figure 51 shows that fusers base their rattops on 9 Ft. under these conditions the total air celling hetght and do not show "drop" envelope at a terminal velocity of 50 a8 part of thelr catalogs. Instead, FPN remains above the occupted zone the effect of drop {s incorporated into the recommendations regarding © Thus when a manufacturer publishes throw. data based on an outlet At of 20F, the throw (radius of diffusion) informa- Figure 51 shows the jet projection tion shown for a terminal velocity of From a 12" diffuser handling 850 CFM 50 FPM will automatically result in a while mounted in an open area with no drop which will not penetrate the restricting walls or opposing afr occupied zone. Steams. It shows that air patterns at @ vartous outlet temperature differen~ Unfortunately, not all manufacturers tials, and the effect of temperature rate their ceiling outlet with a 20F4a RADIUS OF DIFFUSION 10° Neck Diameter, 1000 Fpm Neck Velocity. Isothermal Air Tirus (ray KRUEGER (RA?) CARNES (DAS) 545 Cin sas cim 55 Cin 6 1 150 tm | 71 we 50 tom Range an wtooinm | woo Vat 80 Iam Figure 52 , At. Many rate their outlets the selection should be made at an air on Isothermal air (°F owtlet stream velocity of 100 fpm from the at). Figure 51 clearly shows that the manufacturer's ratings for isothermal throw for tsothermal air longer air. The resulting average room air than chat for 20F At alr for the same motion will be 30 fpm or less, and the terminal velocity. ‘the drop {s also total afr envelope will not drop into less. The problem becomes how to — the eccupted zone relate {sothermal air ratings to 20h ot ratings THROW Qne manufacturer states, and another Since the throw of a cefling diffuser confirms, that the throw at an air fs usually multidirectional the term strean velocity of 100 fpm with "Radius of Diffusion" is commonly used isothermal air is approximately equal to mean the same thing. Most manufac~ to throws at 50 {pm air stream veloci- turers presently publish radius of ty with a 20F differential between, diffusion figures at two or three room and supply air temperatures. terminal velocities, as illustrated in Figure 52. Tf the throw at 50 fpm air stream velocity with 20F temperature differ- Ideally the throw of a ceiling dif- ence is desirable, and equal to that fuser at 50 FPN terminal velocity at 100 fpm with isothermal afr, then should just reach a wall or opposingb-sgir—-| l Peet 1 Ly / aie eam fron another diftuser. This is not always possible. Figure 53 shows the acceptable range of throw arrangements, and assumes ceiling outlets rated with a 9 Ft. cetling height, and with an outlet at of 20F. An outlet's throw at 40 FPM should, as minimum, be 75% ol the required throw (D) to a kall or oppe stream. Outlet locations farther tha this will produce stagnant reglons tn the occupied zone fo avoid the dumping of cold atr into the occupied zone by two opposing atr Streams, two outlets should not be located any tice hetr radius of diffusion at 100 FPN with 20F outlee ft oreo. 4 V7 Normally a cefling diffuser should be located no closer to a wall than its radius of diffusion at 100 FPM. However, in those applications where people or furniture will not be located next to the wa + the outlet close as its radius can be located as of diffusion at 150 FPM. Under these onditions a high velocity air stream w1I1 be projected down the wall creating a localized draft. Air velocities within the occupied zone wil] approach 50 FPN under these conditions Inpac Nost manufacturer's ratings are based on a mounting height of 9° - 0", on the s higher cedlings ce can acceptceiuine ourveTS 1 1 1 t 1 | ' 1 1 It 1 1 ‘ 1 Figure 04 a larger throw. This can be reflected into the use of a smaller diffuser by increasing the allowable radius of diffusion by one foot for each foot increase In ceiling height. MOUNTING OUTLET ucts Most ceiling diffusers are designed and rated for flush ceiling mount Ing. If installation is made on exposed ductwork, throws are reduced by @ multiplier of 0.7 because of increased induction on the top side of the afr leaving the diffuser. The increased induction with a duct mounted diffuser changes direction of the primary and induced air to @ downward angle. This may cause the air to enter the occupied zone before reducing to the selected terminal velocity, and this can cause complaint of draft, The manufacturer should be consulted for performance of diffusers then duce mounted. FOTO EXAMPLE Appendix “b" presents rating Informa- tion for the Krueger Model R5-2 diffuser. This may be used to select diffusers for the real estate office (Figure 54). M5 The office requires 1700 c has a ceiling height of 12 Feet; and Is to be supplied by air 20F lower chan the room temperature. The simplest way in which to divide the space is into two equal parts eachNECK SIZE (in.) Figure S Ft. by 22 Ft. the resultant, floor area is consistent with the circular air delivery of the outlets and approaches and the jdeal "square" Kith this approach each outlet wilt deliver (700/2 = as crs. Ideally the diffuser should have a radius of diffusion at 50 FPM terminal velocity which just reaches the walls, or the opposing air stream. feta slightly rectangular will prevent this. Thus the objective ts to find an outlet whose radius of diffusion reaches the closest wall (11 Feet) Considering an outlet might not throw the air exactly I Feet, the mintmum throw acceptable would be 75% of the distance to the farthest wall or atr stream (.75 x 12.5 = 9.4 Ft), thus the outlet should throw the air at 50 FPM with a 20F outlet at between 9.4 and 11.0 Feet These two throw Figures can be further adjusted because the ceiling height is 12 foot instead of the rating basis of 8 Ft. The throw may he increased t Fe. for each foot the ceiling is above “Fe. Thos the outdet can throw the air from 12.4 Feet to 14 Feet The Krueger ratings in the appendix "D" are based on isothermal air (0° 4t), thus the published throw at 100 FPM will be equivalent to the required throw with a 20F At at 50 FPM terminal velocity. The ratings ave thus inspected to Find an outlet which wil) deliver 850 CFM such that the throw at 100 FPM falls hetween (12.4 Feet to 14.0 Feet) as maximums and (9.4 Fe. to 11.0 Ft.) as minimums the results are shown in Figure 55 There are 4 possible outlets that can satisfy this application. The 18 inch outlet would not be satisfactory since the throw would be inadequate. The throw for the 10, 12, 14 or 16 inch outlets is adequate (hetween 9.4 and 11.0 feet).The final selection is based on the acceptable noise level in the space. This can be done by selecting the appropriate outlet velocity. Refer- ring igure 38 shows that the outlet velocity or neck veloct office should be betwe: private and 800 FPN. Thus a 1 inch © should prove to be the least expen: outlet with a reasonable sound in the space souND No text