Final Review May 16, 2006

Outline
Review for Final Exam Basic equations, thermal resistance
Heat sources
Larry Caretto Conduction, steady and unsteady
Mechanical Engineering 375 Computing convection heat transfer
Heat Transfer Forced convection, internal and external
Natural convection
May 16, 2007 Radiation properties
Radiative Exchange
2

Final Exam Basic Equations

Wednesday, May 23, 3 5 pm Fourier law for heat conduction (1D)
k (T1 T2 ) kA(T1 T2 )
Open textbook/one-page equation sheet q& = or Q& = q&A =
L L
Problems like homework, midterm and
quiz problems Convection heat transfer
Cumulative with emphasis on second Q& conv = hAs (Ts T )
half of course Radiation (from small object, 1, in
Complete basic approach to all large enclosure, 2)
problems rather than finishing details of
algebra or arithmetic (
Q& rad ,12 = A1 1 T14 T24 )
3

Heat Generation Rectangular Energy Balance

Various Figure 2-21 from engel,
Heat and Mass Transfer T q& q& y q& z
phenomena in c p = x + e&gen
solids can t x y z
heat inflow heat
generate heat Stored = +
heat outflow generated
Define e& gen energy
as the heat T T T T
generated per c p = k + k + k + e&gen
unit volume t x x y y z z
per unit time Uses T
q& = k
5 Fourier Law 6

ME 375 Heat Transfer 1

Final Review May 16, 2006

Cylindrical Coordinates Spherical Coordinates

T T
c p
= c p
=
t t
1 T 1 T 1 2 T
kr + k kr +
r r r r 2 r 2 r r
T 1 T
Figure 2-3 + k + e&gen Figure 2-3 k sin +
from
engel, z z from
engel, r 2 sin
Heat and Heat and 1 T
Mass
T
Mass
2
k + e&gen
dQ& r = q& r dA = k
Transfer Transfer

r
rddz
7
r sin
2
8

Plot of (T - T0)/(TL - T0) for Heat Generation in a Slab

1-D, Rectangular, Heat Generation 2

1.8

Temperature profile for generation with T 1.6

= T0 at x = 0 and T = TL at x = L
TemperatureDifference Ratio

1.4

H=0

(T T )x
1.2 H = .01

e&genx2 e&genxL H = .1

T = T0 + 0 L 1 H=1
H=2
2k 2k L 0.8 H=5
H = 10

e&gen 2x e&genL (T0 TL )

0.6

dT 2
q& = k = k + L e&gen
0.4
H=
dx 2k 2k L 0.2 k (TL T0 )
e&gen(2x L) k (T0 TL ) 0

q& = +
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/L

2 L 9 10

Slab With Heat Generation

Both boundary temperatures = TB
Thermal Resistance
2.4
2
2.2 H =
L e& gen
Conduction
k A(T1 T2 )
kTB
T T L
2 H=0 Q& = Q& = 1 2 Rcond =
1.8
H = .01
H = .1
L Rcond kA
T / TB

H=1
Convection
Ts T f
( )
1.6 H=2
1
Q& = hA Ts T f Q& = Rconv =
H=5
1.4 H = 10
Rconv hA
Radiation
1.2

1
1 1
Rrad =
( )= Ah
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Dimensionless Distance, x/L

A1F12 T13 + T23 + T22T1 + T12T2 1 rad
11 12

ME 375 Heat Transfer 2

Final Review May 16, 2006

Composite
Composite Materials II Figure 3-26 from

Cylindrical engel, Heat and

Mass Transfer

Shell

1 1
=
h2 A4 h2 2r4 L

1 r2 1 r3 1 r4
ln ln ln
k3 L r3
1 1
13 = k1L r1 k2 L r2 14
h1 A1 h1 2r1L

Fin Results Fin Efficiency

Infinitely long fin Compare actual
heat transfer to
T T = (Tb T )e
x hp kAc
= b e mx ideal case where
for uniform
Q& x =0 = Ac q& x =0 = kAc hp (Tb T ) entire fin is at
cross section
A fin = Lc p base temperature
Heat transfer at end (Lc = A/p) Q& fin
fin = & =
cosh m( Lc x ) cosh m( Lc x)
= (Tb T )
= T T = b
Q fin,max
cosh mLc cosh mL Q& fin
Q& x =0 = kAc hp (Tb T ) tanh mL 15
Figure 3-39 from hA fin (Tb T ) 16
engel, Heat Transfer

