MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

LABORATORY WORK EXPERIENCE NOTE BOOK

Students name: Abera Negesse

Address/site: Mekelle University, CVM Laboratory
Academic year: 2013/14
 Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification:SpeciesEquis assinus_age_6years_

sexmale_breedlocal

Name of laboratory:Mekelle University, CVM, Parasitological Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case:Internal parasitosis

Sample taken: fecal sample, sample code________, preservative used (if

applicable)_________

Date of sample collection:13/03/2006, date of laboratory

examination:13/03/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Direct microscopicfecal smear examination

Objective of the laboratory test:To confirm tentative diagnosis_

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: Direct fecal smear is a

qualitativemethod used to examine eggs of parasites in the fecal sample
within a short period of time

Material and equipment: microscope, microscopic slides, cover slip, water,

feces, glove_

Procedure:

Small amount of feces was placed on microscopic slide ,

A drop of water was added on the feces and emulsified thoroughly,
The debris was avoided and the mixture of water and feces were
spread on the slide,
The cover slip was placed on the smear and examined first under low
power(10x)andthen by high dry power (40x)microscope.

Result (s):Almost spherical, brownish and thick-shelled with an outer pitted coat eggs
wereobserved.
Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result obtained indicates that
the animal was infected from the Parascaris equorum, because the egg
observed was morphologically resemble the Parascarisequorumeggs.

Recommendation (if applicable):The horse should be treated with

effective anthelmentic like ivermectin.

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

_______________________
I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification:Species _Caprine hircus_ age_2years_ sexmale_

breedlocal.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Parasitological Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case: -

____________________________________________________

Sample taken fecal sample, sample code540, preservative used (if

applicable)10% formalin

Date of sample collection23/04/2006, date of laboratory

examination03/05/2006

Lab. Technique employed:McMaster egg counting technique

Objectives of the laboratory test:To determine degrees of infestation of

the animal by parasites

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The McMaster egg

counting technique is a quantitative technique to determine the number of
eggs present in a gram of feces (e.p.g). The floatation fluid is used to
separate eggs from feces in counting chamber.

Material and equipment:Feces, beaker, Pasteur pipette, digital balance,

measuring cylinder, stirring device, microscope, floatation fluid, seiver, pestle
and mortal. McMaster counting chamber and glove

Procedure:

About 3gm of feces was measured, placed in pestle and mortal and
crushed
A 42ml floatation fluid was added into the crushed feces in the pestle
and mixed thoroughly
The solution was sieved into the beaker by using sieve_
The both side of the McMaster counting chamber was filled with filtered
solution by Pasteur pipette
 The counting chamber was left 5 minutes, and examined under 10x
microscope for counting of the eggs

Result (s): About 10 and 13 eggs of strongyle eggs were counted on the left
and right chamber respectively, therefore (10+13)*50= 1150epg was
counted.

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The buck was highly infected by strongyle

Recommendation (if applicable):The regular deworming of the goat with

effective anthelmentic should be recommended.

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature___________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species _Caprine hircus_ age _2years_ sex

_male_ breed _local.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Parasitological Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case____________________________________________________

Sample takenfecal sample, sample code172, preservative used (if

applicable)10% formalin

Date of sample collection30/04/2006, date of laboratory

examination30/04/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Floatation technique

Objectives of the laboratory test: To identify parasitic eggs

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The basis for any

floatation method is that when a worm eggs are in liquid with specific gravity
higher than that of eggs the eggs will float up to the surface of the liquid.

Material and equipment:feces, digital balance, beaker, measuring cylinder,

test tube, test tube
rack, sieve, microscope, slide, cover slip, pestle and mortal, floatation fluid(M
gSo4) and glove
Procedure:

About 3gm of feces were measured, placed in the mortal and crushed
by the pestle
42ml of water was added and mixed thoroughly and the suspension
was filtered into the beaker
The filtered solution was poured into test tube and centrifuged at
1500rpm for 3 minutes
After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded carefully
The test tube was then filled with floatation solution, gently left a
convex meniscus at the top of the test tube and placed in the test tube
rack carefully.
The cover slip was placed onto the meniscus of the test tube and left
for 20 minutes
The test tube was removed gently, placed on microscopic slide and
examined under 10x microscope

Result (s):The grey, oval shaped, thin and smooth shell eggs having a gap
between shell and morulla were observed.

Interpretation of laboratory finding:The result indicate that the observed

eggs were morphologically resemble the egg of strongyle

Recommendation (if applicable):Regular deworming of the goat with

effective anthelmentic should be performed.