on room air distribution would be complete without addressing the subject of sound. Thus far, the text has indirectly handled sound — by Limiting outlet and return veloc{ties to reasonable ranges. Actual room sound levels, however, depend on the sound power level from the outlet, the number of outlets, the distance from the outlets, and the attenuation characteristics of the room. A complete treatment of this subject is found in the ASHRAE handbook, however, the following text presents a condensed approach to approximating room sound levels NOISE CRITERIA Figure 56 shows a plot of noise iteria curves which are used as @ basis for evaluating the acceptability Figure 56 of sound ina space. The shape of each NC curve reflects the sensitivity of the hunan ear, The ear being nore sensitive to higher frequency than to lower Plotted on the NC chart is an outlet sound power characteristic (Ly) measured in dicibels referenced to to}? watts, Also plotted is sound as it {s received by the human ear. This Ls the sound pressure curve (Lp), and ts measured in decibels referenced to .0002 nicrobars. Thus the sound source is measured in soundpower and the sound received by the human ear is measured in sound pressureThe difference between the two (ly — Lp) is called room effect and reflects the decay in the sound power caused by (1) the distance between the outlet the occupant, as well as (2) the sound absorptivity characteristics o: the room, Typical values fot room effect are Bd, 10 dB, or 12dB. The “softer” the room the higher the room effect. Figure 56 reflects a 10dh room effect which is normal for most general office spaces. Since the Ly cutve does not exceed the NC curve of a4 NC in any of the eight nctave (mid-Erequency) bands, the performance of the outlet with a 10 dB room effect results in a room NC of 44 Recommended space noise criteria limits published in ASIRAE are shown in Figure 57. They vary with the type of application and are used to establish recommended sound pressure levels in a space NG DECIBEL LEVELS Tow evidences UBITBINT ry Residences (arban) a ‘pl Bulidings. Hotel Raoma [30 Hotels, Balroome, Sanquet Hats | 30 Hotel Public Spaces x kitchens, Laurries, Garages | 40 Hospital Roome Hospital Operating Rooms, Wards Hospital Public Spaces feos — Goard Roame DBitieas — Conterence Rooms Sitiess — Executive Olices — Brivste Giices — General Otters — Computer Recnae] Figure 57 DIRECTIVITY PATTERNS imgeriviny racton on ceiling DIRECTIVITY FACTOR IS 4 wien TERMINAL IS AT JUNCTION OF EITHER WALL AND CEILING OR WALL ANO FLOOR Figure 58 OF DIRECTIVITY Sound tends to radiate from its source tn a spherical pattern. When an outlet is placed in a ceiling (Pigure 58) only 1/2 a sphere is available. Thus the intensity of sound doubles as it leaves a ceiling outlet. Its location is said to have a directivity factor of 2. The sound power ratings for outlets are based on a directivity factor of 2. near the Should an outlet placed junction oft surfaces, the directivity factor increases to 4 This doubles the sound power of the outlet and results in a 3dB increase in {ts sound rating. Placing an outlet {n a corner would increase the direct factor to 8 and result in a 6dB increase in the outlet sound rating.reading (83 + 3 = 86 dh), Now pair che result (86) with the next highest reading (92) and repent the process 92 = 86 © G dB. The Final reawle ts eT TYPICAL ESAMPL Consider the real estate plfice defined by Figure 51. As von etl recall two 1% Inch romd cet ting outlets were picked from figure 4 whose rated resultant room SC was 35 ab. the following paragraphs will take you through the steps required to arrive at the final room NC level. S18 OF RATINGS A review of the Krueger ratings in the Appendix reveals a room effect of 18 dB was assumed to produce the ratings Normally a 10 dB room effect typical for office spaces. The difference 18 - 10 = 8 dB must’ he added back to the 35 dB to reflect more accurately the outlet. perforsance. The If inch outlet will therefore produce a room NC of 35 + 8 = 43 6B cure coward che located well Each outlet is center of the ceiling and {s not close to aay walls or columns. Therefore, there is no directivity adjustment Sa - STH} ~ CHEK ACCESSORIES Nalanetng dampers will be needed for each outlet. Assume they are located in the ductwork 5 Feet upstream of the outlet anda review of the manufacturers data shows an extra 3 dB of sound will be generated. Hach outlet now produces a room NC of 43 + 10 46 dhe The room 1s equipped with two 14 inch outlets ~ each producting an NC of 46 dk. The difference between the two sound sources is zero, Using Figure 59, the final room NC will therefore be oh + Y= 49 aD Inspecting Figure 57 for private that 35 offices indicates on the average a KC level of should not be higher 14 exceeded ~ certainly no than 45. Consequently the two inch outlets will result in a room sound level that 1s unacceptable (49 vs 45 ne). joing back to Figure 55 and selecting two 16 inch outlets would result in a ree aes (4 noise standpoint room NC level of 30 4a, This vs 45 Ne). would be acceptable However, from a the selection fs admittedly on the high stde.IMPACT OF DAMPERS Dampers are used to throttle alr being delivered to outlets. In doing so the Pressure drop across the damper increases, and turbulance is created. The added turbulance creates sound which fs carried by the supply afr and increases the NC level produced by the outlet. The magnitude of NC increase is related to the distance between the damper and the otitlet With the damper mounted on (or in close proximity to) the outlet, a 10% closure results in a 9 dB increase in outlet NC. Under the same conditions a 50% closure results in an 18 dh increase in outlet NC, However, locating the damper in the supply duct 5 Fe. upstream of the Plenum results in a 0 and 3 dp increase {n outlet NC for damper closures of 30% and 50% respectively Thus it fs clearly advantageous to locate dampers remotely from the outlets - Since the damper becomes a sound source itself and can radiate sound directly thru ceiling into the space, it should be located remotely from the outlet in such a way that its direct sound contribution is prevented fram reaching the space ANPACT OF MULTIPLE OUTLETS kith more than one sound source (outlet or return) in the room, the amount of sound power entering the space Increases. Two outlets of equal sound power will double the sound power in a room. Since sound is sed in decibels, the expre: doubling sound power results in a 3 dB increase in sound rating ~ not twice the outlet db rating. COMBINING TWO SOUND LEVELS Revers Tone comainearan O7 24 $9 [hoe Figure 59 Adding sound sources together 1s hased on the difference in d& ratings for each of them. Figure 59 can be used to add together multiple outlets. To illustrate the procedure, consider three sound sources: 82d8, 