Kuliah-1b

Komplesi & Kerja Ulang Sumur

(2 SKS)
Definisi & Konsep Dasar Komplesi & Kerja ulang Sumur

Dosen : Ir. Andry Halim, MM

Universitas Trisakti - Jakarta
 Objective/Sasaran
Konsep Dasar Ko lesi
Konsep Kerja Ulang
 Konsep Dasar Komplesi

Well Completion atau penyelesaian sumur adalah

Pekerjaan setelah pemboran, logging dan
pemasangan casing dan flanged sudah dilakukan.
Komplesi dilakukan rig sama
atau diganti dengan snubbing unit atau unit lain
yang lebih murah.
Konsep Dasar Komplesi
 Fundamentals: Why Discuss Inflow?
Completions is more than installing the equipment
It is also
Designing the equipment for the life-of-the-well
Stimulating the formation to optimize well inflow
Designing the upper completion for optimum outflow
Finding the right balance between we produc vity, installation cost,
operating cost and risk to optimize the well profitability.
The integration point for Reservoir, Drilling & Production
 Completion Types

Open-Hole (Barefoot or Sand Control)

Single Cased-Hole Completion (perforated)
Multiple Cased-Hole Completion
Commingled Cased-Hole
Completion Types
Fundamentals: Design Process
Design the well from the reservoir out
- Well flow-rate capability
- Completion sized to deliver capability
- Well drilled to contain the completion
- Design for the life-of-the well (e.g., artificial lift in late life?)
- Optimize completion based on NPV

Completion design is a process

- Plan the well (Peer Assists & Risk Assessments)
- Execute the job (Action Reviews)
- Evaluate the results
Document lessons (Retrospect)
- Re-use the lessons to improve your next design
The Unocal Completions Process

Determine Completion Options

(Rates & NPVs)

CFT Completion
Opportunities

EXECUTE
Maintain
Capture Best Performance
Practices/ Lessons Accountability
Learned

Completed
Wells Ops.
Analyze Trends
The Unocal Completions Process

Audit Get

Post Project Ris

k
Review Ide
ntification

Risk
Manageme
Project
Execution
nt Risk
Daily risk Program Assessment
mitigation

Communication Risk
Mitigatio
 Fundamentals: Design Issues
Key Design Issues:
Well /
Completion Selection
NPV Optimization (economics)
Design and Modeling
- Pre-Job Nodal Modeling (Prosper)
- Tubular Stress Analyses (TDAS or WellCat)
- Torque-and-Drag (Compass)
- Fracture Stimulation (StimPlan)
- Erosion Calculations (Flux-rates)
- Materials Selection (Metals, elastomers)
- Formation Geology / Fluids and Filtration
Execution / Pumping
-Design and QC (operations, costs, etc)
Post-Job Evaluation
Production
Kerja Ulang Sumur
Kerja Ulang Sumur
 Materi terkait
komplesi sumur
PERFORATING
 OPTIMIZING FLUID FLOW
Casing Undisturbed Formation
Cement (Permeability ku)

Damaged Zone
Goal : to establish effective (Permeability kd)

communication between the

wellbore and the reservoir Crushed Zone
(Permeability kc)

that fluid through perforations

- Perforating Geometry
- Damaged zones around the wellbore
- Crushed zones around the perforation
- Differential pressure that exist when perforating
 PERFORATING GEOMETRY
Perforating geometry involves :
Gun Phasing
Shot density
Perforation diameter Perforation
Diameter
Penetration depth

0.1 ent. hole

2.5 penetration

Cement
7 Casing
0.3 ent. hole
6.0 penetration
Bore hole
 FORMATION FRACTURING

OBJECTIVES

The objective of hydraulic fracturing for well stimulation is to increase

well productivity by creating a highly conductive path (compare to
reservoir permeability) some distance away from wellbore into the
formation.

Fracture Initiation
A hydraulic fracture treatment is accomplished by pumping a suitable
fluid into the formation at a rate faster than the fluid can leak off into
the rock. Fluid pressure is built up sufficient to overcome the earth
compressive holding rock together. rock
parts or fractures along a plane perpendicular to the minimum
compressive stress in the formation matrix.
Fracture Extension
As injection of frac fluid continues, the fracture tends to grow in width
as fluid pressure in the fracture, exerted on the fracture face, works
against the elasticity of the rock material. After sufficient frac fluid
pad has been injected to open the fracture wide enough to accept
proppant, sand is added to the frac fluid and is carried into the fracture
to hold it open after the job.
The growth upward or downward may be stopped by a barrier
formation; downward growth may also be stopped by fallout of sand to
the bottom of the fracture. The growth outward away from the wellbore
will be stopped when the rate of frac fluid leakoff through the face of
the fracture into the formation equals the rate of fluid injection into the
fracture at the wellbore.
Mechanics of Fracturing v
Regional Rock Stresses

v Total stress, h2
= 0.007 D
= average rock density, h1
lb/ft
D = depth, ft
stress h1 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix

v
= 0.007 D Pr h2 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix stress
Pr = formation pore pressure, psi

Horizontal Matrix stress depend on rock properties and pore pressure.

ZONE ISOLATION
SQUEEZE CEMENTING
PACKERS
Squeeze Definition

Injection of Cement Slurry

into voids the
casing

Dehydration of cement
requires: fluid fluid-loss, porous
(permeable) matrix,
differential pressure, time.

