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UNIT 1: HELLO!
Vocabulary:
- Hi!
- Hello!
- Whats up buddy?
- Hey you!
- Good morning, good afternoon, good evening.
- How are you?
- Hows everything?
- Whats going on?
- Im fine, excellent, great.
- Ive been better!
- Thanks.
- Nice to meet you
- Nice to meet you too
- Glad to meet you!
There are many ways to greet someone. We'll learn about the most common way
to greet someone in this lesson. I'll give a variety of example sentences.
OR
"What a surprise. I haven't seen you in a long time. How have you been?"
1.
2.
3.
How many different ways can we use for saying goodbye in English? Do we
always use the same one? Lets see!!!
A L B E R T
(ei) (el) (bi) (i) (ar) (ti)
Vocabulary:
CARDINAL NUMBERS: Used mainly for counting, give your age, give your
telephone number, give years
1 TO 10: One, Two. Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine and Ten.
40: Forty
50: Fifty
60: Sixty
70: Seventy
80: Eighty
90: Ninety
EXAMPLES:
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
neuter it it
EXAMPLES: (in each pair, the first sentence shows a subject pronoun, the second
an object pronoun):
When we are talking about a single thing, we almost always use it. However,
there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or
she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships (and some other
Vessels or vehicles) as well as some countries are often treated as female and
referred to as she/her. Here are some examples:
This is our dog Rusty. He's an old dog.
The Titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage.
My first car was a Mini and I treated her like my wife.
Thailand has now opened her border with Cambodia.
For a single person, sometimes we don't know whether to use he or she. There are
several solutions to this:
It's raining.
It will probably be hot tomorrow.
Is it nine o'clock yet?
It's 50 kilometres from here to Cambridge.
The definite article is the word the. The definite article limits the meaning of a noun
to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, Are you going to the
party this weekend? The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a
specific party that both of you know about. The definite article can be used with
singular, plural, or uncountable nouns.
The indefinite article takes two forms. Its the word a when it precedes a noun that
begins with a consonant. Its an when it precedes a noun that begins with a vowel.
The indefinite article indicates that a noun doesnt refer to a particular thing. For
example, you might ask your friend, Should I bring a gift to the party? Your friend
will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific
item. I am going to bring an apple pie, your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite
article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend
Probably doesnt even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears with
singular nouns.
CHOOSING A OR AN:
There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start
with consonants and an before words that begin with vowels. The first letter of the
word honor, for example, is a consonant, but its unpronounced. The first sound of
the word is a vowel sound; therefore, use an.
TABLE OF ARTICLES:
Singular a / an the
Quick Hints
"The" with superlative forms (He is the smartest kid I have seen.)
Indefinite: use a
Definite: use "the"
EXAMPLES:
My daughter wants to buy a dog this weekend. (Indefinite-Could be any dog).
The dog in the backyard is very cute.(Definite-The one in the backyard).
He requested a puppy for his birthday.
He wanted the puppy he played with at the pet shop.
She ordered a hamburger without onions.
Did you drink the coke I just ordered?
Non-count nouns:
LESSON # 7: WH QUESTIONS.
QUESTION WORDS:
Question words are also called wh questions because they include the letters 'W'
and 'H'.
Question
Meaning Examples
words
Who person Who's that? That's Nancy.
Where place Where do you live? In Boston
reason Why do you sleep early? Because I've got
Why
to get up early
When time When do you go to work? At 7:00
How manner How do you go? By car
What object, idea or action What do you do? I am an engineer
Which choice Which one do you prefer? The red one.
Whose possession Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
Whom object of the verb Whom did you meet? I met the manager.
description What kind of music do you like? I like quiet
what kind
songs
what time time What time did you come home?
quantity (countable) How many students are there? There are
how many
twenty.
amount, price How much time have we got? Ten minutes
how much
(uncountable)
duration, length How long did you stay in that hotel? For
how long
two weeks.
frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a
how often
week.
how far distance How far is your school? It's one mile far.
how old age How old are you? I'm 16.
how come reason How come I didn't see you at the party?
ASKING QUESTIONS:
1. If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question word
at the beginning:
2. If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence which
contains the verb and gives information about the subject), there are three
options:
If there is a helping (auxiliary) verb that precedes the main verb (for
example: can, is, are, was, were, will, would...), add the question word and
invert the subject and the helping (auxiliary) verb.
If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxiliary) verb and
the verb is "to be", simply add the question verb and invert the subject and
the verb.
Everyone must talk with the teacher and they will be able to solve any question.
Singular Plural
Country Countries
Nationality Nationalities
Below is a list of countries with the appropriate nationality. The Language that
appears is the main language that is spoken in the country. We have not included
all the languages that they may speak in that country.
* NOTE: Colombia is the correct spelling of the country and not "Columbia".
** You will notice that people from United States have the nationality 'American'.
Some people from other parts of the American continent (especially Central and
South America) tend not to like the word American for people from the United
States. You will find that they will call them North American.
EXERCISES:
1. I live in France, I'm ______French_____________.
Probably the best known verb in the world: "To be or not to be..."