Overall Fin Effectiveness Lumped Parameter Model

Original area, A = (area Assumes same temperature in solid
with fins, Afin) + (area Use characteristic length Lc = V/A
without fins, Aunfin) hA h
b= =
Q& fin h( fin A fin + Aunfin )(Tb T ) c p V c p Lc
=
&
Qno fin hAno fin (Tb T ) (T T ) = (Ti T )e bt or T = (Ti T )e bt + T
Q& fin A fin Aunfin
total = & = fin + Must have Bi = hLc/k < 0.1 to use this
Q Ano fin Ano fin
no fin
Figure 3-45 from
17 18
engel, Heat Transfer

ME 375 Heat Transfer 3

Final Review May 16, 2006

Slab Center-line (x = 0) Temperature Chart

Transient 1D Convection Figure 4-15(a) in engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

Figure 4-11 in engel,

Heat and Mass
Transfer

All problems have similar chart solutions

19 20

T T
=
0 T0 T
Chart II Approximate Solutions
Can find T at any Valid for for > 0.2
x/L from this T T
= = A1e 1 cos 1
2

Slab Ti T
chart once T at x
= 0 is found from T T r
= A1e 1 J 0 1
2

Cylinder =
previous chart Ti T r0
See basis for this T T r r
= A1e 1 0 sin 1
2
Sphere =
chart on the next Ti T 1r r0
page Values of A1 and 1 depend on Bi and are
different for each geometry (as is Bi)
Figure 4-15(b) in engel, Heat 21 22
and Mass Transfer

Semi-Infinite Solids Multidimensional Solutions

Plane that Can get multidimensional solutions as
extends to product of one dimensional solutions
infinity in all All one-dimensional solutions have initial
directions temperature, Ti, with convection coefficient,
h, and environmental temperature, T,
Practical
starting at t = 0
applications:
General rule: twoD = onetwo where one
large area for
and two are solutions from charts for
short times plane, cylinder or sphere
Example: earth
Figure 4-24 in engel,
Heat and Mass Transfer
surface locally23 24

ME 375 Heat Transfer 4

Final Review May 16, 2006

Multidimensional Example Flow Classifications

Forced versus free
Internal (as in pipes) versus external (as
T (r , x, t ) T around aircraft)
=
x = a/2 Ti T finite Entry regions in pipes vs. fully-developed
cylinder
Unsteady (changing with time) versus
T (r , t ) T
unsteady (not changing with time)
Ti T infinite Laminar versus turbulent
cylinder
Figure 4-35 in
x = -a/2 T ( x, t ) T Compressible versus incompressible
engel, Heat Inviscid flow regions ( not important)
and Mass
Ti T infinite
Transfer
slab One-, two- or three-dimensional
25 26

Flows Boundary Layer

Laminar
flow is
layered,
turbulent
flows are
not (but
have some
structure) Region near wall with sharp gradients
Thickness, , usually very thin compared to
overall dimension in y direction
Figures 6-9 and 6-16. engel, Heat 27 28
Figure 6-12 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer
and Mass Transfer

Thermal Boundary Layer Dimensionless Convection

Thin region near Nusselt number, Nu = hLc/kfluid
solid surface in Different from Bi = hLc/ksolid
which most of Reynolds number, Re = VLc/ = VLc/
temperature
Prandtl number Pr = cp/k (in tables)
change occurs
Grashof number, Gr = gTLc3/2
g = gravity, = expansion coefficient =
Thermal boundary layer thickness may (1/)(/T)p, and T = | Twall T |
be less than, greater than or equal to
Peclet, Pe = RePr; Rayleigh, Ra = GrPr
that of the momentum boundary layer
Figure 6-15. engel, Heat and Mass Transfer 29 30