Injection below or above

fracture pressure
 PACKERS

Objectives
All packers will attain one or more of the following objectives when they
are functioning properly :

1. Isolate well fluids and pressure.

2. Keep gas mixed with liquids, by using gas energy for natural flow.

3. Separate producing zones, preventing fluid and p essu e contamination.

4. Aid in forming the annular volume (casing/tubing/packer) required for

gas lift or subsurface hydraulic pumping systems.

5. Limit well control to the tubing at the surface, for safety purposes.

6. well fluids fluids, fluids) casing .

COMPLETION FLUID
 Fungsi C/WO Fluids

Fungsi utama:
Stabilize the wellbore & control sub-
surfac pressure
e
Fungsi
Suspendlain:
equipments and transport
solids
Suspend equipments and transport
solids
Sebagai medium untuk well logging
Pelumasan
Displace other fluids
 JENIS FLUID C/ O
A

Solids-Free Brine Systems (Clear

Fluid)
SolidsSolids
Solids-Laden

Fluids
Drilling Fluids
Lease Water or Seawater
 Solids-Free Brine Systems

NaCl dan KCl brines biasanya

dibuat dengan melarutkan kristal
garam kering dengan air karena
densitas maximum yang dapat
dicapai relatif rendah; bila dijual
dalam bentuk larutan biaya
angkutan menja i mahal karena
adanya tambahan berat air.
NaBr biasanya dibuat dari garam
kering atautersedia dari supplier
dalam
bentuk
larutan pekat deng densit
an as
sesuai dengan kebutuhan.

NaBr biasanya dibuat dari garam

kering
FORMATION DAMAGE
Basic Causes of Damage
Contact with a foreign fluid is the basic cause of Formation Damage.
This foreign fluid may be a drilling mud, a clean completion or
workover fluid, a stimulation or well treating fluid, or even the
reservoir fluid itself if the origi al characteristics are altered.
Most oilfield fluids consist of two phases liquid and solids. Either
can cause significant formation damage through one of several
possible .

Plugging Associated with Solids

Occurs on the formation face, in the perforation, or in the formation :
Weighting materials, clays, viscosity builder, fluid loss control material, lost
circulation materials, drilled solid, cement particles, perforating charge
debris, and scale, dope, scale, .
Large Solids (perforating tunnel, face of an open hole zone, face of
natural or created fracture or in fracture channel)
Small Solids (may be carried for some distance into the pores)
Solids Precipitated (scale or asphaltene/paraffin)
Plugging Associated with Fluid Filtrate
The liquid filtrate may be water containing varying types and concentrations of
positive and negative ions and surfactants. It may be a hydrocarbon carrying
various surfactants.
The is into zones differential displacing
commingling with a portion of the virgin reservoir fluids. This may create
blockage due to one or more of several mechanism that may reduce the absolute
permeability of the pore, or restrict flow due to relative permeability or viscosity
effects.

Classification Of Damage
The numerous mechanisms that result in formation damage may be generally
classified as to the manner by which they decrease production :
Reduced absolute permeability of formation results from plugging of pore
channels by induced or inherent particles.
Reduced relative permeability to oil resultss from an increase in water
saturation or oil-wetting of the rock.
Increase viscosity of reservoir fluid results from emulsions or high-
viscosity treating fluids.
 100
kd = 50 md
Relates productivity loss to degree
kd = 10 md and depth of damage. The important
10
point is that with radial flow, the
Production Rate bbl/day

kd = 1 md
critical area is the first few feet away
1

c
Permeability of undamaged reservoir = 100 md
Formastion thickness 10 ft
from the well bore.
Well bore radius 0.25 ft
0.1 Drainage Radius 500 ft
Oil Visosity 0.5 cp
Drawdown 53.6 psi

0.01 0 5 10 15 20 25
0 Radius of damaged
10 zone beyond well
20bore, ft

Cement
7 Casing
e hole
Mengapa komplesi
sumur penting ?
 Fundamentals: Why Discuss Inflow?
60% First Year production
above expectation
Andrew
Ram Powell
20%

Underspend 0 Arkwright Overspend

- 40% Liuhua 40% 80%

-20%
Chirag ETAP
W. Seno
Cusiana ph 2 Harding Hugoton
Cupiagua

-60% Schiehallion
Pedernales
First Year production
Foinaven
below expectation
-100%

Historically, the industry has not been great at predicting cost, productivity
or risk. We must do better to handle Deepwater projects
 Completion Options Life-of-Well Issues
Classic Failure Rate

Completions are not much different from 50

other commodities (e.g., cars) 45

40

35

# Failures
30
25
20

15
Sand Control Failure By Age and Completion
% of GP Wells That Fail

10
S dC l F il Type
B A dC l i
5

0
80 0.1 1 10 100
Time
70 SOC
Time
60 CHGP
50 OHGP
FP
40 FPs cost more but last
30
20
longer
10
0
Screen-only cost less but
0 5 10 15 20 fail more frequently
Years on Production
Ref G. King Completion Database dated 2004.
Questions ?
 PR-1
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan komplesi
2. Sebutkan jenis jenis komplesi
3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan kerja ulang
4. Sebutkan key issues pada komplesi
sumur