To Be - Affirmative
Subject To Be Examples
To Be - Contractions
Contractions of To Be are very frequent when we are speaking.
To Be Contraction Examples
To Be - Negative Sentences
The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb.
Subject To Be Examples
I am not I am not from Spain.
You are not You are not Australian.
He is not He is not thirty years old.
She is not She is not a secretary.
It is not It is not a small cat.
We are not We are not stupid.
You are not You are not teachers.
They are not They are not single.
To Be - Negative Contractions
There are two ways of forming contractions of To Be in negative sentences. One is
with a contraction of the subject and the verb (e.g. I am = I'm) OR a contraction of
the verb and not (e.g. are not = aren't)
To Be - Questions
To create questions with To Be, you put the Verb before the Subject.
Subject Verb
Affirmative Question
I am intelligent. Am I intelligent?
You are a student. Are you a student?
He is a pilot. Is he a pilot?
She is from Spain. Is she from Spain?
It is a big house. Is it a big house?
We are ready. Are we ready?
You are doctors. Are you doctors?
They are rich. Are they rich?
To Be - Short Answers
In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions. Are you
a student? - Yes, I am (a student). The last part (a student) is not necessary. We
use shorts answers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is clear.
Accountant contador
Actor actor
Actress actriz
air hostess Azafata
Architect arquitecto
Astronaut astronauta
Attorney abogado titulado
Babysitter niera
Baker panadero
bank Clerk empleado bancario
Beekeeper apicultor
Barber barbero, peluquero (de hombre)
Bookseller librero
Bricklayer albail
bus driver conductor de autobs
Butcher carnicero
Chemist farmacutico
chimney-sweeper deshollinador
Consultant asesor
Cook cocinero
customs officer oficial de aduanas
Dentist dentista
disc jockey, DJ disc jockey, DJ
Doctor mdico
Driver conductor
driving instructor instructor de manejo
Dustman basurero
Electrician electricista
Employee empleado
Engineer ingeniero
factory worker obrero
Farmer agricultor
fashion designer diseador de moda
firefighter, fireman bombero
Fisherman pescador
flight attendant asistente de vuelo
Gardener jardinero
graphic designer diseador grfico
Hairdresser peluquero (de mujer)
Inspector inspector
interior designer diseador de interiores
Jeweller joyero
Journalist periodista
Judge juez
Lawyer abogado
Libraran bibliotecario
Lifeguard salvavidas, socorrista
lorry driver camionero
Mechanic mecnico
Model modelo
mailman (US) cartero
Nanny niera
Nurse enfermera
office worker oficinista
Painter pintor
Photographer fotgrafo
Pilot piloto
Plumber fontanero, plomero
Policeman polica
Policewoman mujer polica
Politician poltico
postman (GB) cartero
Psychiatrist psiquiatra
Psychologist psiclogo
Receptionist recepcionista
Reporter reportero
Sailor marinero
Salesman vendedor
Scientist cientfico
Secretary secretario
security guard guardia de seguridad
Shepherd pastor
Shoemaker zapatero
Singer cantante
Soldier soldado
sports instructor instructor de deportes
Stockbroker agente de bolsa
Student estudiante
Surgeon cirujano
Tailor sastre
taxi driver taxista
Teacher profesor, maestro
Technician tcnico
telemarketer, telesales person persona que vende por telfono
tourist guide gua turstica
Translator traductor
university lecturer profesor universitario
vet (GB), veterinarian (US) veterinario
Waiter camarero
Waitress camarera
Watchmaker relojero
Writer escritor
EXERCISE:
We are going to solve some exercises in class and make a full review from the
beginning until now.
REGULAR NOUNS
EXAMPLES:
Singular Plural
boat boats
house houses
cat cats
river rivers
EXAMPLES:
Singular Plural
bus buses
wish wishes
Singular Plural
pitch pitches
box boxes
A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the
y and adding-ies.
EXAMPLES:
Singular Plural
penny pennies
spy spies
baby babies
city cities
daisy daisies
IRREGULAR NOUNS
There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.
EXAMPLES:
Singular Plural
woman women
man men
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
person people
leaf leaves
mouse mice
Singular Plural
goose geese
half halves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
elf elves
loaf loaves
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
cactus cacti
focus foci
fungus fungi
nucleus nuclei
syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
analysis analyses
diagnosis diagnoses
oasis oases
thesis theses
crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
criterion criteria
datum data
Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
EXAMPLES:
Singular Plural
sheep sheep
fish fish
deer deer
species species
aircraft aircraft
POSITIVE SENTENCES:
We use there is for singular and there are for plural.
There is one table in the classroom.
There are three chairs in the classroom.
There is a spider in the bath.
There are many people at the bus stop.
We also use There is with uncountable nouns:
There is milk in the fridge.
There is some sugar on the table.
There is ice cream on your shirt.
CONTRACTIONS:
NEGATIVE FORM:
When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use there
aren't any.
There aren't any people at the party.
There aren't any trees in my street.
We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:
There isn't any water in the swimming pool.
There isn't any sugar in my coffee.
QUESTIONS:
If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in the
following form:
How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).
How many dogs are there in the park?
How many students are there in your class?
