A

Project Report on

EVALUATION OF OPTIMUM BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY

COMPARING HOUSEHOLD, COW MANUREWASTE IN DIFFERENT
MIXING RATIO IN A MINI BIOGAS PLANT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the award for the

degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

A.R.D.SRINIVAS 13K61A0307
G.NAGARAJU 13K61A0327
K.BALU 13K61A0338
M.SANJAY KUMAR 13K61A0354
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mr. P.CHAITANYA KRISHNA M. Tech
Asst. Professor

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SASI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada,

Accredited by NAAC with A Grade)

(Academic year (2016-2017)

 SASI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada, Accredited by

NAAC with A Grade)

TADEPALLIGUDEM

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work titled

EVALUATION OF OPTIMUM BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY
COMPARING HOUSEHOLD,COW MANUREWASTE IN DIFFERENT
MIXING RATIO IN A MINI BIOGAS PLANT submitted by
A.R.D.Srinivas, 13K61A0307;G.Nagaraju, 13K61A0327;K.Balu,
13K61A0338; and M.Sanjay kumar,13K61A0354 to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Kakinada during the academic year 2016-17 in partial
fulfilment for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, is a record of the bona fide work carried
out by them. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any
other University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr.P.chaitanya Krishna M. Tech Mr.

P.Surendra (M. Tech)

Assistant Professor Professor

 External Examiner

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES

We, A.R.D.Srinivas(13K61A0307), G.Nagaraju (13K61A0327),K.Balu

(13K61A0338), M.Sanjay Kumar (13K61A0354), hereby declare that this
project titled EVALUATION OF OPTIMUM BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY
COMPARING HOUSEHOLD,COW MANUREWASTE IN DIFFERENT
MIXING RATIO IN A MINI BIOGAS PLANT under the guidance of
P.Chaitanya krishna, Department of Mechanical Engineering is a bona fide
work submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology. The work carried out by us and the results
embodied in this project have not been reproduced or copied from any source.

We also declare that it has not been submitted previously in part or in full
to this University or any other university /institution for the award of any degree
or diploma.

Date: PROJECT ASSOCIATES

A.R.D.SRINIVAS 13K61A0307

G.NAGARAJU 13K61A0327

K.BALU 13K61A0338

M.SANJAY KUMAR 13K61A0354

 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our sincere thanks to The Management of Sasi Institute

of Technology and Engineering for the facilities made available for
completion of the project.

We convey our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. K.BHANU PRASAD,

Principal under whose guidance and encouragement we have carried out this
work successfully.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to P.SURENDRA,

Head of the department of Mechanical Engineering.

We express our heartful thanks to our estimated guidance

Mr.P.CHAITANYA KRISHNA, for their great patience he has shown towards
our work for this timely advices and guidance.

We are also thankful to all Staff and Technicians of Mechanical

Department for their support during the course of the work.

We are also Thankful to the Library Staff of the college for the
reference books which helped us gathering some information about the project.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

A.R.D.SRINIVAS
13K61A0307

G.NAGARAJU
13K61A0327

K.BALU
13K61A0338

M.SANJAY KUMAR 13K61A0354

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page No.

VISION AND MISSION I

POs, PEOs and PSOs II

ABSTRACT IV

LIST OF FIGURES V

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: PROBLEM STATEMENT, OBJECTIVE &

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

CHAPTER 4: COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 5: FABRICATION&PROCESSES INVOLVED

CHAPTER 6: WORKING

CHAPTER 7: CALCULATION

CHAPTER 8: SPECIFICATIONS

CHAPTER 9: ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

APLICATIONS AND EXPECTED FUTURE SCOPE

CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APPENDEX-A
APPENDEX-B Vision and Mission
Institute Vision

Confect as a premier institute for professional education by creating

technocrats, who can address the societys needs through inventions and
innovations.

Institute Missions

Partake in the national growth of technological, industrial area with

societal responsibilities.
Provide an environment that promotes productive research.
Meet stakeholders expectations through continued and sustained quality
improvements.

Department vision

To be a recognised centre in providing mechanical engineering education,

producing well qualified engineers to serve the society.

Department mission

To provide conductive learning environment in which knowledge, skills and

research flourish.
 POs, PSOs and PEOs
Program Outcomes

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialisation to the solution of
complex engineering problems.

2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct Investigations of complex problems: Use research based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide the valid
conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques,

resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

6. The engineer and the society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practise,.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practise.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with the society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentation, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project support and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of the engineering and management principles and apply these to ones own
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognise the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

13. Thermal and production engineering practise: Ability to specify,

fabricate, test, operate and document the thermal and production systems or
processes.

14. Use of auto-CAD, SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS: Ability to design,

analyse and develop machine components.

PEOs

PEO1: Graduates with academic excellence, managerial skills for a successful

professional career with life long learning.

PEO2: Graduates with professional attitudes, interpersonal leadership skills.

PEO3: Graduates capable to take up technical roles with professional ethics and
social commitment.
 ABSTRACT
Biogas production requires anaerobic digestion. Project was to
create an Organic Processing Facility to create biogas which will be more cost
effective, eco-friendly, cut down on landfill waste, generate a high-quality
renewable fuel, and reduce carbon dioxide & methane emissions. Overall by
creating a biogas reactor on campus in the backyard of our hostels will be
beneficial. The anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste produces biogas, a valuable
energy resource anaerobic digestion is a microbial process for production of
biogas, which consist of primarily methane (CH4) & carbon dioxide (CO2).
Biogas can be used as energy source and also for numerous purposes. But, any
possible applications require knowledge & information about the composition
and quantity of constituents in the biogas produced. The continuously-fed
digester requires addition of sodium hydroxide to maintain the alkalinity and pH
to 7.

