LEARNING MATERIALS

REFRIGERATION AND
AIRCONDITIONING

Table of Contents
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 5
II. OBJECTIVES 5
III. LEARNING GOALS/STRATEGIES 6
IV. COMMON COMPETENCIES
LESSON 1 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS AND TOOLS
KNOW
1. Identify materials and tools 6
Copper Tubing 7
Fitting 9
Types of Screw Drivers 13
Types of Wrenches 14
Types of Pliers 16
Types of Hammer 17
Punches, Chisel and Bars 18
Types of Files 19
Socket Sets 20
Tubing Tools 22
Threading Tools 24
Other Hand Tools 26
Other Mechanical Hand Tools and Advance Equipment 27
2. Open Ended Statement 29
PROCESS
1. Workshop 30
2. Oral Presentation Rubrics 32
REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
1. Research and Investigate 32
2. Hardware Store Tricks 33
TRANSFER
1. Brochure Making 34
LESSON 2 PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
KNOW
1. Self-Rating Checklist 35
2. Concept Mapping 35
Types of Measuring Instrument 36
PROCESS
Basic Measuring Tools (Graduation on a Rule) 41
How to read the OMMETER SCALE 42
VOLTMETER Scale 43
THERMOMETER SCALES FAHRENHEIT AND CELSIUS 44
MEASURING WORK PIECES 46
1. Decision Matrix 47
2. Grafitti Fact 47

2
 REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
1. Writeshop 48
2. Opposite Hunt 49
TRANSFER
1. Performance Test 49
2. Self-Rating Checklist 50
LESSON 3 INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
KNOW
1. Sequential Round Table Alphabet 51
2. Reflect and Discover 57
Common Electrical Components and Symbols in RAC 53
3. Entrance, Exit, and Extra Ticket 54
PROCESS
BLUEPRINT 55
REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
1. Writeshop 57
2. Tic-Tac-Toe 57
3. Research and Investigate 59
TRANSFER
1. Performance Test 60
2. Schematic Diagram 60
LESSON 4 PERFORM HOUSEKEEPING AND SAFETY
KNOW
1. Anticipation/Reaction Guide 61
5 S (METHODOLOGY) 61
PROCESS
1. Grafitti Fact 65
REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
1. Writeshop 66
2. Research and Investigate 67
TRANSFER
1. GRASPS MODEL 68
VI SUMMARY 68
VII GLOSSARY 69
VIII REFERENCES 70

3
I. INTRODUCTION

4
 In the past, people had to make do with the icebox to keep their food stuff
cold, if only for a short period of time. Today, almost every household has a
refrigerator and its difficult to imagine a kitchen without it.
With global warming, the temperature is expected to heat up. Not only will
there be a big demand for refrigeration facilities but the need for airconditioning will
rise as well.
Clearly, this will give rise to a huge market for people in the refrigeration and
arconditioning industry. There will be a big demand for engineers who can design
and manufacture, technicians who can service the industry, and entrepreneurs who
want to do business in this field.
Either way, this module on Refrigeration and Airconditioning (RAC)
Technology will be useful to you. It will guide learners you in the proper use of tools
and materials in refrigeration technology, proper work culture in the laboratory,
performing mensuration and calculation relevant to refrigeration technology,
maintaining tools and materials for quality and quantity, and interpreting schematic
diagrams in refrigeration technology.

Refrigeration technology has gone a long way. Originally intended for food
preservation, refrigeration technology has crossed over to many other industries.
Today, domestic refrigeration technology has branched out into industrial
refrigeration, commercial refrigeration and transport refrigeration to
cater to the demands of a diverse and expanding market.

II. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you as a learner are expected to:

Perform the tasks expected of a refrigeration repair specialist assistant;

Perform the tasks expected of a troubleshooter; and
Demonstrate understanding of concepts and underlying principles of
process and delivery in the exploratory course in refrigeration and
airconditioning.

III. LEARNING GOALS/TARGETS:

Now that you have an idea of the coverage of this module, set
your learning goal in terms of what you want to attain at the end of your
lessons in Refrigeration and Airconditioning Technology. Next, specify
this in terms of the following:

Goal: ____________________________________________

Targets: a. What I want to know: _________________________

b. What I want to be able to do: ___________________
c. What I want to understand: _____________________
d. What I want to produce or understand: _____________

5
start writing your own learning goals/targets in your notebook based on the stated
objectives.

K IV. COMMON COMPETENCIES

N
O Lesson 1. Identify materials and tools
W
1. Sequential Round Table Alphabet
Direction: Write the name of a tool or material used in RAC Servicing that starts
with the letter found inside the square. Write down all that you know for each
letter.

A B C D E F

G H I J K L

M N O P Q R

S T U V W X

Y Z

6
 Use of Copper Tube in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Unit
(Mechanical System)

Installation of pipes and fittings in a refrigeration system is impossible without

the necessary tools and materials.

Copper Tubing
The tubing that carries the refrigerant to various components is considered to
be a vital part of the refrigeration system. Copper tubing is the most common
material in the refrigeration piping circuit. It is used to connect the major parts of the
refrigeration system such as evaporator coil, the compressor, the condenser coil and
the expansion valve, most copper tubing is available from 1/8 inch to inch in
diameter. The ends are capped or plugged to keep the inside of the tubing clean and
dry. It is also available in soft and hard types.