ME 375 Heat Transfer 5

Final Review May 16, 2006

Characteristic Length How to Compute h

Can use length as a subscript on
dimensionless numbers to show correct
length to use in a problem
ReD = VD/, Rex = Vx/, ReL = VL/
NuD = hD/k, Nux = hx/k, NuL = hL/k
GrD = 2gTD3/2, Grx = 2gTx3/2,
GrL = 2gTL3/2
Use not necessary if meaning is clear
31
Follow this general pattern
Find equations for h for the description of
the flow given
Correct flow geometry (local or average h?)
Free or forced convection
Determine if flow is laminar or turbulent
Different flows have different measures to
determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent
based on the Reynolds number, Re, for forced
convection and the Grashof number, Gr, for
free convection
32

How to Compute h Property Temperature

Continue to follow this general pattern
Select correct equation for Nu (laminar or
turbulent; range of Re, Pr, Gr, etc.)
Compute appropriate temperature for
finding properties
Evaluate fluid properties (, k, , Pr) at the
appropriate temperature
Compute Nusselt number from equation of
the form Nu = C Rea Prb or D Rac
Compute h = k Nu / LC
33
Find properties at correct temperature
Some equations specify particular
temperatures to be used (e.g. /w)
External flows and natural convection
use film temperature (Tw + T)/2
Internal flows use mean fluid
temperature (Tin + Tout)/2
34

Key Ideas of External Flows Flat Plate Flow Equations

The flow is unconfined Laminar flow (Rex, ReL < 500,000, Pr > .6)
wall hx x
Moving objects into still air are modeled C fx = = 0.664 Re x1 / 2 Nu x = = 0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3
U 2 2 k
as still objects with air flowing over them
wall hL
There is an approach condition of Cf = = 1.33 Re L1/ 2 Nu L = = 0.664 Re1L/ 2 Pr1/ 3
U 2 2 k
velocity, U, and temperature, T
Turbulent flow (5x105 < Rex, ReL < 107)
Far from the body the velocity and wall hx x
C fx = = 0.059 Re x1 / 5 Nu x = = 0.0296 Re 0x.8 Pr1 / 3
temperature remain at U and T U 2 2 k
T is the (constant) fluid temperature wall hL
Cf = = 0.074 Re L1 / 5 Nu L = = 0.037 Re 0L.8 Pr1 / 3
used to compute heat transfer U 2 2 k
35 For turbulent Nu, .6 < Pr < 60 36

ME 375 Heat Transfer 6

Final Review May 16, 2006

Flat Plate Flow Equations II Heat Transfer Coefficients

Average properties for com- Cylinder average h (RePr > 0.2; properties
bined laminar and turbulent at (T + Ts)/2
4/5
0.62 Re1 / 2 Pr1 / 2 Re
5/8
regions with transition at xc = hD
Nu = = 0.3 + 1 +
500000 /U k 0.4 2 / 3 282,000
1/ 4

Valid for 5x105 < ReL < 107 and 1 +

0.6 < Pr < 60 Pr
Sphere average h (3.5 Re 80,000; 0.7
Pr 380; s at Ts; other properties at T)
Cf =
wall
=
0.074 1742
Nu L =
hL
( )
= 0.037 Re 0L.8 871 Pr1 / 3
[ ]
1/ 4
U 2 2 Re1L/ 5 Re L k hD
Nu = = 2 + 0.4 Re1 / 2 + 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
37
k s 38
Figure 7-10 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

Tube Bank Heat Transfer

Other Shapes and Equations

Part of Table 7-1 from engel,

39 40
Heat and Mass Transfer Table 7-2 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

Key Ideas of Internal Flows Area Terms

L
The flow is confined Acs is cross-sectional area
There is a temperature and velocity for the flow
D
profile in the flow Acs = D2/4 for circular pipe
Use average velocity and temperature Acs = WH for rectangular
L duct
Wall fluid heat exchange will change the W
average fluid temperature Aw is the wall area for heat
There is no longer a constant fluid transfer
H Aw = DL for circular pipe
temperature like T for computing heat
transfer Aw = 2(W + H)L for
41
rectangular duct 42
Figure 8-1 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

ME 375 Heat Transfer 7

Final Review May 16, 2006

Average Temperature Change Fixed Wall Heat Flux

Let T represent the average fluid Fixed wall heat flux, q& wall, over given wall
temperature (instead of Tavg, Tm or T ) area, Aw, gives total heat input which is
T will change from inlet to outlet of related to Tout Tin by thermodynamics
confined flow q&
Q& = q& wall Aw = m& c p (Tout Tin ) Tout = Tin + wall w
A
This gives a variable driving force (Twall m& c p
Tfluid) for heat transfer Outlet can be any point along flow path
Can accommodate this by using the first where area from inlet is Aw
law of thermodynamics: Q & =m & cp(Tout Tin) We can compute Tw at this point as Tw =
Two cases: fixed wall heat flux and fixed Tout + q& wall /h
wall temperature
43 44

Constant Wall Temperature Log-mean Temperature Diff

hAw This is usually written as a set of
(Tout Ts ) = (Tin Ts )e m& c p
temperature differences
& cp = NTU, the
hAw / m LMT =
(Tout Tin ) =
(Tout Ts ) (Tin Ts )
number of transfer T T T T
ln out s ln out s
units Tin Ts Tin Ts
This is general hA (T T )
Q& = w out in = hAw ( LMT )
equation for T T engel uses
ln out s Tlm for LMT
computing Tout in Tin Ts
internal flows
45 46
Figure 8-14 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

Developing Flows Fully Developed Flow

Temperature profile does not change
Momentum with x if flow is fully developed thermally
boundary This means that T/r does not change
layer
development with downstream distance, x, so heat
flux (and Nu) do not depend on x
Laminar entry Lh 0.05 Re Lt
0.05 Re Pr
Thermal
boundary
lengths D D
Lt Lh
layer Turbulent = 1.359 Re1 4 10
development D D
entry lengths
47 48

ME 375 Heat Transfer 8

Final Review May 16, 2006

Entry Region Nusselt Numbers Internal Flow Pressure Drop

General formula: p = f (L/D) V2/2
Friction factor, f, depends on Re =
VD/ and relative roughness, /D
For laminar flows, f = 64/Re
No dependence on relative roughness
For turbulent flows 1 D 2.51
= 2.0 log10 +
Colebrook 3.7 Re f
f

Haaland 1 6.9 D 1.11

Eggs from Figure 1.8 log10 +
8-9 in engel,
f Re 3.7
Heat and Mass 49 50
Transfer

Moody Diagram
Laminar Nusselt Number
Laminar flow if Re = VD/ < 2,300
Fully-developed, constant heat flux, Nu
= 4.36
Fully-developed, constant wall
temperature: Nu = 3.66
Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E Entry region, constant wall temperature:
by Bruce Munson,

0.065 (D L ) Re Pr
Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright 2005 by
Nu = 3.66 +
1 + 0.04[(D L ) Re Pr ]2 3
John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights
reserved.

51 52

Noncircular Ducts
Define hydraulic diameter, Dh = 4A/P
A is cross-sectional area for flow
P is wetted perimeter
For a circular pipe where A = pD2/4 and P From engel,
Heat and Mass
= D, Dh = 4(D2/4) / (D) = D Transfer

For turbulent flows use Moody diagram

with D replaced by Dh in Re, f, and /D
For laminar flows, f = A/Re and Nu = B
(all based on Dh) A and B next slide
53 54

ME 375 Heat Transfer 9

Final Review May 16, 2006

Turbulent Flow Free (Natural) Convection

Smooth tubes (Gnielinski) Flow is induced by temperature
( f 8)(Re 1000) Pr 0.5 Pr 2000

difference
Nu = 6
1 + 12.7( f 8) (Pr 1) 3 x10 < Re < 5 x10
0.5 3
23
Forced No external source of fluid motion
Temperature differences cause
Petukhov : f = [0.790 ln (Re ) 1.64] 2
3000 < Re < 5 x10 6
density differences
Tubes with roughness Free Density differences induce flow
Use correlations developed for this case (Natural) Warm air rises
As approximation use Gnielinski equation Eggs from Figure Volume expansion coefficient: =
with f from Moody diagram or f equation 1-33 in engel,
Heat and Mass
[(1/)(/T)]
Danger! h does not increase for f >4fsmooth Transfer For ideal gases = 1/T
55 56

Grashof and Rayleigh Numbers Equations for Nu

Dimensionless groups for free (natural) Equations have form of AGraPrb or BRac
convection Since Gr and Ra contain |Twall Tfluid|,
Ra = Gr Pr =
gTL3c 2gTL3c an iterative process is required if one of
Gr = = gTL3c
2 2 these temperatures is unknown

g = acceleration of gravity (LT )
-2 Transition from laminar to turbulent
= (1/)(/T) called the volume occurs at given Ra values
expansion coefficient (dimensions: 1/) For vertical plate transition Ra = 109
T = |Twall Tfluid| (dimensions: ) Evaluate properties at film (average)
Other terms same as previous use temperature, (Twall + Tfluid)/2
57 58