8348 and 92dh. Arrange the sound — sources sequentially from lower to higher. (82 8 4B, Pair a3) JdB oust be added to the higher the two smaller readings Since the difference is |As stated earlier, the object of afr distr tion is to create an accept- able condition ef temperature and air motion in the occupied zone of the conditioned space. It has been the cent of this test to familarize the reader with those princfpals necessary to accomplish this end. Pil igent study and application of these prin- {pals should result in pleasing comfort conditions fer the end user, and a profi sle joh for the instalAPPENDIX, TABLE OF CONTENTS RATINGS FOR HIGH SINEKALL OUTLET RATINGS FOR PERPENDICULAR SLO IN A HIGH SIDEWALI, LocaT ION RATINGS FOR PERPENDICULAR SLOTS INA PERIMETER FLOOR OR WINDOW STL. APPLICATION RATINGS FOR ROUND CEILING DLPFUSERS. WORK SESS LONTABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY For Flat Ceiings sue wee | owe so. aby, a} sen gains <0 lore ur can | sen ont. r098 = 8 gran paessune win] si = 01.20% = c18 | SW B= 474, 22% 043 | Sem O81 277% = OND | SHB > 7S TDA = 1 ‘Mcremnes rere | SY 8 aS "ete Berea 08 ery eB Tye tem OW [ah yan tere OW fae instar? OMAP [gnt‘anw fame OI i ay foam Me age a3 [ane art 38 2 [Say i 188 ty sete ae cat | te ciety |“ min ta Lea tc a ptaida ge 83, a5 83 G5 ae Sees) as] 7 30 43,90, 79 vone | SY oar | SE SEGE 18) or [AE Ea] 73) 2a) os |'Relza: 23) ra) ve [ne 2338 38 j ta fea fae. as S381 73 Berra ao a3 30178 Vssies 70 78 reizsteo] — |troleosae: as] [ssa as" 20! os wae TYRE TS FB) oe [SETHE] on [AEUES! 25: 78] aw 130 75 to as tie! piatea 63 2S BUS re BES 78 gal "se bs Fo. 70 vee | stip arlzo'70 78) | 7978 Mia‘ aoleol as! fae’ as 90! 28 srt | GR | an | az |S AS Fo on | a8 79 we TSS Be as ao laos talzg zolzsi | Lan 7s |us‘eol so es} 20° as’ en” #8 oat | San | a | 4948 AS fo 2B ae EEDA a8) an (BS Fb ao uss |g [28)60 3 48) | eo 3 as, [ba 45 70, 70) ton 6370. 75 seas | siege |b antre re rs jaiaal¢a| — us’ao ao as, | 700° a5" 49 100 went | Smt | oy | 31163 ta ro PEGE BL aes WE SS TS tb) ane 0 73 ae ns re ro 63 05 85 TO Jay | ho 03, ga, so] Mya 637075 aoe | Sm |e] at) 6s 30 70 FE$3° SS] aa [so 73 73 aol a tee 7s ao 85 wor | Ts [tl $5 68 48 tS 5370 Teb5 70, fo) (me 797075 seca tlre rs rs 1340! gol jae ao! as nig’ 99. 98199 et | mt Lowe S288 re a S288) ye [RS IS TE de ano te task ty | Mast LN aa bo 6s 63 70 bo 4370 Me ta 20 38 wae) Bee ap pea no do as] ine es go #0) 34a 84 100 105 wef frome (, $878 28 $2 or | 35 Pa 3. ta] voy [igo 73 Eo aS] os ie go as os fin | OD a AS are 93 33.98 $3 ibe po 33. 80 exe | Seat Ssoscan' aa) fice'en es! a9] [aso e0' 93'100) | yo vga ans 118 tone | Sen | ag E38 HS tS ou [TE ER fa 3] vn 103 doh ga] eee as 8 128 ne ae 65 70 | 50 70, rj 33) yo 90,28 ra] [mo 28 75, 80 Solght eo! 75‘ 80. as! hg! ao' 90) 93 130 p9\ es tool rap 100 110115 rece | Stein ta] ee. 80 tao es’ 40! 93] | go es'1990 [.9'ne'na' as rats || 2/8009 $8) 6. (35 83. ge) aa) are [tzo as: 99) a5] am [720 22 108 Os ‘seat “ 0 75 80 8S i ab] As 8 3a £0 30, 70) 93 io 73,33 [8095 weve | aww | fasteo cas’ so} fizo rol nsiioo) Juze ssit0e dap ths 120130 roe | Sere | ay | S185 $2 Ea] an [123 29 | 2)'90) aoe [10.4 901 98) a [aes 33 108 1) ae 3350 ws 40] 35] 3 39.33 te [ee ae "88.45 neve | Sa pol a0 ao 901 esfico| se va9 03 [pee 12330 vent | ae |v [038 ner [132 4G) E/E] ane | 18S BE 88 tool awe | Be tee 4 Ne a 3430 PP YGS 20 Bay Be 30 T5 no, as] |e ao "os, rove | Sisiet