Copper tubing is available in three types. Type K, L and M. Type K tubing is

used for heavy duty purpose because of its thick wall. Type L tubing is used for Six
interior plumbing and heating. It is the common type used in HVAC system. Type M
is used for light duty work

1. Soft copper tubing. This is used in domestic and some commercial

refrigeration and air conditioning work, because it is easy to bend and flare.
Being bendable, this tubing must be supported by suitable brackets or clamp
in installation, thus soft copper tubing is often used with flared and soft
soldering fittings. It is also sold in rolls of 1, 35, and 50 ft long.

7
2. Hard drawn copper tubing. This is used in commercial refrigeration and air
conditioning applications. Being hard and stiff, it needs clamps to support it in
installation. Hard drawn copper tubing should not be bent so use straight lengths and
fitting to form the necessary tube connection. Hard- drawn refrigeration tubing joints
should be silver brazed to eliminate leaks.

3. Steel tubing. This is a thin wall tubing used in refrigeration and air conditioning
work, its size is practically the same as that of copper tubing, hence connections
may be made on steel tubing by using either flare joints or silver brazed joints.

4. Stainless steel tubing. This is a strong type of tubing that is very resistant to
corrosion. It is also easily connected to fitting by either flaring or brazing. Because of
these qualities, stainless steel is often required in food processing, ice, oven,
manufacture, milk handling system, and similar works.

8
5. Plastic tubing. This type of tubing with polyethylene is one of the most common
substances used in the manufacture of plastic tubing. The usual safe temperature is
from 100 degrees centigrade (C) to +175 degrees centigrade (C). You should
never use this tubing where fluid temperature goes beyond this limit. Polyethylene
tubing is not used in refrigerating mechanism but in cold water lines in water cooled
condensers.

6. Flexible tubing (hose). This is commonly used in suction lines in many

refrigeration systems and in commercial air conditioning application. This type serves
to prevent vibration in the mechanism. Air conditioning equipment for a motor vehicle
requires the use of flexible tubing since the vehicle is always moving.

7. Aluminum tubing. It is usually used for evaporating units in air conditioning for
home and auto-mobile. Commonly, it is used for evaporator (freezer) of the domestic
refrigerators. Special type of treatment for soldering or brazing is needed.

Fitting:
A fitting is a device used to connect tubes of different widths and lengths.

1. Flaring tube fitting. This is used in flared type connection to attach fittings in
copper tubing. There are many different fittings which are hexagonal in shape for
wrench attachment. These threaded fittings must be carefully handled to prevent
damage. All fittings used are based on the tubing size.

9
 The common flare type fittings used in refrigeration and air conditioning works
are the following.

10
2. Flare hose fitting This includes assorted nylon fittings suitable to refrigerant
hoses, such as the following:

11
3. Soldered or brazed tube fitting This type is used in most tubing and fitting
connections that are either made by soldering or silver brazing. Soldered joints are
used for water pipes and drains. Silver brazed joints are used for refrigerant pipes
and fittings.

12
 Flare Cup

TOOLS:

Types of screwdrivers and their uses:

a. Standard slot is a tool used for turning a slot-head bolt or screw.

b. Philips is a tool used for turning a Philips-head bolt or screw

c. Clutch head is a tool used for turning a clutch head bolt or screw

d. Torx head is a tool used for turning a torx bolt or screw

e. Stub is a tool used for tightening or loosening screws in places where a longer
blade will not fit especially in narrow places.

13
f. Offset is a tool used for tightening or loosening in extremely close places.

h. Screw Starter is a hand-held tool that has a small chuck at one end. The chuck
opens, usually by twisting the handle slightly and the head of a screw can be
inserted. Closing the chuck holds the screw.

Types of Wrenches and Their Uses

a. Open wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head bolts, nuts, or screws.

b. Box wrench is a tool with flat interior surfaces so that it is less likely to slip off
when working with hex-head bolts, nuts, or screws when additional torque is applied.

c. Combination wrench is a tool with an open end and a box end. It is designed for
the convenience of an operator who may need an open end for speed tightening and
loosening while the box end is used for adding torque.

14
d. Adjustable open wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head bolts, nuts, and
screws of various sizes.

e. Pipe wrench is a tool used for working with pipe, pipe fittings, and other rounded
surfaces.

f. Flare nut wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head nuts, bolts, or screws in
which the open end permits the wrench to slip over tubing.

g. Allen Wrench (hex key) is a hexagon-shaped tool used to access fasteners that
have no protruding heads and are flushed with the object being assembled or
repaired. It fits screw heads with six-sided recesses.

15
 Types of Pliers and Their Uses

a. Slip joint is a tool used for holding or turning a part where surface marring is not a
problem.

b. Slip groove is a tool used on a wider surface and where more leverage may be
required.

c. Long Nose is a tool used for holding small nuts, screws, or for reaching hard
reached places.

d. Diagonal cutter is a tool used for cutting wire only.

e. Self-locking pliers is a tool used for working where tight grip is needed. It also
locks in place to free operators to use another tool.

16
f. Pinch-off wrench is a tool designed especially to crimp refrigeration tubing to
prevent loss of refrigerant when a tube is being soldered or brazed.

Types of Hammer and Their Uses

a. Ball peen hammer is a tool used for hammering metal tools such as punches and
chisels.

b. Soft face hammer is a tool made of plastic, rawhide or material that will not mark
or break other tools or materials being hammered.

c. Sledge hammer is a tool made with a heavy steel head and a long handle for
breaking or pounding with substantial force.

17
d. Claw hammer is a tool used for driving or pulling nails.

Punches, Chisels, Bars and Their Uses

a. Pin punch is a tool used for driving both straight and tapered pins into or out of
hubs or shafts.

b. Centre punch is a tool used for indenting metal to safely start a drill.

c. Flat chisel is a tool used for cutting off bolt heads or splitting nuts.

18
d. Pry bar is a tool used for a variety of jobs, but generally for prying equipment into
alignment.

e. Scratch awl is a tool used for marking on metal, making screw holes in sheet
metal, and for aligning screw holes.

Types of Files and Their Uses

a. Flat file is a tool used for smoothing metal surfaces; the surface is double-cut to
help promote even application.

b. Half round file is a tool used for fitting rounded surfaces.

c. Round File is a tool used for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; because of
the tapered end, they are often called rat-tail files.

19
d. Point file is a tool used for cleaning up damaged threads or other fine work; it is
sometimes called a saw file.

e. Triangular file is a tool used for working in tight places and fine finish work.

Socket Sets and Their Uses

a. Ratchet Handle is used to drive handle socket that fits on so that tightening or
loosening motion can be limited to a short back and forth motion.

b. Socket is a device that snaps onto a ratchet handle so the device can be used to
work on hex-head bolts or nuts.

20
c. Deep socket. It is a device that snaps on to a ratchet handle so the device can be
used to work on hex-head bolts or nuts that are in recessed places that a regular
socket cannot reach.

d. Extension. It refers to a rod that extends from the socket to the handle to extend
the socket into hard-to-reach places.

e. Torque wrench is a tool used for tightening hex-head bolts and nuts to specified
limits.

f. Speed handle is a tool useful for quickly tightening and loosening a nut or bolt
particularly where other types of wrenches cannot reach.

21
g. Universal joint refers to the device that fits between a handle and a socket to
permit the socket to be turned to any one of several angles and to facilitate hard-to-
reach nuts and bolts.

Tubing Tools and Their Uses

a. Tube cutter is a tool used for smoothly cutting tubing with opposing cutting
wheels that are slowly tightened by a ratchet-like control as the cutter is turned
around. Most tube cutters have a built in tube reamer which is used to clean the
metal burrs after it has been cut.

Tube Reamer

b. Flaring Tool. It is a hand tool that is composed of two parts the flaring block (used
for holding the tube according to its size) and the flaring yoke (that is pressed down
to expand the tip of the protruding tube to be flared). It is used to expand one end of
the tube when joining two similar sizes of tube.
T-Handle

Flaring Block

Flaring Yoke

Clamp

Cone

22
e. Double flare punch is a tool used with a flaring block to bend tubing back and
force it down and roll it into the open tubing end to make a tube with double
thickness.

f. Swage punch is a tool used for enlarging the end cut tubing so that another tube
size can be placed into the tubing and soldered.

g. Lever-type bender is a tool used for bending tubes in such a way that the tubing
will retain its rounded shape and not flatten out at the point of the bend.

h. Bending spring is a tool used for placing over the outside of the tubing to keep
the tubing from collapsing while it is being bent.

23
 Threading Tools and Their Uses

a. Tap is a tool used for cutting inside threads in a hole.

b. Hand tap wrench refers to the handle used for threading inside threads with a
tap.

c. T-handle tap wrench refers to the handle with an adjustable holding device much
like the chuck on a drill. It is used with a tap to drill inside threads, especially smaller
size threads.

24
d. Round stock die is a tool used for cutting external threads on round stock and is
available in many sizes and specifications.

e. Die stock refers to the handle that fits over a round die to secure it and facilitate
turning.

f. Pipe cutter refers to the adjustable clamp-type device with sharp-edged rollers
that cut into pipe as they are tightened and turned.

g. Pipe die is a tool used for cutting external threads on pipe.

25
 h. Pipe die stock ratchet is a tool used for handle designed especially for
speeding up the cutting of external pipe threads.

Other Hand Tools and Their Uses

a. Wire stripper is a tool used for removing insulation from electrical wires without
damaging the wires.

b. Drop light is a tool used to provide light in dark or poorly-lit work areas. These
lights frequently have an electrical outlet on the handle, but because they are made
of small-gauge wire, they should not be used to power appliances such as
refrigerators.

c. Oil can refer to a tool that has a long, flexible spout to reach hard-to-reach places,
it also has a cap to prevent oil from dripping out.

26
d. Hack saw is a tool used for cutting metals in installation and service work, but not
recommended for cutting refrigeration tubing because the fittings can contaminate a
system.

Other Mechanical Hand Tools and Advance Equipment

a. Blow Torch- This is a brazing device that is operated by pressure and

gasoline fuel. This is used when silver brazing the tubing.

b. Mapp Gas with Torch Nozzle - Gas torches are devices that burn gases to
produce extremely hot flames for welding, cutting and other applications.

27
c. Kilo Service Tank- This is used to store refrigerants. It is made from steel
material and is leak proof.

Refrigerant Tank

d. Vacuum Pump-This is an advance equipment used to remove the vapor,

gases, and fluids in the refrigerating system. It is allowed to run continuously
for some time while a deep vacuum is drawn on the system.

e. Recovery Machine This is advance equipment that is used to transfer the

refrigerant to a disposable or transferable cylinder.

f. Leak Detector- This is a test instrument that is used to identify the presence
of leaks in the tube system.

28
 Two Types of Leak Detector

Heated Diode Detectors Infra red (IR) Detector

2. Open Ended Statement.

Directions: Write down your response on the questions in each box by

completing the sentence.

What I knew about the
tools and equipment used
in Refrigeration and
Aircondition
is/are_____________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
What I learned about the
tools and equipment used
in Refrigeration and
Aircondition
is/are_____________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_ ___________________________
What I want to learn next
about the tools and
equipment used in
Refrigeration and
Aircondition
is/are_____________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_

29
 Direction: What follows is a selection about a shop assistant. Read
the story carefully.
PROCESS

Most refrigeration and air conditioning installation and servicing

require the use of various types of wrenches. Many fasteners and parts are
copper or brass, and therefore, are rather soft. Antonio is a shop helper in
RAC the Boat Service Center. He was tasked to insert the sockets. He used
the box wrench to complete his task. He also wants to finish his task early,
so what he did was he used pliers to tighten the flare nut of the filter drier.
The refrigerator service specialist checked his work and noticed that the
corners of the nuts were worn. The service specialist realized that because
of the worn corners on nuts, possible servicing then became impossible
without replacing the part.

1. Workshop (Group Activities)

Directions: Using the short story in the previous page. Discuss and
synthesize the article with your group using the graphic organizer
below. After discussion, the output will be presented by the reporter
for five minutes per group only.

Group A: Ladder Group B: Step-by-step chart

Steps Details

30
Group C: Process Order Chart

Topic

__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________

__________________ __________________ __________________

__________________ __________________ __________________

Group D: Sequence Chart Group E: Accordion Chart

Topic: Topic:

First: First:

Next: Next:

Next: Next:

Next: Next:

Final: Final:

31
 2. Oral Presentation Criteria

Oral Presentation Rubric

Very good Satisfactory Poor
(had no more (had four to (had more
than three minor seven errors) than
errors) seven
errors)
1. Gave an interesting
introduction.
2. Presented clear explanation of
topic.
3. Presented information in logical
manner.
4. Used complete sentence.
5. Presented a concluding
summary
6. Spoke clearly, correctly,
distinctly, and confidently.
7. Maintained eye contact.
8. Maintained acceptable posture.
9. Utilized audio-visual aids.
10. Handled questions and
comments well.
Total
Grand Total
(Source: Alberto Villamor)

1. Research and Investigate

REFLECT

Directions: Research the types of tools used in refrigeration

systems and their sub-types. Discuss the reasons why they are
created in sets or individual. You will be rated using the criteria
AND UNDERSTAND below:
Rubrics for Term or Research Paper
Qualities & Criteria Poor (0-80) Good (80-90) Excellent (90-100)

Format/Layout Followed poorly the Followed, for the Closely followed all
(15%) requirements related most part, all the the requirements
to format and layout. requirements related related to format and
Presentation of the to format and layout. layout.
text Some requirements
Structuring of text were not followed.
Requirements of
length, font, and
style followed.

32
Content/Information The essay was not The essay was The essay was
(50%) objective and objective and for the objective and
addressed poorly the most part addressed addressed with an in
All aspects of the issues referred in the with an in depth depth analysis all the
topics were proposed topic. The analysis most of the issues referred in the
addressed. provided information issues referred in the proposed topic. The
The information was unnecessary or proposed topic. The provided information
was technically insufficient to provided information was necessary and
sound. discuss these was, for the most sufficient to discuss
Information was issues. part, necessary and these issues.
based on careful sufficient to discuss
research these issues.
Coherence of
information

Quality of Writing The essay was not The essay was well The essay was well
(25%) well-written, and written for the most written from start to
contained many part, without spelling, finish, without
Clarity of spelling errors, grammar or use of spelling, grammar or
sentences and and/or grammar English errors. The use of English
paragraphs errors, and/or use of essay was for the errors. The essay
No errors and English errors. The most part well was well-organized,
spelling, grammar essay was badly organized, clear and clear and presented
and use of English organized, lacked presents ideas in a ideas in a coherent
Organization and clarity and/or did not coherent way. way.
coherence of idea present ideas in a
coherent way.
References (10%) References were not Most of the All of the references
appropriately used references were were appropriately
Soundness of and cited. appropriately used used and cited.
references and cited.
Source: Dr. Estella Port

2. Hardware Store Tricks

Perform the game below and find out the secret way to
remember lots of information easily.

Directions: Divide yourselves into four groups. One person in each group will start
the game by saying, Im going to the hardware to buy some tools. The next person
will add a tool item to the list, saying, Im going to the hardware to buy some pliers.
Then the next person will add an item, and so on until the list will get longer and
longer.
Try picturing the item that each person in the circle names, and imagine them
doing something funny with that item. Now when you have to say the list, just look
around the circle and remember the images you made up.

33
 TRANSFER
1. Communicate (Brochure making)

Directions: Create a brochure highlighting the specific purpose

of tools of the same type but different design.

Descriptions
Criteria Value
1 2 3 4
All parts were Some parts Most parts All parts were
Display not clearly were clearly were clearly clearly
labeled. labeled labeled. labeled
There were There were There were There were
many several minor no mistakes
Mechanics mistakes in mistakes in mistakes in in mechanics
and Spelling mechanics mechanics mechanics and/or
and/or and/or and/or spelling.
spelling. spelling. spelling.
The brochure The brochure The brochure The brochure
was presented was was was
as very presented as presented as presented as
Presentation difficult for the difficult for the less difficult easy for the
audience to audience to for the audience to
understand understand audience to understand
understand
Layout was Layout was Layout was Layout was
confusing. somewhat almost well
Components organized. organized. organized.
are Most of the Most There was
inconsistent components components consistency in
and are not are consistent its
Layout
information organized. within the components
was missing. Partial publication. that allows
information Almost all the readers to
can be information easily locate
located can be information.
located.
Total
Students comments:
________________________________________________________________________
Teachers comments:
_________________________________________________________________________

(Source: Alberto D. Villamor)

34
K LESSON 2. Perform mensuration and calculation
N
O 1. Self-Rating Checklist
W Directions: You will use this matrix to rate your level of mastery of
each competency prior to studying the lesson (PRE), and after you
complete the lesson (POST). For each competency, place a check mark (/) under
the appropriate PRE column which best describes your level of mastery prior to
studying the lessons of the module. You will place a check mark (/) under the
appropriate POST column when you have completed the module.