Vertical Plate Free Convection

Vertical Plate Free Convection

10000

1000 Simplified equations on previous chart

for constant wall temperature
Nu =
hL 100 More accurate: Churchill and Chu, any Ra
Nu = 0.10 Ra1/ 3 2
k 0.387 Ra1L/ 6
109 < Ra < 1013
Nu L = 0.825 +
[ ]
10 Any RaL
Nu = 0.59 Ra1 / 4 1 + (0.492 Pr )9 / 16 8 / 27

104 < Ra < 109
1 More accurate laminar Churchill/Chu
1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08 1.E+10 1.E+12 1.E+14
0.670 Ra1L/ 4
Nu L = 0.68 + 0 < Ra L < 109
Rayleigh Number
Plate figure from Table
9-1 in engel, Heat
and Mass Transfer Ra =
gTL 3
Pr =
gTL 3
59
[1 + (0.492 Pr ) ]
9 / 16 4 / 9
60
2

ME 375 Heat Transfer 10

Final Review May 16, 2006

Vertical Plate Free Convection Vertical Cylinder

Constant wall heat flux Apply equations for vertical
Use q& = hA(Tw T) to compute an plate from previous charts if
unknown temperature (Tw or T) from D/L 35/Gr1/4
known wall heat flux and computed h
For this D/L effects of
Tw varies along wall, but the average heat curvature are not important
transfer uses midpoint temperature, TL/2
Thin cylinder results of Cebeci
q&
q& wall = hAwall (TL / 2 T ) TL / 2 T = wall Cylinder figure
from Table 9-1 in
and Minkowcyz and Sparrow
hAwall engel, Heat and
available in ASME
Use trial and error solution with TL/2 T as Mass Transfer
Transactions
T in Ra used to compute h = kNu/L
61 62

Horizontal Plate Horizontal Plate II

Cold surface

Cold surface
Hot surface facing up or cold surface Cold surface facing up or hot surface
facing down facing down
Lc = area / perimeter (As/p) Lc = area / perimeter (As/p)
For a rectangle of length, L, and width, W, For a rectangle of length, L, and width, W,
Lc = (LW) / (2L + 2W) = 1 / ( 2 / W + 2 / L) Lc = (LW) / (2L + 2W) = 1 / ( 2 / W + 2 / L)
For a circle, Lc = R2 / 2R = R/2 = D/4 For a circle, Lc = R2 / 2R = R/2 = D/4
Figures from Table 9-1 in Figures from Table 9-1 in
engel, Heat and Mass
Transfer
Nu = 0.54 Ra1L/c 4 10 4 < Ra < 107 engel, Heat and Mass
Transfer Nu = 0.27 Ra1L/c 4 105 < Ra < 1011
Nu = 0.15 Ra1L/c3 10 < Ra < 10
7 11 63 64

Sphere and Horizontal Cylinder Horizontal Enclosures

2 Top side warmer:
0.387 Ra1D/ 6
no convection
Nu D = 0.6 + 8 / 27
L

[
1 + (0.559 Pr )9 / 16 ] Conduction only, Nu
= hL/k = 1
NuD results are average values
Bottom warmer:
0.589 Ra1D/ 4
convection becomes
Nu D = 2 + significant when RaL
[1 + (0.469 Pr ) ]
9 / 16 4 / 9
= (Pr)gTL3/2 =
gTL3/ > 1708
Figures from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer 65 Figure 9-22 in engel, 66
Heat and Mass Transfer

