Input Output Organization:

I/O operations are accomplished through external devices

that provide a means of exchanging data between
external environment and computer. An external device
attaches to the computer by a link to an I/O module. An
external device linked to an I/O module is called peripheral
device or peripheral. The figure below shows attachment
of external devices through I/O module.
External Devices can be categorized as
1.Human readable: suitable for communicating with
computer user. For example - video display terminals and
printers.
2.Machine readable: suitable for communicating with
equipment. For example - sensor, actuators used in
robotics application.
3.Communication: suitable for communicating with remote
devices. They may be human readable device such as
terminal and machine readable device such as another
computer.
Block diagram of external device is described below.

1.The interface to I/O module: The interface to I/O module

is in the form of
a) Control Signal determines the function that the device
will perform. E.g. send data to I/O module (READ or
INPUT), receive data from I/O module (WRITE or OUTPUT),
report status or perform some control function such as
position a disk head. b) Data Signal send or receive the
data from I/O module. c) Status Signal it indicates the
status of signal. E.g. READY/NOT READY
1.Control Logic: associated with the device controls on
specific operation as directed from I/O module.
2.Transducer: converts the data from electrical to other
form of energy during output and from other forms of
electrical during input.
3.Buffer: is associated with transducer to temporarily hold
data during data transmission from I/O module and
external environment. Buffer size of 8 to 16 bits is
common.
Introduction About Input-Output Bus And Interface
Module:-
The processor of computer is communicate with several
peripheral devices such as keyboard, VDU, Printer,
magnetic disk, magnetic tape, etc.
Each peripheral device has its own interface . Each
interface communicate with i/o bus. The communication
link between processor and peripherals is shown as
below:-
Each interface decode addresses and control receive from
input-output bus and interpret them for peripherals and
provide signal for peripheral controller . It synchronize
data flow at supervise the transfer between peripherals
and CPU. Each peripheral has its own controller.

For example:- Printer controller control the paper motion ,

the printing time and selection of printing characters.
The input-output bus fro the processor is attached to all
peripheral interfaces.
The input-output bus three lines:
1. Data line
2. Address line.
3. Control line.
1. Data line:-Data line of input-output bus carry the data
to and from the peripherals.
1. Address line:-Address line contain the address of data
and instructions.
1. Control line:-It contain control instructions in the form of
function and input-output command.These command
control instruction are of four types:-
1.Control Command
2.Status Command
3.Data output Command
4. Data input Command
1. Control Command:-A control command is issue to
activate the peripheral and to inform it what to do.
2.Status Command:-A Status command is used to test the
various status condition in the interface and the
peripheral.
3.Data output Command:-A Data output command is
responsible for transfering the data from the bus into
peripherals.
3.Data output Command:-A Data output command is
responsible for transfering the data.