I am I can do
I can do
I cannot learning this but I
this very
Competency do this yet how to do need to
well
this learn more
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
Define the key
concepts/elements.
State the importance of
studying mensuration and
calculation.
Describe the different
processes.
Reflect, revise, and improve the
knowledge, skills, attitudes
learned/gained.
Produce/provide quality,
marketable, and profitable
products/services.
State challenges met and
propose possible solutions.
Evaluate the products/services
based on a given set of criteria.

2. Concept Mapping.

Directions: Draw a concept map on a separate sheet following the same

pattern below. Complete the data and add a title.

Mensuration
and
Calculation

35
 TYPES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

A. PROTRACTOR a flat semi-circular piece of plastic or metal which is used for measuring
angles.

B. VOLTMETER an electrical instrument used to measure potential differences in voltage.

C. THERMOMETER a device used for measuring temperature.

D.ANEMOMETER is an instrument for measuring the rate of airflow on motion.

36
E. Compound Gauge - This is a tool used for diagnosing the pressure status of the
refrigeration and aircondition system. It has two major sections (a) the High
Pressure Side which is used for pressure testing and testing the pumping efficiency
of motor compressor and the Low Pressure Side which is primarily used for
vacuuming and charging refrigerant in the system.

Low Pressure Gauge High Pressure Gauge

F. STRAIGHT EDGE -A length of metal or wood having a straight edge used in carpentry
metal works to make straight line or toService
check the straightness of something.
Hose

G. CLAMP ON AMMETER - An electrical measuring instrument used to measure current

rated in amperes.

Clamp Meter Parts and Function

Jaw- These are two movable levers where to hook the line.

37
Trigger- is the part of the clamp meter that needs to be pressed slightly to open the
jaw.

Range Selector- A switch used in selecting ranges.

Zero Adjuster- is the adjustment of the clamp meter when the pointer does not
reach the zero position.

Scale Panel Glass- is a part which indicates the amperage value of the line being
measured.

Pointer- is the indicator of the amperage.

Holder- is the lace that is located at the top of the clamp meter to avoid drop.

Lock- is a part of clamp meter that uses if the pointer is moving.

H. Multi-Tester- This is an electrical test instrument that is used to measure the

amount of resistance, current and voltage of the electrical components of
the refrigerators and airconditioners. This is mainly used in troubleshooting
the electrical problems of the ref and aircon system.

1 14

6 13

8 9

12 7

10 5

4 11 3 2

38
 Function of each Part of a Multi-Tester

1. Meter scale is used to identify the amount of voltage current and resistance of the
circuit being measured.

2. Test prod panel is the case of the Positive and Negative Test Prod.

3. Resistance block is the block that is used when measuring the resistance,
continuity of an object.

4. Direct current mille ampere block It is the block used to measure the small
voltage of direct current.

5. Zero ohms adjuster knob is the control to set into zero position the needle
pointer before and after using multi-tester to attain the correctness of value.
6. Name plate- is the location of the brand of the multi tester.

7. Positive test prod- is the red terminal of the prod.

8. Needle corrector- is designed for calibrating the needle of the test if it is not
located in the infinity sign and not ranging from the zero value.

9. Negative test prod- is the black terminal of the test prod.

10. Range selector- is the selector or indicator of the function of multi tester.

11. Alternating current voltage block- is the block used when measuring the
power, voltage of an object.

12. Direct current voltage block- is the block used to check the polarity of a
battery.

13. Needle Pointer is a movable part of the multi-tester which reflects or indicates
the reading.
14. Face Plate is a part of the multitester that protects the indicator pointer and the
internal mechanisms from dust particles.

I. Pull Push Rule is a tool used for measuring the length and height of an object.

39
J. Wire Gauge A tool used to measure the size of wire to be used in the job.

40
 BASIC MEASURING TOOLS

PROCESS Graduation on a Rule

41
 How to Read the OHMMETER SCALE of the Multi-tester
Reminder: Set the selector knob to Rx1. It means that the value in the scale will be
multiplied by 1. If the setting is Rx10, it means that the value that will register during
the testing will be multiplied by 10, and so on. The ohmmeter scale starts from the
right side of the faceplate going to the left.
First Segment. It starts from zero (0) to two (2). It is counted by point two (.2).
Example: .2, .4, .6, .8, 1 and so on.
Second Segment. This segment starts from two (2) to ten (10). It is counted by point
five (.5).
Example: 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 and so on.
Third Segment. This segment starts from ten (10) to twenty (20). It is counted by
one (1).
Example: 11,12,13 and so on.
Fourth Segment. This segment starts from twenty (20) to fifty (50). It is counted by
two (2).
Example: 22, 24,26,28,30 and so on.