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________I approve and certify that the above mentioned
laboratory activity has been conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species_Ovine ovis_ age _3years_ sex_female_

breed _local._

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM Parasitological Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case Ovine fasciolosis

Sample takenfecal sample, sample code460, preservative used (if

applicable)10% formalin

Date of sample collection21/06/2006, date of laboratory

examination21/06/2006
Lab. Technique employed: Sedimentation technique

Objectives of the laboratory test: To confirm tentative diagnosis

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The sedimentation

technique is a qualitative technique used for detection of trematod eggs in
the feces. Most trematod eggs are larger and heavier compared to nematode
and cestode eggs. Therefore, the trematod eggs are sediment at the bottom
of the solution.__

Material and equipment: beaker, sieve, microscope, measuring cylinder,

test tube and its rack, feces, methylene blue, slide, cover slip, digital balance,
pestle and mortal, tap water, pipette and glove

Procedure:

About 3gm of feces was measured, placed in mortal and crushed by

pestle_
42ml of water was added and mixed thoroughly and then filtered into
beaker by sieve
The filtered solution was poured into the test tube and centrifuged at
1500rpm for 3minutes
After centrifugation the supernatant was discarded carefully and a drop
of methylene blue was added into the sediment left in the test tube
A drop of stained sediment was placed on the clean microscopic slide
and covered by cover slip and examined under 10% microscope.

Result (s):large, yellowish, oval shaped and operculated eggs at the one end
was observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The observed resultindicate that the

sheep was infected by Fasciolla hepatic.

Recommendation (if applicable):The sheep should be treated by effective

anthelmentic liketriclabendazole.

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card
Patient animal identification: SpeciesBos indicus age 5yearssex female breed
_local.

Name of Laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, parasitology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case: Mange mite infestation

Sample takenskin scraping (pus from nodules) sample code______

preservative used (if applicable)

Date of sample collection _23/06/2006_ date of laboratory examination

_23/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Direct smear preparation of the pus

Objectives of the laboratory test: To confirm the tentative diagnosis of

the case_

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: Microscopic

examination of the pus (cheesy waxy fluid) from the nodules which may
contain many mites reveal the morphological feature of the mites by making
the direct smear of the pus

Material and equipment: microscopic slide, microscope, tap water, pus and
glove

Procedure:

Small amount of pus was placed on the microscopic slide

A drop of tap water was added on the pus to emulsify the pus_
The emulsified pus was dispersed on the microscopic slide
The slide was then observed under 10x objective of the microscope

Result (s): The cigarette shaped, elongated, tapering body with 4 pairs of
stumpy legs anteriorly was observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result, supported by history and

clinical sign, indicate that the cow was infested by Demodex bovis.

Recommendation (if applicable): The cow was treated with effective

acaricide

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

_________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature______________

Official seal
 Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: SpeciesBos indicus_ age 6years_ sex male_

breed local.

Name of laboratoryMekelleUniversity, CVM, Parasitology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case: Pediculosis

Sample takenAdult Lice_ sample code______preservative used (if

applicable)10% formalin

Date of sample collection 03/04/2006_ date of laboratory

examination03/04/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Direct stereomicroscopic examination

Objectives of the laboratory test: To identify the species of lice infesting

the ox

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The direct

stereomicroscopic examination of the lice is used to clearly observe the
morphological feature of the lice and its parts.

Material and equipment: universal bottle, 10% formalin, stereomicroscope,

adult lice, forceps, petridish and glove

Procedure:

The lice was collected from cow brought to CVMhospital with the help
of universal bottle
The collected lice were taken from universal bottle by the help of
forceps and placed on petridish
The petridish containing the lice was put under stereomicroscope and
examined for identification of the lice

Result (s): Small, reddish brown colored lice having a large head which was
anteriorly rounded and with ventral mouth part was observed_

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The obtained result indicate that,

the cow was infested from Damalinia bovis, which was caused irritation and
damage of the skin.
Recommendation (if applicable): The cow should be treated with effective
acaricide_

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_____________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species _Bos indicus_ age 4years_ sex _male_
breed local.

Name of laboratory:MekelleUniversity, CVM, Parasitology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case: Tick infestation

Sample takenadult tick_ sample code_____ preservative used (if

applicable)10% formalin

Date of sample collection _16/06/2006_ date of laboratory

examination16/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Direct stereomicroscopic examination of the tick

Objectives of the laboratory test: To identify the tick into genus level

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The direct

stereomicroscopic examination of the ticks is used to clearly observe the
morphological feature of the ticks by observing its parts.

Material and equipment: universal bottle, 10% formalin, stereomicroscope,

ticks, forceps, petridish and glove

Procedure:

The ticks were collected from the inguinal and chest region of the ox by
using universal bottle and 10% formalin was added to the bottle.
The tick was taken from the bottle by forceps and placed on petridish
 The petridish was placed under stereomicroscope and examined for
identification

Result (s): The ornitod tick with mouth part located anteriorly, legs with
band of color, scutum and with around 11 festoons was observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicates that the ox was

infested by tick belong to Ambyloomaspp

Recommendation (if applicable): The ox should be treated by effective

acaricide_

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species _Bos indicus_ age _6years_ sex _male_
breed _local.

Name of laboratory: MekelleUniversity, CVM, Parasitology Laboratory_

Tentative diagnosis of the case: Dermatophytosis__

Sample takenskin scraping_ sample code_____ preservative used (if

applicable)____________

Date of sample collection 23/06/2006 date of laboratory examination

_23/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: KOH wet preparation technique

Objectives of the laboratory test: To confirm tentative diagnosis

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The KOH wet

preparation methodis used for hairs, scabs or claw scraping to clear the
specimen and make the fungi more visible without staining of the specimen.
By adding 10% KOH to the skin scraping, the debris were digested and the
morphology of the organism is easily appreciated under low and high dry
objective or phase contrast microscope

Material and equipment: microscope, microscopic slide, 10% KOH, Bunsen

burner, blade, petridish, cover slip

Procedure:

The skin of the patient animal was scraped into the petridish
The small amount of skin scraped was placed on the microscopic slide
and 2 drops of 10% KOH was added on the skin scraped and mixed
thoroughly
The slide was passed on the low flame of the Bunsen burner, covered
by cover slips and impressed gently
The slide was kept in position for 2 hours and examined under high dry
objective microscope

Result (s): Septate and fragmented hyphae (arhtrospore) which were whitish
to grey in color was observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result, with the clinical sign,

indicate that the ox was infected by dermatophytes ( Trichophyton
verrucosum)._

Recommendation (if
applicable)__________________________________________________

Name of extern student: Abera Negesse signature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_____________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species Ovine ovis_ age _2years_ sex _male_
breed _local.

Name of laboratory Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case:

____________________________________________________
Sample takenblood____, sample code_______ preservative used (if
applicable)_____________

Date of sample collection03/06/2006, date of laboratory

examination03/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Media preparation (blood agar media)

Objectives of the laboratory test: To culture bacteria

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: Culture media are

designed to encourage growth and multiplication of microorganism in the
artificial environment. The blood agar media is used for growth and
multiplication of fastiduce microorganism

Material and equipment: blood, blood agar base, flask, autoclave, Bunsen
burner, water bath, digital balance, filter paper, petridish, incubator, hot plate
starrier, spatula, graduated cylinder, distilled water and glove.

Procedure:

10gm of blood agar base was measured and placed into the flask_
250ml of distilled water was added into the flask containing the blood
agar base
The flask was placed on the hot plat starrier until dissolved completed
The homogenized solution was placed into autoclave at 121C 0 for
15minutesn at 15lb
After sterilization the flask was kept on water bath at 45C 0 for
certaintimes
15ml of water was added into the flask and mixed thoroughly on clean
and sterilized bench top using disinfectant and flame of Bunsen burner
The molten blood agar was poured on sterilized petridish around
Bunsen burner and passed on flame of Bunsen burner 2-3 times and
kept at room temperature until solidification
The petridish was the incubated in inverted position at 37C 0 for 18
hours

Result (s): Red colored, sterilized media was observed

Interpretation of laborator y finding: The media were sterilized/no

contamination and ready for culturing of bacteria

Recommendation (if
applicable)___________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________I approve and certify that the above mentioned
laboratory activity has been conducted under my close supervision.
Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________
signature________________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identi3fication: Species Bos indicus age 7years sex female
breed crossbred.

Name of laboratoryMekelleUniversity, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_____________________________________________________

Sample takenmilk, sample codeCVM26/02, preservative used (if

applicable)_______________

Date of sample collection04/06/2006, date of laboratory

examination04/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Streak plate method

Objectives of the laboratory test: To obtain thepure culture from the milk
mixed flora

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The streak plate

method is the most common ways of separating bacterial cell on the agar
surface to obtain well isolated colony. Small amount of sample is transferred
onto the surface of solid agar medium by inoculating loop and streaked
gently.

Material and equipment: solid media, milk, Bunsen burner, inoculating

loop, incubator

Procedure:

The milk was collected from cow with suspected mastitis

The inoculating loop was sterilized by flame of Bunsen burner and
cooled
Small amount of milk was picked up by the loop and placed in one
corner of petridish containing blood agar
The loop was sterilized and a loop full sample was streaked gently
across blood agarmedium
The loop was sterilized by flaming and cooled by stabbing at the corner
of blood agar medium
The loop was passed once across one end of the primary streak and
streaked onto the free region
The loop was sterilized, cooled again and streaked starting from the
end of the secondary streak
 The inoculums was labeled and incubated in inverted position at 37C 0
for 24 hours

Result (s): The well separated colony were observed in the area of the third
quadrant

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The colonies were well recognized

and it is possible to perform other test for bacterial identification

Recommendation (if
applicable) __________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species Bos indicus age 7years sex female
breed crossbred.