ro, 8s wo [BE #0 100) 105 weg mge 28 aT gy |S HS 3 ns ar” | aon | 5873 BBE, 28/098|'93) eu [15 "a0. a8: t00| sor [50 109 tos lits era s as] 70 75,75] 80) woo, 7S 8o BS 170 80 9.0, 90 “ 4 7 3) } j see | Benet priasioo' es] Jive ‘esfie|ios| | rea soa’rr9 120] | | 350 120 139/140 aeea | Stat | aus | SE) 18/1515) sue [108.03 M80) T3] ae [ita Jae gasigal ms | eg 8 ga) G3 eset wo wo ue my Soe see sa cinta ” e o aTABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont.) For Flot Ceitnas nae vane |oeen. ato TOP bin cry Temp Dit UF) lane. see) Teme DINE CFD fond Seming | rity [om 18 20 35, 15, 20° 28 | ainy | cp | 13 | 20 | 25, fan 1s | ate we cc | Lh ei tose | Stein 2" 90, 95100 1a W09 105 !113 topros|ins wot PRP [ome PRESET me 338 a3] om | Blas rao | Tt 13g) to, 73) MP Base gee gay we | el col 93 ieee | Straight 28) 90100 198 46 190 11.0)120 68 /11.0 120, 359) ay m4} 21 80 a5, 95) 366, valine 49! e0/100 ose | 4S i470) 93) 73| 73,40 534 95)"¢8 Sheighe 2 | os hoo los in hosinr0/ 120 wlinolizo iS ff om | BURR RR Ep om | AE 2S TEU a | yal areal oce x | 2s}oafies| | arliosfirslino] | salalisaline Seacece ee sot | TRE | ave | 2725188) "93 sss | $2788 | 951188] aw | S/S] al ae 7 15] a) $3] 33/ | 35/28] g3)tes teeot | 7A" | aw | | a5 ]'s0 [93 ” 100) sa was aie] St toa tos 113] are | $3 Ro MESES aoe ih | Ue a a3 Neo) OL SEIS) 323 eng or REI on | 2 Be a) a Mes na|'aa] MO] Siar 8 wees | TAT | ou | 38 tos ite 93) one | 3p SS HSST CS ane " By'ao('asfiea) | fas elise Stiswet es | na | o in Cina 7 he 7 Outer Wot AreeTABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FO For Flat Ceilings R COOLING ONLY (Cont.) Sant wai 30 7 yee Too Term ee | ea = orm: 01 | sia = ona,rye ~ ois | swe = 226.20 = ome | swe = gn 2" = ae Sito ouner 1s "on ra Fra eee Seen ein| bea = oh ane — ols | own = gnu aayt oni | sees gan my «on | sees eg Medan rae ie ee aay oy ee [rep omen [ott Temp oir) [gl Temp oN | QA, emp DHF Sout | vere on | ofan [tte acon. |tiew; fenton et Gace | setine Ma sf ae as | ay 1 2028 |i awe aed, |e ‘ise 570 28 L ar, | | Madea | crea | | oa cms] wma | | ate ha vee sr ee Tay as a]ion] _., wevoe io val, 13s (20 nainas eat tna | SEEBE! 23° ES] ave [tow] £51"80]'93) axe [150 ) 20.199; 100) 299 br lige noize Spisn 3838) ool $3] go] fo] 7 [ito eo, a5, ss mts ‘oa, eee | Set tol go\ es'voo] _— frspjioofiosjine| [220 1101201 23 vo liss us iss snot |, | 82) 20) £3. '281 oar |thel'e9| 95 |too| see [tea gs sz 19] ss | 20 18 Uae 28 nn 7 ' | ; 3310 fe $8155: 73] e9 72133] $5/'08] °° [S| aa, "80, se 3 |'n0. 98, wees | Set 23) ys ne ee) ay (283)98|20128| oe [REISE WE fa uo iss igs ot | Set | ave Sigs), [ise es gel igs] axe [tee oa 103 115| srs | 37 1115 128112 litt | 48 $3195) 03) 89 25 fo [ina] ea] [128 85, t9)100 Bln toa.t0s vee | iit sol osfrooiios] —— faraios|insiiza] | 2s0|120 1201 149 fs fies 90.179 M sro | aay | 29] 2218201"05] uu [i5oi vs ton) tas) awe [tealros,n9)129) 62 | 26 1188 100 oe tiast 4s as|7s| a0) 83) as, 80] 8s) 99] 130 90) 90/100 1 | 9510.0 105 aosa | Stns | awe | fal'Rol's3 faa] aoe ] 1801 73lioa|to3| owe Jig eg a9 S$ bs 138/80 tuo | Mast 1) hol gal as e. a5| #9, 90] 13590) 95,100 3 hha 108119 sent Selioo'uo'nsl _ |wo'nsjizolisa] fara line jolts a fies igo e i sao | 22/9892 3] sas [IRB "9g: 18] yon doo ne ae astro | |g toes zal fo) ho. 85 ‘90 a5 ts so es Tho 9098 100 2 [lao tos 105 ro Lae Pow bE g2 783 Bal ow [BB WE IE Hal om [BS Ha a8 vss yy pat ge (ta 8 = mV aye | BE BE203 WSL aor [888 tos'tos tho] ae6 )200 110 129.125) ays [261301108 189 rn | 3 Joi ao. as ‘90 30 'as"'90, 08 125 "so 95 90] 7 [24 o0,s03 hs seane. | Set teshosiua'rne| _ [rea'izg.azo" 140] 290 135130) 140 5 170"188 200 waase | Sn | au {88043 135 8] ore HEE Aa 28 Hg] ow Ve 2g as gd) 7 | ibe tao tes os #9, 43g a3] m+ 16S 'Ga,'o5 'a3] “ J180/'5 foo.s08 | | joszs19itEe sease. | Stet aieeinoltas| — favovas ins 'ts0] _— [2eo res,t40'o] | ss fig 70g 718 00) sow ]"H4 008 123 Nha] ome Jeg 12S 13) 0 (128 tao tea, ts0) | [530.85 a ceipeiniinal — [ano wssites seo] |anajesaivo res) | se fussing ane a aoe ['2RI2SIES 33) gua [URS 1S 128 190] var [E80 't40 150] nae | ak ass 128 hosel 40, 95 70. 0S 140 9.5 100 108 Aes foo 10.5173] 29 NS 128 ]19S ae fattigo‘nae;o] [20149150 149] L339 i330 ‘ {roo 220735 (aro. am | tenes gga) ove [ite 2S naa, Be meuigl gsm [aa oasis en TaBEE ESAS] ow HO TeEIRS Sse] ow [oS Se ts figs 09 21 (gor 53 | 85/90) 95) 11.0 | 99 88 100 140 [109 108/110 pe N80 12.0 [128 soni | Steit pr liao paolo] |i20/r40 iso 140) | | 0 go 125160 a |m00)220 [235 wou | Seth | gor | "ti has lita liao| ao | iaa)iae as 138 HONS ATS. 153| ove | t8 (tuo 178) tro i TAHESI9R| 33] “6 [ite 45 ton, soa] Jiro ina sto, 120 $3 aos vents | Sesiot soo moses] 4g, Jo 4848 180 guy (288 128 18S 28) ne | favs j240 (250 vege [SEM ) avo [lng 18 1251185) ae [185 8 130! vea) rao ec es 25 oe] fe tye \t48 200 | 2 gl teliga] °° [sha toa ion we] "Jina tenia, a5 32 no [t3s [is conus | Stet ne jasitesiiss| — [asojassira’ weal [azo 1to 2001213 i" (220)260 275 writ | gy [IRE IDZUSSISS| ogy [tole tee iso] ns [220 its go zo} ame | 51 (190) 01715 ne us ro! 9s 1001105 120 10.0 10.8 {110 19.0 [11.0 12.0 13.0 a |ra0 [tao [150 secin | Shae csticotisaites] — frropeateastea| | Jao aesinne zzs] 12 [as|arg ie vee | Sat [aay [Ho 195 183 Mal ne [eo ag nts shales [one ves isgiipgliem | a Bo |e is gag 138 a9] [fae fies pao jtes] [spe m3 re] 33 So fists is aawate 0 pans) wo ve Sola wet te in nf . , . » Sonat ea Aree : 2TABLE 21.-WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont.) For Flot Ceings stanc earssunt | suo = orn anty ar | awa anany Ne Lovet ese han Sony the shat hae Ne Lee eg an 5 eta gna 3m ba ME trae lee ta 40 SX tae lee a 80 SME [tet noe a 0 shove ie eles te prceing pagesugbua7 aArzoy ,Q| Joy au sanje, Mosul :820W UOTFEST [SEY TINS MOPUIN JO JOO[] JSTSUTISG “SAOSNGIIO FOLS JO SOUEUTOJIOG :) ¥IONZdey 6s a oD | Bt ve Of 92 ee GL oO MO4yL et Be le 2 ot OL 9 € QL 202 *MOouyL OLLL 026 Ope sss 09 Le 562 022 LA 4 2 56 ab | ob ge ze 82 £2 OL 20 ‘MOsUL | se op ve | se él €L 8 ’ OL 002 ‘MOL — ,Z/L-€ | GLeL | OBL | S28 | sso | Svs stp | ose | o9z tan | | as 2 e ze | 8 ve et OL oO ‘MOuuL 2 se | ee ie Nea0 5 e | GL 202 ‘mosyy OfeL 008 $99 SES | Sep Ooze $92 1A r . on i 9 a OL oO ‘moss | e 82 2 sl} a S £ GL 202 *mouyt — 2/12 DEOL sce $89 oss | Olr ‘Sve Sle 1A ber | ee e a | sz | 2 OL oO ‘MOuUL ge | 82 zz vt OL 9 QL 202 “Mout | opel 09% =} oe 1 Sés | Or | see wea | | | i | te | ge ze | az | vz QL 00 ‘MouuL 1 ze 82 22 ct UL OL 002 “MOWUL = 2/ | 0091 | ogzt | 096 | 008 | org IBA — i oof ose 00z Ost SzZL 001 08 09 os ov 33/uy) 4aPIM [eULWoNssion The load estinate and site survey for a druq store in Pasadena, California gives the following information CONDITIONED SPACE on 10” CEILING STOREROOM Required Supply Air Quantity = 4760 cfm Room Temperature 75F ply Air Temmerature 55F Select and locate room air distribution cutlet(s) te return air arille(s) Size and Io)