42
Fifth Segment. This segment starts from fifty (50) to one hundred (100). It is
counted by five (5).
Example. 55, 60,65,70,75 and so on.
Sixth Segment. This segment is from one hundred (100) to two hundred (200). It is
counted by twenty (20).
Example: 120,140,160 and so on.
Seventh Segment. This segment starts from two hundred (200) to five hundred
(500). From two hundred, the first scale is counted as fifty (50), that is 200 +
50 = 250. The next scale is counted by one hundred (100) up to five hundred
(500).
Example: 200,250,300,400, 500
Eight Segment. This is the last segment. It consists of two scales and it is counted
by thousands.
Example: 1K, 2K and infinity ().

VOLTMETER SCALE

RANGE VALUE/DIV

RANGE 10 V 0.2 V

RANGE 50 V 1V

RANGE 250 V 5V

RANGE 1000 V 20 V

43
 THERMOMETER SCALES FAHRENHEIT AND CELCIUS

The two most common thermometer scales are the Fahrenheit and the
Celsius scales. Celsius is sometimes called the Centigrade scale. The Celsius scale
is named in honor of Andre Celsius, the Swedish astronomer who recommended the
new system.

Two temperatures that determine the calibration of a thermometer:

Temperature of melting ice
Temperature of boiling water

Both must be at a pressure of 1 atmosphere at sea level.

On the Fahrenheit thermometer, the temperature of melting ice is 32F. The
temperature of boiling water is 212F. This provides 180 spaces or degrees between
the freezing and boiling temperatures.
On the Celsius thermometer, the temperature of melting is 0C. The
temperature of boiling water is 100C. There are 100 spaces or degrees on the scale
between freezing and boiling.

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
It is often necessary to convert a temperature from one scale to another.
Formulas have been developed for this purpose.

C means temperature in degrees Celsius.

F means temperature in degrees Fahrenheit .
K means temperature in degrees Kelvin.

To convert from one of these scales to another, follow the procedure outline in
the following examples.

Degrees Celsius to Degrees Fahrenheit

Formula:
Temperature in F = (180/100 x temperature C) + 32
or Temperature in F = (9/5 x C) + 32
Example:
Convert 75C to F
Solution:
F = (9/5 x 75) + 32
F = (1.8 x 75) + 32
F = 135 + 32
F = 167 F

Degrees Fahrenheit to Degrees Celsius

Formula:
Temperature in C = 100/180 x (Temperature F-32)
Or Temperature C = 5/9 x (F 32)
Example:
Convert 212F to O C.

44
Solution:
C = 5/9 x (212-32)
C = 5/9 x 180
C = .56 x 180
C = 100C

Degrees Fahrenheit to Degrees Rankine

(Fahrenheit absolute)
Formula:
Temperature in R (FA) = F + 460
Example:
Convert 40F to R (FA) .
Solution:
R (FA) = 40 + 460
R (FA) = 500 R (FA) .

Degrees Rankine to Degrees Fahrenheit

Temperature in F = OR 460
Example:
Convert 180R to F.
Solution:
F = 180-460
F = 280 F 24

Degrees Celsius to Kelvin

Formula:
K = C + 273
Example:
Convert 10OC to K.
Solution:
K = -10 + 273
K = 263K

Specific Heat

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one pound of the substance to one degree Fahrenheit. Not all
substances have the same specific heat.
Items Specific Heat, Btu per lbs
Most fruits and vegetables 0.92
Meat:
Beef 0.77
Fish,Poultry 0.82
Lamb, Pork 0.66
Dairy product:
Milk 0,92
Butter 0.64
Eggs 0.76

45
Formula:
Q=W X S ( t2 t1 )
Where Q= Heat.BTU
W= Weight, LBS
S= Specific Heat, BTU/lbs
T2= Final temperature
T1= Initial temperature

Example
1. How much heat must be removed from 750 lbs. of butter to cool it from 98 F to
34 F.

Solution
Q= W x S ( t2 t1 )
= 750 lbs. x 0.64 Btu/ lbs. x (34- 98)
= - 30,720 Btu of heat ANS

MEASURING WORK PIECES

How do you get the known motor horsepower by using the cross reference table?

Cross Reference Table on Electrical Characteristics of Motor

The table shown above can still give you the needed information. Get the
height in cubic feet of a refrigerator and after being able to determine the
measurement, you can use the cross reference table if you do not know the size of
the cabinet. You cannot guess or estimate when you deal with technical problem.
Heres how to get the exact size of the refrigerator cabinet.

46
Formula:

Cu.ft. = LXWXH
1728 cu.in.

Cu.ft. = 24x18x36
1728 cu.in.

Cu.ft. = 15552
1728

Cu.ft = 9 Cu.ft

The answer is 9 cubic feet, the equivalent in horsepower of the refrigerator

using the cross reference table shows 1/5 of 1/6 horsepower. Now, the reference
table has 11 or 21 ohms running and 44 or 65 ohms starting windings.

1. Decision Matrix

Directions: Listed below are different electrical parts of the refrigerator.

Identify the best instrument to test their status and state your reason for
choosing the instrument.

Electrical Parts of Instrument to be used Reason for choosing the

Refrigerator instrument
1. Cabinet Heater
2. Thermostat
3. Motor Compressor
4. Relay
5. Cabinet Bulb

2. Grafitti Fact

Steps to Follow:

1. Group yourselves into five groups.

2. Write all the things that the class knows about the topic of study.
3. Write your responses on the things written on the board using the note you
have jotted down. You will question the things on the board independently.
4. After writing your responses independently, proceed to your group
brainstorming and fill out the three large posts of the K-W-L chart.