ME 375 Heat Transfer 11

Final Review May 16, 2006

Horizontal Enclosures II Vertical Enclosures

Jakob, for 0.5 < Pr < 2 Berkovsky and Polevikov, any Pr
Pr
0.29
1< H / L < 2
Nu = 0.195Ra1L/ 4 10 4 < RaL < 4 x105 Nu L = 0.18 Ra L
0.2 + Pr Ra L Pr 0.2 + Pr > 103
Nu = 0.068Ra1L/ 3 4 x105 < Ra L < 107
0.28
Pr Ra L L
1/ 4
2 < H / L < 10
Globe and Dropkin for Nu L = 0.22
0. 2 + Pr H RaL < 1010
a range of liquids
MacGregor and Emery
Nu = 0.069 Ra1L/ 3 Pr 0.074 3x105 < Ra L < 7 x109 Figure 9- 0.3 10 < H / L < 40
23 in L
engel, Nu L = 0.42 Ra1L/ 4 Pr 0.012 1 < Pr < 2 x10 4
Hollands et al. for air; also for other fluids if RaL < 105 Heat and H
Mass 10 4 < RaL < 107
1708 Ra 1 < H / L < 40
Nu = 1 + 1.44 max 0, 1 + max 0, L 1 RaL < 108
Transfer

RaL 18 1 < Pr < 20 Nu L = 0.46 Ra1L/ 3

67 68
10 < RaL < 10
6 9

Heat Exchangers
Used to transfer energy from one fluid
to another
One fluid, the hot fluid, is cooled while
the other, the cold fluid, is heated
May have phase change: temperature
of one or both fluids is constant
Simplest is double pipe heat exchanger
Parallel flow and counter flow
Figure 11-1 from engel,
Heat and Mass Transfer
69 70

Compact Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube Exchanger

Counter flow exchanger with larger

surface area; baffles promote mixing
71 72
Figure 11-3 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer Figure 11-4 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

ME 375 Heat Transfer 12

Final Review May 16, 2006

Shell and Tube Passes Overall U

Tube flow has U is overall heat
three complete transfer coefficient
changes of
direction giving
Analyzed here for
four tube double-pipe heat
passes exchanger
Shell flow 1 1
changes R= + Rwall +
hi Ai ho Ao
direction to
1 1 1
give two shell = = =
passes U o Ao U i Ai UA
73 74
Figure 11-5(b) from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer Figure 11-7 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

Heat Exchange Analysis Parallel Flow

Heat transfer from Parallel flow Q& = UATlm
hot to cold fluid
Q& = UAT heat exchanger

First law Q& = m& c c pc Tc,out Tc,in ( ) Tlm =

T2 T1 T1 T2
T
=
T
energy
balances
Q& = m& h c ph Th,in Th,out ( ) ln 2
T1
ln 1
T2
Assumes no heat loss to surroundings
Tlm =
(Th,out Tc,out ) (Th,in Tc,in )
Subscripts c and h denote cold and hot T T
fluids, respectively ln h,out c,out
T T
Alternative analysis for phase change h,in c,in
75 76
Figure 11-14 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

T2 = Th,out Tc,in

Counter Flow Heat Exchanger Problems

Same basic equations With Tlm method we want to find U or
Difference in T1 and A when all temperatures are known
T2 definitions If we know three temperatures, we can
T T1 find the fourth by an energy balance
Q& = UATlm = UA 2
T1 = Th,in Tc,out T with known mass flow rates (and cps)
ln 2
Q& = m& c c pc (Tc,out Tc,in )
T1 & from two
Can find Q
temperatures for one
(Th,out Tc,in ) (Th,in Tc,out )
Tlm =
T
Q& = m& c (T T
h ph h,in )
h,out
stream and then find
T unknown temperature
ln h,out c,in
Figure 11-16 from engel, T T
Heat and Mass Transfer h,in c,out 77 78

ME 375 Heat Transfer 13

Final Review May 16, 2006

Correction Factors Correction Factor Chart I

Correction factor parameters, R and P
Shell and tube definitions below
Ttube,out Ttube,in t 2 t1
P= =
Tshell ,in Ttube,in T1 t1
Tshell ,in Ttube,in T1 T2 ( )tube
m& c p
R= = =
Ttube,out Ttube,in t 2 t1 ( )shell
m& c p P
Correction factor charts show diagrams
that illustrate the equations for P and R
Figure 11-18 from engel,
79 80
Heat and Mass Transfer

