Unit 2 communications

Functions of integrated circuits

CA555

The CA555 Is an integrated circuit that is used in wide range of applications of

timers, pulse generation and oscillation applications. It can provide time delays
as an oscillator and flip flop element. It can also be used as a mulitivibrator. In
terms of output uses the 555 timer uses the Monostable operation, this is when
the output signal simply switches between the default off position and a
temporary on position at regular intervals this is mainly for timer application. It
also uses a stable operation in output, this is when the output voltage rises and
falls in a set pattern, making it an oscillator. As the pattern can be varied,
therefore it can be used for any purpose which requires a particular tone pattern.
The last output use of the 555 is the Bistable operation which is when the signal
can be held in one of two positions, meaning the 555 timer can act as
compactable memory.

SN7493

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The IC 7493 is a monolithic 4 binary counter, which contains a four master slave
flip flops and additional gates to provide divide by two counters. These are gated
zero reset, and also gated set to nine inputs for use in the BCD nines
applications. In order to use the maximum count length of the B input can be
connected to the QA output. The count pulses at the input are applied to input A

to output QA

A symmetrical divide-by-ten count can be obtained from the counters by

connecting the QD output to the A input and applying the input count to the B
input which gives a divide-by-ten square wave at output QA.

SN7447

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The SN7447 has active low outputs which are designed to drive common anode
LEDs. All it is circuits have ripple blanking input or output controls and test
inputs. The SN7447 incorporate automatic leading or trailing edge zero blanking
control. Its lamp test can be carried out at any time when the BI/RBO node is at

high level. SN7447 has full ripple-blanking input/output

Controls and a lamp test input. Segment identification and resultant displays are
shown on a following page. Display patterns for BCD input counts.

Function of discrete components

Resistors
Resistors are very useful in circuits as they control the amount of current flow in
a circuit. In this circuit theres a lot of LEDs which need low current, as high
current will destroy them. Therefore to keep the current low resistors had to be
placed in the circuit.

Capacitors
A capacitors job is to keep the voltage stable in a circuit. The reason there are
capacitors in this circuit is to maintain the amount of voltage flowing in the
circuit so that the LEDs dont receive a lot of voltage as it can destroy them.

LEDs
Light emitting diode is diodes that emit light when a voltage is supplied to them.

Seven segment display

The seven segment display displays number at a certain frequency. In this lock
circuit it will act as count down.

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Statement

The mark space ratio of this circuit is the ratio of duration of

the positive amplitude part of a square wave to that of the negative amplitude
part.

R1= 100k, R2=100k, C=10uf, F= 0.481, High time = 1.38s, low time = 693ms,
Mark space ration= 1.98

The high time is greater than the low time this is good as we know that the LEDs
have a constant voltage as the amplitude is always high.

The 7492 recycles back to 0 when another pulse is applied, the count begins with
a 0 at the Q output, and the maximum count that you would get would be a 1 at
the Q output. The input applied would be more squashed together than the

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output. The mod-2 counter changes whenever a negative edge of a clock pulse
would be applied to its input, due to the negative edge of a clock pulse, the mod-
8 counter changed its count every time. One of the outputs is equal to 2 inputs.
The output and the next state depends on the current input that would be
applied and the previous inputs which would be stored in the 7493 latches, due
to this process happening it doesnt continue be a 0 and starts going up, e.g.
0,1,2,3 on the 7-segment display.

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