47
 What we knew What we learned
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_________ ______
What we want to
learn next
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_______

1. Writeshop
REFLECT

Directions: Discuss how you are going to answer the

complaint of a client and how you are going to trace the cause
of the complaint using one of the measuring instruments
AND UNDERSTAND discussed. Justify in writing your reason why you chose the
instrument.

Situation: The service cord of the refrigerator is plugged but the motor does not start
or hum. What is the trouble and what are the possible suspects that may have
caused the trouble?

Writing Rubrics

Directions: The paper will be given one of the three scores: B, A, or P. The
presenter will present the paper with these descriptors in mind:

Criteria Descriptions
Proficient Could easily complete the process
had no more than three minor errors (mechanics, word
choice, sentence structure)
explained the logical trouble shooting process using the
instrument properly
Approaching Took some efforts to complete process
had four to seven minor errors (mechanics, word choice,
sentence structure)
explained the logical trouble shooting process using the
instrument partially

48
Beginning Could not complete the process
had more than seven errors (mechanics, word choice,
sentence structure)
did not logical trouble shooting process using the
instrument

2. Opposite Hunt

Steps to follow:

1. Form sub-groups.
2. The first sub-group will write the name of the measuring tool and instrument
on an index card.
3. The second sub-group will write the definition of the measuring tools and
instruments. Shuffle the cards and hand one card to each of your group
mates.
4. Each member of your group will move around and he/she will find the
description that matches to the word in his/her card in the opposite group.
5. Go back to your original group and have brainstorming if you got the definition
that matches to the name of tools and equipment that you have.

TRANSFER
1. Performance Test

Directions: Your tasks are to use the following instruments

based on the given task. You will be rated using the criteria
provided in the next page.

1. Multi-tester
Situation- Check if the thermostat is functional or not. Take note of the
resistance reading
2. Voltmeter
Situation- Identify which of the convenience outlet inside the classroom is
working and not working.
3. Ammeter- Measure the amperage of the refrigerator motor and identify if
the motor compressor is a candidate for high amperage reading.

Rubrics for Performance

Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary Score

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Proper The handling Satisfactory Good form of Outstanding
handling of of tools was form of handling form of
instruments improper handling instruments handling the
instruments instrument
Accurate The reading The reading The reading The reading
Reading was incorrect was less was close to was precise
than the the correct

49
 correct register
register
Accurate No evidence Little Some The diagnosis
Diagnosis evidence evidence was logical
and correct

2. Self-Rating Checklist
Directions: Use this matrix to rate your level of mastery of each
competency prior to studying the lesson (PRE), and after completing the
lesson (POST). For each competency, place a check mark (/) under the appropriate
PRE column which best describes your level of mastery prior to studying the lesson
in the module. Place a check mark (/) under the appropriate POST column when
you have completed the module.

I am I can do
I can do
I cannot learning this but I
this very
Competency do this yet how to do need to
well
this learn more
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
Define the key
concepts/elements.
State the importance of
studying mensuration and
calculation.
Describe the different
processes.
Reflect, revise, and improve the
knowledge, skills, attitudes
learned/gained.
Produce/provide quality,
marketable, and profitable
products/services.
State challenges met and
propose possible solutions.
Evaluate the products/services
based on a given set of criteria.

50
 LESSON 3. Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans
K
N 1. Sequential Round Table Alphabet
O
W Directions: Write the name of the parts of the technical
drawing and plans, and electrical symbols used in RAC
Servicing that starts with the letter found inside the square. Write down all that you
know for each letter.
A B C D E F

G H I J K L

M N O P Q R

S T U V W X

Y Z

2. Reflect and Discover

Directions: Complete the following open-ended sentences based on

your own thoughts interpreting technical drawings and plans.

1. I am starting to doubt ______________________________________________

2. I was amazed to find out_____________________________________________

Because__________________________________________________________

3. I changed my mind about_____________________________________________

Because__________________________________________________________

4. I could discover more if_______________________________________________

5. I would like to discover more on________________________________________

Because____________________________________________________________

51
Common electrical components of domestic RAC and electrical symbols

52
53
This diagram shows the example of symbols applied in different electrical component.

3. Entrance, Exit, and Extra Tickets

Directions: Write down your honest responses to the questions written

on each ticket.

Entrance Ticket
Exit Ticket
What I know about electrical
symbols and schematic diagrams. The three best things I learned
today are

Extra Ticket

If I were to start all over again, I

want to think, say, and act..

54
 Blueprint is a framework that gives you a solid foundation to build
your project using an easy-to-use grid, sensible typography, useful
plug-in, and even a style sheet for printing.
A blueprint is a type of paper-based reproduction usually of a
technical drawing, and documenting architecture or an engineering
PROCESS design. More generally the term "blueprint" is used to refer to any
detailed plan.
Various base materials have been used for blueprints. Paper in a common
choice; for more durable prints linen is sometimes used, but with time, the linen
prints would shrink slightly. To combat this problem, printing on imitation vellum and,
later, polyester film (Mylar) was implemented.
Sample of blueprint plan for installing electrical connection

55
56
 REFLECT 1. The Writeshop

Direction: Read the article below, then identify and describe

if the knowledge of circuits is of great help not only to
technicians but also for those who use different forms of
AND UNDERSTAND appliances to accomplish a task safely.

Anything in motion, anything that holds back pressure, anything that can
conduct electricity or heat, anything that is rough or sharp, and anything that can be
dropped is a potential safety hazard.

Jose is a new apprentice in a refrigeration shop. His first task was to identify
and replace the defective capacitor. Given a schematic diagram, he needed to do
the wiring after identifying the position of the component in the circuit.