Name of laboratory: MekelleUniversity, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_____________________________________________________

Sample takenmilk_ sample codeCVM26/02_ preservative used (if

applicable)______________

Date of sample collection04/06/2006 date of laboratory

examination04/07/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Grams staining method_

Objectives of the laboratory test: To differentiate bacteria into gram

negative and gram positive

Principle of the laboratory technique employed:Grams staining is the

differential staining method which is used to group bacteria into gram
positive and gram negative. The gram positive bacteria retain the crystal
violate color and appear deep violate/ blue and gram negative loose the
crystal violate color and appear red upon decolorization.

Material and equipment: microscope, oil emersion, cultured spacemen,

slide, Bunsen burner, staining rack, tap water, Grams stain reagent(crystal
violate, mordant, 95% ethyl alcohol, safranin )
Procedure:

A loopful of tap water was transferred onto the microscopic slide by

flamed loop
A loop was reflammed and a colony of bacteria was picked up from
blood agar media and placed on slide and spread thinly
The smear was air dried and fixed by passing on the flame of Bunsen
burner 2-3 times
The slide was placed on the staining rack and the crystal violate stain
was poured on the smear and allowed to act for a minute
It was washed by tap water and mordant was added and kept for a
minutes
It was washed by tap water again and decolorized by 95% ethanol for
30 second
The slide was counter stained by safaranin for about 2 minutes and
washed with tap water, driedand examined under oil emersion
microscope

Result (s): Blue colored, cocci shaped and long chain forming bacteria was
observed__________

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicate that the bacteria

was gram positive ___

Recommendation (if
applicable) ____________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________I approve and certify that the above mentioned
laboratory activity has been conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official sea
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: SpeciesBos indicus age 7years sexfemale

breedcrossbred.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_______________________________________________

Sample takencolony from nutrient agar sample

code_______preservative used (if applicable)
Date of sample collection___________ date of laboratory
examination08/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: catalase test

Objectives of the laboratory test:To check presence or absence of

catalase enzyme in bacterial cell

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The catalase

enzyme works on breaking of the hydrogen peroxide into water and
oxygen. Therefore the hydrogen peroxide is added on bacterial colony
on the glass slide if it has catalase enzyme, it break the H 2O2 into H2O
and O2 and the bubble is produced.

Material and equipment: bacterial colony, glass slide, loop, Bunsen

burner, H2O2, Pasteur pipette, and glove

Procedure:

A pure colony of bacteria cultured on nutrient agar was taken by

sterilized loop and placed on glass slide
The two drops of 3% H2O2 was added onto colony of bacteria on
the glass slide
The slide was then observed for bubble formation

Result (s): The bubble was observed after a few second

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicate that the

bacteria contain the catalase enzyme, therefore the bacteria was
catalase positive

Recommendation (if
applicable) ____________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

____________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has
been conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature___________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species Bos indicus, age 5years, sex female,
breed local.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case:Subclinical mastitis

Sample takenmilk__ sample code______ preservative used (if

applicable)_________________

Date of sample collection07/04/2006date of laboratory

examination07/04/2006

Lab. Technique employed: California mastitis test (CMT)

Objectives of the laboratory test:To screen the cow for subclinical

mastitis

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: CMT is indicator for

diagnosis of mastitis by forming a gel if the teat was inflamed. It is indirect
cell counting method based on the quantity of DNA of leukocyte.

Material and equipment: milk, CMT puddle, CMT reagent, Pasteur pipette

Procedure:

The milk was collected from 4 quarters of the teat of sick animal_
Approximately, about 2ml of milk was placed on the four holes of CMT
puddle
Equal amount of CMT reagent was added into the milk in the puddle_
The puddle was rotated gently to mix the milk and reagent
The puddle was then observed for gel formation

Result (s): The formation of gel was observed on both front left teat and
rear right teat

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicates that the cow

was positive for mastitis of unknown causative agent (etiology).

Recommendation (if applicable): The animal should be treated by broad

spectrum antibiotics like penstrip, oxytetracycline, etc.

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature____________
 Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species Bos indicus, age 7years, sex female,
breed crossbred.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case____________________________________________________

Sample taken__milk___ sample code______ preservative used (if

applicable)______________

Date of sample collection_03/06/2006_ date of laboratory

examination03/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Clot on boiling test

Objectives of the laboratory test: To check the milk whether it is fresh or

not.

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The clot on boiling test

is a method used to identify whetherthe milk is fresh or not. If the milk is
fresh, it can be boiled without being precipitate but if it is not fresh, it form
precipitation. The method is also easy and quick to assess the acidity of the
milk.