Effectiveness-NTU Method Effectiveness,

Used when not all temperatures are Q& Q&
= = Cmin = min (Ch , Cc )
known Qmax Cmin Th.in Tc,in )
& (
Based on ratio of actual heat transfer to
In effectiveness-NTU method we find ,
maximum possible heat transfer &
& = Q
then find Q max
Maximum possible temperature Use C T &
to find Q because C T
min max max 1 1
difference, Tmax is Th,in Tc,in = C2T2 or T2 = C1T1/C2
Only one fluid, the one with the smaller value If T2 = Tmax and C1/C2 > 1, T2 > Tmax
& cp, can have Tmax
of m CminTmax is maximum heat transfer that
Define Cc = (m & cp)h
& cp)c and Ch = (m can occur without impossible T < Tc,in
81 82

Find Effectiveness Equations

Example chart UA
Double pipe parallel flow NTU =
for finding Cmin
effectiveness 1 e NTU (1+c )
from NTU = =
UA/Cmin and 1+ c Cmin
Cmin/Cmax ratio Double pipe counter flow c=
Cmax
For NTU = 1.5
and Cmin/Cmax 1 e NTU (1c )
=
1 ce NTU (1c )
= 0.25, = ?
.7
Figure 11-26 from
engel, Heat and
Mass Transfer 83 84
Figures from Figure 11-26 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

ME 375 Heat Transfer 14

Final Review May 16, 2006

Ultraviolet Infrared

Black-Body Radiation Spectral Eb

Basic black body equation: Eb = T4 Energy (W/m2)
Eb is total black-body radiation energy flux emitted varies
W/m2 or Btu/hrft2 with wavelength
is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and temperature
= 5.670x10-8 W/m2K4 Maximum point
= 0.1714x10-8 Btu/hrft2R4 occurs where T
Must use absolute temperature = 2897.8 mK
Radiation flux varies with wavelength T increase shifts
Eb is flux at given wavelength, peak shift to
lower
85 86
Figure 12-9 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

Partial Black-body Power Radiation Tables

Black body radiation between = Can show that f is function of T
0 and = 1 is Eb,0-1 T
1
(T )5 (eC1 T 1) d (T )
1 1 C1 1 C
Eb,01 = Eb d
f =
T 4 Eb d = T 4 5 (eC 2 T
)
1
d =
2
0 0 0
0
Fraction of total radiation Radiation tables
(T4) between = 0 and give f versus T
any given is f See table 12-2,
page 672 in text

1 Extract from this
f =
T 4 Eb d' table shown at right
0 87 88
Figure 12-13 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

Emissivity
Radiation in finite Ratio of actual emissive power to blakc
band, body emissive power
1
2 Diffuse surface emissivity does not
f 1 2 =
T 4 E d =

b depend on direction
2
1

Gray surface emissivity does not depend
1 1 1 on wavelength
T 4 Eb d T 4 0
Eb d
Gray, diffuse surface emissivity is the
= f (2T ) f (1T )
0
does not depend on direction or
wavelength
Simplest surface to handle and often used in
f (0) = 0 f ( ) = 1 radiation calculations
89 90
Figure 12-14 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

ME 375 Heat Transfer 15

Final Review May 16, 2006

Average Emissivity
Average over all wavelengths

C1 C1
d (T )
1 1 1
=
T 4 E d = T (e
0
b 4
0
5 C2 T
) d = (T ) (e
1 0
5 C 2 T
1 )
For emissivity with constant values in a
series of wavelength ranges
1C1d (T ) 2C1d (T ) 3C1d (T )
T1 T 2
1 1 1
=
0 (T )5 (eC T 1) T (T )5 (eC T 1) T (T )5 (eC T 1)
+ +
2 2 2
1 2

= 1 [ f (1T ) 0] + 2 [ f (2T ) f (1T )] + 3 [1 f (2T )]

Applies to other properties as well

91 92

Properties
Incoming
radiation
properties
Reflectivity,
Absorptivity,
Transmissivity,
Energy balance:
Figure 12-31 from
engel, Heat and
++=1
Mass Transfer

93 94

Data Kirchoffs Law

Solar Absorptivity equals emissivity (at the
radiation has same temperature)
effective True only for values in a given direction
source and wavelength
temperature Assuming total hemispherical values of
of about and are the same simplifies
5800 K radiation heat transfer calculations, but
is not always a good assumption
Figure 12-33 from
engel, Heat and
Mass Transfer 95 96

ME 375 Heat Transfer 16

Final Review May 16, 2006

Effect of Temperature View Factor, Fij or Fij

Emissivity, , depends on surface Fij or Fij is the
temperature fraction of radiation,
Absorptivity, , depends on source leaving surface i, that
temperature (e.g. Tsun 5800 K) strikes surface j
For surfaces exposed to solar radiation AiFij = AjFji
high and low will keep surface warm kFik = 1 (enclosure)
low and high will keep surface cool F12+3 = F12 + F13
Does not violate Kirchoffs law since Fkk = 0 only if k is a flat surface
source and surface temperatures differ View factors from equations or charts
97 Figure 13-1 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer 98

Gray Diffuse Opaque Enclosure

All Black Surface Enclosure
Heat transfer from surface 1 reaching Kirchoffs law applies to the average:
surface 2 is A1F12T14 = at all temperatures
Heat transfer from surface 2 reaching For opaque surfaces = 0 so + = 1
surface 1 is A2F21T24 = A1F12T24
For gray, diffusive, opaque surfaces
Net heat exchange between surface 1 then = 1 = 1
and surface 2: A1F12(T14 T24)
Define radiosity, J = Eb + G = emitted
Negative value indicates heat into surface 1
and reflected radiation
For multiple surfaces
A E Ji 1 i
Q& i = i i (Ebi J i ) = bi where Ri =
Q&i j = Ai Fij (Ti4 T j4 )
N N
Q& i = 1 i Ri Ai i
j =1 j =1 99 100

Net Radiation Leaving Surface Gray Diffuse Opaque II

Ji J j
Q&ij = Ai Fij (J i J j ) =
N N N
& = A(J G)
Q 1
Q& i = Rij =
Rij Ai Fij
Can show j =1 j =1 j =1

Combining two equations for Q& i

A
Q& = (Eb J ) N J J
Ebi J i N J J
J Ebi
1 Rij i j
=
R
i
R
j
+ i
Ri
=0
E Ji j =1 i j =1 ij
Q& i = b ,i Solve system of N simultaneous linear
Ri
equations for N values of Ji
1 i
Ri = Black or reradiating surface ( Q& i = 0) has
A i Ji = Ebi = Ti4
101 102
Figure 13-20 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer

ME 375 Heat Transfer 17

Final Review May 16, 2006

Review Circuit Analogy Three-Surface Circuit

Look at simple
enclosure with only
two surfaces Three or more
Apply circuit analogy surfaces easirer
by system of
with total resistance
equations
E Eb 2 Eb1 Eb 2 & =0
Q&12 = b1 = Exception: Q
RTotal 1 1 1 1 2 3
+ + E Eb 2 Eb1 Eb 2 Rc =
1
A1 1 A1 F12 A2 2 Q& net ,12 = b1 = 1 1
RTotal R1 + Rc + R2 +
R12 R13 + R23
103 104

Review Three-Surface Circuit Radiation Exchange

Two possible surface conditions: (1)
known temperature, (2) known Q &
i

( ) ( )
N
A
If Q& 3 = 0, Q& net,12 Q& i = i i Ebi J i = Ai Fij J i J j i = 1, K, N
can be found 1 i j =1
from circuit with 1 N 1 i N
two parallel (1) 1 +

i
Fij J i
i j =1, j i Fij J j = Ebi = Ti4
i j =1, j i
resistances Solve this set
1
E Eb 2 Eb1 Eb 2 Rc = N N of N
Q& net ,12 = b1 =
(2)
Ai Fij J i
1 1
R1 + Rc + R2 + Ai Fij J j = Q& i simultaneous
RTotal R12 R13 + R23 equations for
j =1, j i j =1, j i
105 N values106of Ji

Radiation Exchange II Numerical Heat Transfer

Once all Ji values are known we can Finite difference expressions with
compute unknown values of Ti and Q& truncation error
i
For known Ti Computers give roundoff error
Convert differential equations to
A
1 i
( )
A
Q& i = i i Ebi J i = i i Ti4 J i
1 i
( ) algebraic equations
Solve system of algebraic equations to get
& temperatures at discrete points
For known Q i
Reduce step size for stability
1 i & 1 1 i &
Ebi = J i + Qi Ti = 4 Ji + Qi Will not be covered on final
Ai i Ai i
107 108

ME 375 Heat Transfer 18