Solid waste generation rates are rising fast with a pace of 11 million tons
per day on a worldwide scenario. Therefore, there is a need to solve this
problem by segregating and degrading the waste using various technological
advancements. Biogas technology can alleviate several problems mainly energy
crisis in rural areas, low agriculture yield and sanitation affairs. It focuses on
solving waste management at household, agriculture level. Biogas digesters are
used to produce methane gas and the size of the digesters are commonly bigger
in size. The mini biogas plant consists of small digester tank, inlet pipe, outlet
pipe, gas holder and slurry outlet pipe, sludge. It operates in the absence of
oxygen in sealed tanks; it reduces problems related to odours.

Three mini biogas plants are planned to evaluate the optimum biogas
production by comparing two substrates i.e. household, agriculture level waste
in different mixing ratios at different atmospheric temperatures. The mini biogas
digester helps in two ways: the waste discarded causes public health hazards it
reduces waste and the other is to provide energy for cooking and to generate
electrical power in small scale.
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
 CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Due to scarcity of petroleum and coal it threatens supply of fuel
throughout the world also problem of their combustion leds to research in
different corners to get access the new sources of energy, like renewable energy
resources. Solar energy, wind energy, different thermal and hydro sources of
energy, biogas are all renewable energy resources. But, biogas is distinct from
other renewable energies because of its characteristics of using,controlling and
collecting organic wastes and at the same time producing fertilizer and water for
use in agricultural irrigation. Biogas does not have any geographical limitations
nor does it require advanced technology for producing energy, also it is very
simple to use and apply.
Deforestation is a very big problem in developing countries like India,
most of the part depends on charcoal and fuel-wood for fuel supply which
requires cutting of forest. Also, due to deforestation It leads to decrease the
fertility of land by soil erosion. Use of dung, firewood as energy is also harmful
for the health of the masses due to the smoke arising from them causing air
pollution. We need an ecofriendly substitute for energy.
Kitchen waste is organic material having the high calorific value and
nutritive value to microbes, thats why efficiency of methane production can be
increased by several order of magnitude as said earlier.It means higher
efficiency and size of reactor and cost of biogas production is reduced. Also in
most of cities and places, kitchen waste is disposed in landfill or discarded
which causes the public health hazards and diseses like malaria, cholera,
typhoid. Inadequate management of wastes like uncontrolled dumping bears
several adverse consequences: It not only leads to polluting surface and
groundwater through leachate and further promotes the breeding of flies ,
mosquitoes, rats and other disease bearing vectors. Also, it emits unpleasant
odour & methane which is a major greenhouse gas contributing to global
warming.
Mankind can tackle this problem(threat) successfully with the help of
methane , however till now we have not been benifited, because of ignorance of
basic sciences like output of work is dependent on energy available for doing
that work. This fact can be seen in current practices of using low calororific
inputs like cattle dung, distillery effluent, municipal solid waste (MSW) or
seweage, in biogas plants, making methane generation highly inefficient. We
can make this system extremely efficient by using kitchen waste/food wastes.
 Anaerobic digestion is controlled biological degradation process which
allows efficient capturing & utilization of biogas (approx. 60% methane and
40% carbon dioxide) for energy generation. Anaerobic digestion of food waste
is achievable but different types, composition of food waste results in varying
degrees of methane yields, and thus the effects of mixing various types of food
waste and their proportions should be determined on case by case basis.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising method to treat the kitchen

wastes. While anaerobic digestion for treatment of animal dung is common in
rural parts of developing countries, information on technical and operational
feasibilities of the treatment of organic solid waste is limited in those parts.
There are many factors affecting the design and performance of anaerobic
digestion. Some are related to feedstock characteristics, design of reactors and
operation conditions in real time. Physical and chemical characteristics of the
organic wastes are important for designing and operating digesters, because they
affect the biogas production and process stability during anaerobic digestion.
They include, moisture content, volatile solids, nutrient 10
Contents, particle size, & biodegradability. The biodegradability of a feed is
indicated by biogas production or methane yield and percentage of solids (total
solids or total volatile solids) that are destroyed in the anaerobic digestion. The
biogas or methane yield is measured by the amount of biogas or methane that
can be produced per unit of volatile solids contained in the feedstock after
subjecting it to anaerobic digestion for a sufficient amount of time under a given
temperature which is taken to be laboratory temperature in our case.

In recent times varied technological modifications and improvements

have been introduced to diminish the costs for the production of biogas.
Different Methods have been developed to increase speed of fermentation for
the bacteria gas producers, reduction of the size of the reactors, the use of
starchy, sugary materials for their production, the modification of the feeding
materials for fermentation and the exit of the effluent for their better
employment, as well as compaction of the equipments to produce gas in small
places like back-yard, among others.
Larger facilities operating costs can be reduced, per unit, to the point that,
in the current economic framework, very large Anaerobic Digestion facilities
can be profitable whereas small ones are not this is what is Economics of scale.
If energy prices continue to rise and the demand for local waste treatment, and
fertilizers increases, this framework may change.
1.2 BIOGAS
BIOGAS is produced by bacteria through the bio-degradation of organic
material under anaerobic conditions. Natural generation of biogas is an
important part of bio-geochemical carbon cycle. It can be used both in rural and
urban areas.