Material and equipment: test tube, milk sample, hot air oven (water bath)

Procedure:

About 5ml of milk was filled into the test tube

The test tube containing milk was placed into water bath and kept for 5
minutes
After 5 minutes the test tube was removed from water bath and
examined for formation of precipitation

Result (s):There was no any precipitation

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicate that the milk was
fresh and free from acidity, so that the milk is ready for processing__

Recommendation (if
applicable)___________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species_ Bos indicus_ age _7years_ sex _female_
breed crossbred.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case____________________________________________________

Sample taken__milk___ sample code_CVM 26/02_ preservative used (if

applicable)_________

Date of sample collection _13/06/2006_ date of laboratory

examination13/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Alcohol test_

Objectives of the laboratory test: To check stability of the milk for

processing_____________

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The casein is found in

the milk as calcium hydrogen ceseinate, when lactic acid develops in the milk
the calcium get removed from the calcium hydrogen ceseinate (colloid
formation) and resulted in simple change to the acidcasein that will displayed
in the form of precipitation.

Material and equipment: test tube, pipette, ethyl alcohol (70%)

Procedure:

5ml of milk was poured into the test tube

5ml of the ethyl alcohol was added into the test tube containing the
milk
The test tube was then shaked 3-4 times with the thumb held tightly
over the end of the test tube_
The test tube was then observed for formation of precipitation

Result (s):The precipitation was not observed on the wall of the test tube

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicate that the milk was
not acidic and suitable for processing

Recommendation (if
applicable)__________________________________________________

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species____________ age _____ sex ______ breed

___________

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case____________________________________________________

Sample taken:colony of bacteria from nutrient agars ample code______

preservative used (if applicable)
Date of sample collection__________ date of laboratory
examination11/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Methyl red test

Objectives of the laboratory test: To differentiate dextrose fermenter

bacteria

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The methyl red test is

used to test the ability of an organism to produce and maintain stable acid
end products from glucose fermentation. Some bacteria will ferment a
glucose and form stable acid product at 4.4 pH.

Material and equipment: MR-VP broth, test tube, loop, incubator, MR

indicator, cultured bacteria

Procedure:

A colony of bacteria was taken from nutrient agar media by using

inoculating loop_
The colony was inoculated into MR-VP broth in the test tube
The test tube was then incubated at 37C 0 for 48 hours
A 2 drops of methylene blue was added to the test tube after 48 hours
and observed for color change.

Result (s):The red color was observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicate that the

organism was positive for methyl red test

Recommendation (if
applicable)___________________________________________________

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species______________ age _____ sex _______
breed ________

Name of laboratory: MekelleUniversity, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case____________________________________________________

Sample taken:colony of bacteria from nutrient agar, sample code_______,

preservative used (if applicable)

Date of sample collection,_______ date of laboratory examination11/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Indole test

Objectives of the laboratory test: To detect presence or absence of

tryptophanase enzyme in bacteria

Principle of the laboratory technique employed:The test is performed to

examine the ability of bacteria to breakdown amino acid tryptophan into
indole.

Material and equipment: bacterial colony, tryptophan broth media, Kovacs

reagent, inoculating loop and
incubator_____________________________________________________

Procedure:

The colony of bacteria was taken from the nutrient agar media and
inoculated into tryptophan broth media
It was the incubated at 37C0, for 48 hours
After 48hours, about 5 drops of kovacs reagent was added and the
result was observedimmediately.

Result (s): The bright red color in the form of ring was observed on the top
of the surface of the test tube.

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicates that the bacteria

was contain tryptophanase enzyme which results indole production.

Recommendation (if
applicable)___________________________________________________

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________
 Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species_ Bos indicus_age 7years_sex _female_

breed crossbred.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory_

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_____________________________________________________

Sample taken _milk __ sample code _CVM 26/02 preservative used (if
applicable)___________

Date of sample collection03/06/2006_ date of laboratory

examination03/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed:PH test

Objectives of the laboratory test: To detect acidity of the milk

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The normal PH of milk

from the cow is about 6.6-6.8. Any increase of acidity in the milk due to
bacterial multiplication leads to fall in PH. Thus any change in PH in milk
indicates abnormality of the milk.

Material and equipment: milk sample, PH meter, test tube

Procedure:

Milk was collected from the CVM dairy cow

About 50ml of milk sample was taken in a clean test tube
The PH of the milk was then read by using the PH mete

Result (s):6.8 PH was recorded

Interpretation of laboratory finding: From the above result the PH of the

milk was fallen within the normal PH of the milk and indicate absence of the
acidity of the milk.

Recommendation (if
applicable)___________________________________________________
Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date
__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Specie__________________age_____ sex_____ breed

_________

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_____________________________________________________

Sample taken:colony of bacteria from nutrient agar sample code________

preservative used (if applicable)

Date of sample collection03/06/2006 date of laboratory

examination06/06/2006_

Lab. Technique employed: Potassium hydroxide (KOH) test

Objectives of the laboratory test: To differentiate bacteria into grams

negative and grams positive

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: Addition of 3% KOH to

the colony of bacteria is important to detect bacteria whether they are gram
positive or gram negative by observing the formation of the gel. The cell wall
of gram negative bacteria was broken down by the action of KOH and release
discoid chromosome and form gel.

Material and equipment: colony of bacteria, 3% KOH, microscopic slide,

Bunsen burner, inoculating loop and gloves

Procedure:
 A loopful of pure bacterial colony was taken from cultured media by
using sterilized loop and transferred to microscopic slide
A 3% KOH was added on the slide containing bacterial colony and
mixed thoroughly by inoculating loop
The loop was then left at interval to check formation of gel or not

Result (s): The viscous gel was formed.

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The obtained result indicates that

the bacteria were gram negative.

Recommendation (if
applicable)____________________________________________________

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species _Bos indicus_ age _6years_ sex _male_
breed _local.

Name of laboratoryMekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case: Actinobacillosis

Sample takenpus sample code_____ preservative used (if

applicable)_____________________

Date of sample collection 07/04/2006_ date of laboratory

examination07/04/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Grams staining method

Objectives of the laboratory test: To confirm the tentative diagnosis of

the case

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: Grams staining is the

differential staining method which is used to group bacteria into gram
positive and gram negative. The gram negative bacteria retain the crystal
violate color and appear deep violate/ blue and gram negative loose the
crystal violate color and appear red upon decolorization.

Material and equipment: microscope, oil emersion, cultured spacemen,

slide, Bunsen burner, staining rack, tap water, Grams stain reagent(crystal
violate, mordant, 95% ethyl alcohol, safranin )

Procedure:

Small amount of the pus was placed on the microscopic slide and
smear was prepared
The smear was air dried and fixed by passing on the flame of Bunsen
burner 2-3 times
The slide was placed on the staining rack and the crystal violate stain
was poured on the smear and allowed to act for a minute
It was washed by tap water and mordant was added and kept for a
minutes
It was washed by tap water again and decolorized by 95% ethanol for
30 second
The slide was counter stained by safranin for about 2 minutes and
washed with tap water, driedand examined under oil emersion
microscope

Result (s): Gram negative, rod shaped and long chain forming bacteria was
observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result, in addition to clinical

finding indicate that the bacteria was morphologically resembled
toActinobacillus lignieresii

Recommendation (if applicable): The ox should be treated by effective

antibiotics like penicillin

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_____________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species_ Bos indicus_ age _4years_ sex _female_
breed _local.
Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case: Actinomycosis

Sample taken _pus_ sample code______ preservative used (if

applicable)___________________

Date of sample collection16/03/2006date of laboratory examination

_16/03/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Grams staining method

Objectives of the laboratory test:To confirm the tentative diagnosis of the

case

Principle of the laboratory technique employed:Grams staining is the

differential staining method which is used to group bacteria into gram
positive and gram negative. The gram negative bacteria retain the crystal
violate color and appear deep violate/ blue and gram negative loose the
crystal violate color and appear red upon decolorization.

Material and equipment: microscope, oil emersion, cultured spacemen,

slide, Bunsen burner, staining rack, tap water, Grams stain reagent(crystal
violate, mordant, 95% ethyl alcohol, safranin )

Procedure:

Small amount of the pus was placed on the petridish and washed with
distilled water
The smear was air dried and fixed by passing on the flame of Bunsen
burner 2-3 times
The sulfa granules was taken from petridish and smear was made on
microscopic slide
The slide was placed on the staining rack and the crystal violate stain
was poured on the smear and allowed to act for a minute
It was washed by tap water and mordant was added and kept for a
minutes
It was washed by tap water again and decolorized by 95% ethanol for
30 second
The slide was counter stained by safranin for about 2 minutes and
washed with tap water, driedand examined under oil emersion
microscope

Result (s):Deep violate, rod shaped and branched filamentous bacteria was
observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result, in addition to clinical

finding indicates that the bacteria was morphologically resembled
Actinmyces bovis.
Recommendation (if
applicable)___________________________________________________

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________I approve and certify that the above mentioned
laboratory activity has been conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal
Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: SpeciesBos indicus__ age 6years_ sex male_

breed local.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Microbiology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case: Dermatophilosis

Sample takenskin scraping_ sample code______ preservative used (if

applicable)____________

Date of sample collection23/06/2006_ date of laboratory

examination23/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Giemsa staining method

Objectives of the laboratory test: To confirm tentative diagnosis of the

case

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: Giemsa stain is a

technique used to impart a color to tissue or cell to facilitate microscopically
identification. The staining of bacterial cell with giemsa stain results the
identification of the characteristic morphology of the cell.

Material and equipment: gloves, scalpel blade, petridish, 95% methyl

alcohol, microscope, microscopic slide, giemsa stain solution, distilled water,
oil emersion

Procedure:

The skin was scraped from the ox by scalpel blade onto petridish
The smear was made thinly, by placing small amount of the scraped
skin and moisturing by adding distilled water, on microscopic slide and
air dried
The smear was fixed with 95% methyl alcohol for 5 minutes and
washed by distilled water and air dried and stained by giemsa staining
for 3 minutes
 It was then washed, air dried and examined under oil emersion
microscope

Result (s): Gram positive, purpled color and branched filament organism
was observed

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The obtained result with addition of

clinical finding indicate that, the ox was infected by Dermatophilus conglensis

Recommendation (if applicable): The ox should be treated with effective

antibiotics

Name of extern student: Abera Negessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species Caprine hircus age 2years sex male
breed local

Name of laboratory:Mekelle University, CVM, Clinical Pathology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_____________________________________________________

Sample takenbloodsample code______ preservative used (if

applicable)________________

Date of sample collection13/06/2006 date of laboratory

examination13/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Hemoglobin determination (Sahils method)

Objectives of the laboratory test: To determine concentration of

hemoglobin in the blood of caprine
Principle of the laboratory technique employed: hemoglobin present in
the sample of blood is converted into acid hematin by addition of N/10HCl to
the blood and then Hb content of the blood is determined by matching 0.1N
acid hematin solution against standard color solution found in the Sahils
hemoglobinometer.

Material and equipment:blood, hemoglobinometer tube,

hemoglobinometer pipette, glass rod, Pasteur pipette, 0.1N HCl, distilled
water, Sahils hemoglobinometer.

Procedure:

A graduated tube of hemoglobinometer was filled with 0.1N HCl up to

the mark of10
Blood was taken using Sahils pipette at the mark of 20 and added into
hemoglobinometer tube and mixed by using glass rod
After 2-3 minutes, distilled water was added drop by drop by using
Pasteur pipette till the color solution match with standard color
solution.
Then the tube was read and compared with normal value of the Hb of
goat

Result (s):10gm/dl of hemoglobin concentration was recorded.

Interpretation of laboratory finding:The result indicate that the

hemoglobin concentration recorded was fallen into normal range (8-12
gm./dl).

Recommendation (if
applicable):__________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: SpeciesCaprine hircus age 2years sex male

breed local.
Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Clinical Pathology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_____________________________________________________

Sample takenblood sample code_______ preservative used (if

applicable)______________

Date of sample collection13/06/2006 date of laboratory

examination13/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren

method)

Objectives of the laboratory test: To determine ESR of the goat and

comparing with normal value

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: ESR is rate at which

red blood cells settled out of unclotted whole blood and expressed in mm/hr.
The test is based on the fact of measuring of the settling of the RBC in tube of
the blood during an hour.

Material and equipment:Westergren pipette, Westergren rack (standing),

blood sample

Procedure:

The unclotted blood was sucked into a Westergren pipette up to zero

mark
The thumb was kept over the open end of the pipette and the blood
was held firmlyon its position
The Westergren pipette was placed on its rack in vertical position
The upper part of the pipette was fixed onto the rubber bang/clip
The fall (settled) RBC was read after an hour.

Result (s):5.5 mm/hr. of ESR was read

Interpretation of laboratory finding:The ESR of goat was normal because

the obtained result was fallen between the normal ranges (3-8.5mm/hr.).

Recommendation (if
applicable):__________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________
 Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species Caprine hircus_ age _2years_ sex

_male_ breed _local.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Clinical Pathology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case_____________________________________________________

Sample taken _blood ____ sample code_______ preservative used (if

applicable)____________

Date of sample collection13/06/2006 date of laboratory examination

_13/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed:PCV determination

Objectives of the laboratory test:To evaluate the PCV of the back

Principle of the laboratory technique employed:The PCV technique

allows an estimation of the degree of anemia by measuring the volume
occupied by RBC in the sample of the whole blood.

Material and equipment:Whole bloods, plane capillary tube, hematocrit

centrifuge, hematocrit reader, wax (soup).

Procedure:

Small amount of blood was poured on microscopic slide and a capillary

tube was filled up to 3/4th approximately.
One end of capillary tube was sealed by using soup_
The filled capillary tube was placed into the centrifuge with the sealed
one is directed towards the center of centrifuge
The blood was then centrifuged at 12000rpm for 4minutes_
After 4minutes, the capillary tube was removed and read by using
hematocrit reader

Result (s):The recorded PCV was 21%.

Interpretation of laboratory finding:The PCV of the buck was normal

because the result was fallen between the normal ranges.
Recommendation (if
applicable)__________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species _Bos indicus_ age _6years_ sex _male_
breed _local.

Name of laboratory:Mekelle University, CVM, Clinical Pathology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case:____________________________________________________

Sample takenUrinesample code______ preservative used (if

applicable)________________

Date of sample collection27/06/2006__ date of laboratory

examination27/06/2006

Lab. Technique employed: Glucose test

Objectives of the laboratory test: To detect presence or absence of

glucose in the urine

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: Addition of benidicts

reagent into the urine with application of the heat change the normal color of
urine if excess glucose is present in urine of the animal

Material and equipment: urine, test tube, Benedicts reagent, Bunsen

burner

Procedure:

About 3 drops of urine was put into the test tube and 5ml of Benedicts
reagent was added into the test tube and mixed thoroughly
The test tube was heated by the flame of Bunsen burner for 5 minutes
The test tube was removed from the heat and kept standing for a few
minutes
 The color of urine was then compared with that of benedicts color in
the bottle

Result (s): The blue color was observed_

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The result indicate that the ox was

free from glucosuria, the blue color indicate that the absence of glucose in
the urine

Recommendation (if
applicable)__________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: Species_Caprine hircus_ age _2years_ sex

_male_ breed local.

Name of laboratory:Mekelle University, CVM, Clinical Pathology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case:

____________________________________________________

Sample takenwhole blood_ sample code_____ preservative used (if

applicable)______________

Date of sample collection13/06/06_ date of laboratory examination_13/06/06

Lab. Technique employed: Differential leukocytes count

Objectives of the laboratory test: To determine the relative number of

leucocytes present in the whole blood
Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The differential
leukocytes count is the method used to determine the relative number of
individual cells in the whole blood by staining the blood smear.

Material and equipment: microscope, microscopic slide, Wright stain,

distilled water, 95% methanol, glove

Procedure:

The drop of uncoagulated blood was placed on one corner of the slide
and spread with another slide by using the thin edge at angle of 45 0
The smear was air dried and fixed by 95% methanol for 5 minutes
The fixed smear was stained by giemsa stain for 30 minutes, washed,
air dried and examined under oil emersion microscope
The cells was counted by zigzag method and expressed in percent

Result (s): Neutrophil 58, lymphocyte 25, monocyt 1, basophile 0, eosinophil

0

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The obtained result indicate that the

only the neutrophiles were increase in number while the rest of the cells were
decreased

Recommendation (if
applicable)___________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal

Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: SpeciesCaprine hircus_ age _2years_ sex _male_

breed _local.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Clinical Pathology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the

case:____________________________________________________
Sample takenwhole blood_ sample code_____ preservative used (if
applicable)_____________

Date of sample collection_13/06/06_ date of laboratory examination_13/06/06

Lab. Technique employed: Total erythrocytes count by using

hemocytometer

Objectives of the lab0ratory test: To determine the number of red blood

cells in the whole blood

Principle of the laboratory technique employed: The total erythrocyte is

counted by using counting chamber that has microscopically ruled line and
the cell is counted on the square found at the center. For counting the cells, a
dilution of 1part blood to 200 hayems solutions is important

Material and equipment: whole blood, RBC pipette, Neuaurer chamber,

hayems solution, microscope, glove

Procedure:

The uncoagulated blood collected was drown to the RBC pipette to the
mark of 0.5_
The outer part of the pipette was cleaned and the hayems solution
was aspirated to the mark of 101 mixed by rotating 6 times
The first 3 drops of the diluted blood was discarded and the left was
charged into hemocytometer
The cells was counted under 40x object microscope

Result (s):The 950 RBCs were counted from the 5 square, the total RBC
counted was
6
950*10000=9.5*10 /ml_______________________________________________________
____

Interpretation of laboratory finding: The number of the RBC of the goat

present in the whole blood was normal.

Recommendation (if
applicable)__________________________________________________

Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date

__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal
 Laboratory Examination Card

Patient animal identification: SpeciesCaprine hircus_ age _2years_ sex _male_

breed local.

Name of laboratory: Mekelle University, CVM, Clinical Pathology Laboratory

Tentative diagnosis of the case:

____________________________________________________

Sample takenwhole blood_ sample code_____ preservative used (if

applicable)______________

Date of sample collection_13/06/06_ date of laboratory examination_13/06/06

Lab. Technique employed:The total leukocytes count

Objectives of the laboratory test:To determine the number leucocytes

present in the whole blood.

Principle of the laboratory technique employed:The leucocytes in the

whole blood is counted by using the 4 large square found at the diagonals of
the hemocytometer. For counting of the cells, 1 part of blood to 20 parts of
dilution solution was used

Material and equipment:whole blood, hemocytometer, WBC diluting

pipette, microscope, cover slip, WBC diluents

Procedure:

The blood was aspirated into pipette with white bead to the mark of
0.5
The diluting fluid was sucked up to the mark of 11 and mixed
thoroughly and left for a minute
The cover slide was placed on the hemocytometer and a drop of
diluted blood was placed at the side
The chamber was put under 10x object microscope and the cells was
counted at the 4 large corners square

Result (s):230 WBCs were counted; the total cells were so 230*50=
11.5*103/ml

Interpretation of laboratory finding:The result indicate that the total

leucocytes in the whole blood of the buck was normal

Recommendation (if
applicable)__________________________________________________
Name of extern student: AberaNegessesignature _______ date
__________________________

I approve and certify that the above mentioned laboratory activity has been
conducted under my close supervision.

Name of veterinarian in charge: ___________________________

signature_________________

Official seal