How many countries are there in South America?
How many Star Wars films are there?
We use this (singular) and these (plural) to refer to something that is here / near.
EXAMPLES:
We use that (singular) and those (plural) to refer to something that is there / far.
EXAMPLES:
Note that the verb changes (i.e. singular / plural) depending on the pronoun that
you use.
EXAMPLE:
The grey dog barks. (The adjective grey describes the noun "dog".)
Some adjectives give us factual information about the noun - age, size colour etc
(fact adjectives - can't be argued with).
If you are asked questions with which, whose, what kind, or how many, you need
an adjective to be able to answer.
COLOUR
OPINION
Thumb up Thumb down. Good, pretty, right, wrong, funny, light, heavy, happy,
sad, full, soft, hard etc.
EXAMPLE: He was a silly boy. / She was a silly girl.
SIZE
AGE
SHAPE
ORIGIN
Germany France
DISTANCE
TEMPERATURE
TIME
Morning, night, late, early, bed, nap, dinner, lunch, day, morning, night, etc.
EXAMPLE: You are late. (At work, meeting or something like that.)
PURPOSE
Adjectives can be used to describe purpose. (These adjectives often end with "-
ing".)
EXAMPLE: She gave them a sleeping bag." or "She gave them sleeping bags."
Note - Have you noticed how the adjective stays the same, whether it is describing
a masculine, feminine, singular or plural noun? Nice, huh?
When using more than one adjective to modify a noun, the adjectives may be
separated by a conjunction (and) or by commas (,).
EXAMPLE: Her hair was long and blonde. / She had long, blonde hair.
Adjectives can also be used after some verbs. They do not describe the verb,
adverbs do that.
Adjectives after a verb describe the subject of the verb (usually a noun or
pronoun).
EXAMPLE: Lynne looks tired.
The subject (in this case Lynne) is being described as tired not the verb to look.
There is also the adjective used to, which is such a beast that it gets its own
section - Used To.
Make some exercises with your partners and then answer the questions that the
teacher will ask to everybody in class.
5 6 7 8
1. _______________________________________________.
2. _______________________________________________.
3. _______________________________________________.
4. _______________________________________________.
5. _______________________________________________.
6. _______________________________________________.
7. _______________________________________________.
8. _______________________________________________.
Immediate Family
Masculine Feminine
father mother
son daughter
brother sister
husband wife
Different Generations
Masculine Feminine
Forefathers
Great-great grandfather Great-great grandmother
Great grandfather Great grandmother
Grandfather Grandmother
Father Mother
Son Daughter
Grandson Granddaughter
Great grandson Great granddaughter
Great-great grandson Great-great granddaughter
Descendents
The In-Laws
The in-laws are the members of the family of your spouse (the person you are
married to) or via a marriage in your family:
Nowadays in many countries a person can get married more than once. These are
the terms used to describe the "new" members of the family when someone gets
remarried.
"Step-" means that you are related as a result of one parent marrying again
Stepfather: the (new) husband of your mother but not your biological father
Stepmother: the (new) wife of your father but not your biological mother
Stepson: the son of your (new) husband / wife (he is not your biological son)
Stepdaughter: the daughter of your (new) husband / wife (she is not your
biological daughter)
Stepsister: the daughter of your stepmother or stepfather
Stepbrother: the son of your stepmother or stepfather
Sometimes one of your parents gets married again and they have more children.
There
Half-brother: the brother you have only one parent in common with .
Half-sister: the sister you only have one parent in common with.
Even if your parent didn't get married (and had the child outside of marriage), they
are still your half-brother or half-sister.
However, note that it is common to still call your half-brother or half-sister just your
brother or sister (without adding the half- part).
Check out this chart comparing the relationships between different members of the
family:
Make some exercises with your partners and then answer the questions that the
teacher will ask to everybody in class.
Examples:
Like all adjectives in English, they are always located directly in front of the noun
they refer to. (Possessive Adjective + Noun).
We do not include an S to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other
languages.
Examples:
However, the verb that is used needs to be in agreement with the noun - if the
noun is singular then the verb is singular; if the noun is plural then the verb is
plural.
Examples:
Possessive Case
The good news is that the genitive case is used less and less in English today.
Hooray!
You may still hear someone say something like "The mother of the bride," but it
could equally be; "The bride's mother."
However, the possessive pattern ('s) is generally used when indicate a relation of
ownership or association with a person, rather than a thing.
Example:
There are, as ever, exceptions to this rule. When a group of people is involved or
animals.
Example:
Singular and irregular plural nouns that don't end in 's' take -'s.
Example:
Boy's videogame.
The people's court.
Plural nouns that end in " s " take an apostrophe at the end ( ' ).
Example:
People's names that end in "s" you can write (') or ('s).
Example:
If you have to show joint ownership, give the possessive form to the final name
only.
PERSONAL PRONOUN/DETERMINER
Possessive
Lynne's Lynne's
My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Their Theirs
Whose Whose
Example:
Genitive Case
You should still use the genitive case when talking about things that belong to other
things.
Example:
Have got and have mean the same. Have got is more informal. We use have (got)
here to refer to both verbs: