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Administracin Avanzada de Redes de

Sistemas UNIX/LINUX

Un enfoque prctico

Javier Carmona Murillo


David Corts Polo
Alfonso Gazo Cervero
Jos Luis Gonzlez Snchez
Manuel Domnguez Dorado
Francisco Javier Rodrguez Prez

ISBN: 978-84-695-2036-9



Administracin avanzada de redes de sistemas UNIX/LINUX
Un enfoque prctico.

Javier Carmona Murillo


David Corts Polo
Manuel Domnguez Dorado
Alfonso Gazo Cervero
Jos Luis Gonzlez Snchez
Francisco Javier Rodrguez Snchez

1 edicin: Enero de 2012


ISBN13: 978-84-695-2036-9






     


  


 
  
 
                  
    


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4para arquitecturas x86 compatibles (incluyendo

Pentium y Athlon), amd64 compatibles


(incluyendo Opteron, Athlon 64 y EM64T),


UltraSPARC, IA-64, PC-98 y ARM.
 Derivado de BSD, la versin de UNIX desarrollada


en la Universidad de California, Berkeley.
 Licencia FreeBSD. Ms restrictiva GPL y LGPL

 BSD Family Tree: FreeBSD, NetBSD y OpenBSD


 http://www.freebsd.org




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title Fedora Core (2.6.19-1.2895_1.fc6.cubbi_suspend2)
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initrd /initrd-2.6.19-1.2895_1.fc6.cubbi_suspend2.img


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+-.

// If you are just adding zones, please do that in /etc/bind/named.conf.local

include "/etc/bind/named.conf.options";
// prime the server with knowledge of the root servers


zone "." {
type hint;


file "/etc/bind/db.root";
};
// be authoritative for the localhost forward and reverse zones
zone "localhost" {


type master;
file "/etc/bind/db.local";


};
zone "127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;


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