2. Tic-Tac-Toe

Directions: Sometimes it is hard to remember everything youd like to.

Choose at least three (3) activities on the tic-tac-toe board that youd like
to do to help you remember the information about interpreting technical
drawings and plans.

57
 1. Create a word hunt 2. Write a report 3. Draw a series of
that teaches about explaining different cartoons that show
electrical components types of diagrams. different types of
of domestic refrigerator electrical symbols.
and electrical symbols.

4. Make a flip chart that 5. Draw a block 6. Write a journal from

explains how, why, and diagram showing the point of view of a
what a wiring diagram various schematic and person who has been
is and report to the pictorial diagrams of using the schematic
class. refrigerators and and pictorial diagram in
airconditioners. replacing defective
electrical parts of
refrigerator and
airconditioner.

Writing Criteria

Directions: The paper will be given one of the three scores: P, A, or B. The
presenter will present the paper with these descriptors in mind:

Criteria Descriptions
Proficient Could easily complete the process
had no more than three minor errors (mechanics, word
choice, sentence structure)
explained the logic of understanding the schematic and
mechanical diagrams properly
discussed the importance of safety while working
Approaching Took some efforts to complete process
had four to seven minor errors (mechanics, word choice,
sentence structure)
explained the logic of understanding the schematic and
mechanical diagrams partially
discussed the importance of safety while working partially
Beginning Could not complete the process
had more than seven errors (mechanics, word choice,
sentence structure)
did not explain importance of understanding the schematic
and mechanical diagrams
did not discuss the importance of safety while working

58
 3. Research and Investigate

Directions: It is said that technology is quickly running every second.

Conduct a research about modern schematic and mechanical diagrams
that will benefit all aspiring refrigeration and airconditioning technicians. You will
be rated using the criteria below:

Rubrics for Term or Research Paper

Qualities & Criteria Poor (0-80) Good (80-90) Excellent (90-100)
Format/Layout Followed poorly the Followed, for the Closely followed all
(15%) requirements related most part, all the the requirements
to format and layout. requirements related related to format and
Presentation of the to format and layout. layout.
text Some requirements
Structuring of text were not followed.
Requirements of
length, font and
style followed.
Content/Information The essay was not The essay was The essay was
(50%) objective and objective and for the objective and
addresses poorly the most part addresses addresses with an in
All elements of the issues referred in the with an in depth depth analysis all the
topics are proposed topic. The analysis most of the issues referred in the
addressed provided information issues referred in the proposed topic. The
The information is
was not necessary proposed topic. The provided information
technically sound
Information based or not sufficient to provided information was necessary and
on careful research discuss these was, for the most sufficient to discuss
Coherence of issues. part, necessary and these issues.
information sufficient to discuss
these issues.
Quality of Writing The essay was not The essay was well The essay was well
(25%) well written, and written for the most written from start to
contains many part, without spelling, finish, without
Clarity of spelling errors, grammar or use of spelling, grammar or
sentences and and/or grammar English errors. The use of English
paragraphs errors and/or use of essay was for the errors. The essay
No errors and
English errors. The most part well was well organized,
spelling, grammar
and use of English essay was badly organized, clear and clear and presents
Organization and organized, lacks presents ideas in a ideas in a coherent
coherence of ideas clarity and/or does coherent way. way.
not present ideas in
a coherent way.
References (10%) References were not Most of the All of the references
appropriately used references were were appropriately
Soundness of and cited. appropriately used used and cited.
references and cited.
Source: Dr. Estella Porto

59
 TRANSFER
1. Performance Test

Directions: Your task is to complete the blank wiring diagram of a

domestic refrigerator. You will be rated based on the number of
correct symbols that you will draw.

2. Schematic Diagram

Directions: Draw a schematic diagram of a domestic refrigerator. You

will be rated based on the correct electrical symbols used and the
functionality of the circuit as a whole.

60
 K Lesson 4. Perform Housekeeping and Safety
N
1. Anticipation/Reaction Guide
O
W Directions: Read the statements below and decide if you
AGREE or DISAGREE with each statement. Write your answer underneath the
"Anticipation" column. At the end of your lesson, write your answer underneath the
"Reaction" column. Compare your answers? What did you learn?

Anticipation Statement Reaction

1. __________ Not all workplace, especially shared 1. __________

workplace should be organized

2. __________ The key targets of 5S are workplace 2. __________

morale and efficiency.

3. __________ Sorting" means to sort everything 3. __________

in each work area.

4. __________ Storage areas, cabinets and 4. __________

shelves should be properly labeled

5. __________ Regular, usually daily, 5. __________

cleaning is needed

6. __________ Regular cleaning and inspection 6. __________

makes it easy to spot lubricant leaks.

7. __________ Develop a work structure that will 7. __________

support the new practices and make
them into habits.

8. __________ One of the hardest steps is 8. __________

avoiding old work habits.

9. __________ Good housekeeping saves space, time, 9. __________

and materials.

10. _________ Good housekeeping is one of 10. __________

surest way to identify a safe workplace.

Perform Housekeeping and Safety

5S (METHODOLOGY)
5S is a reference to a list of five Japanese words translated into English, the
letter 5S are actually the first name methodology. This list is a mnemonic for a
methodology that is often incorrectly characterized with "standardized cleanup. In
fact, it is much more than a cleanup. 5S is a philosophy and a way of organizing and

61
managing the workplace and work flow with the intent to improve efficiency by
eliminating wastes, improving flow of production, reducing process delays.

5S is a method of organizing a workplace, especially shared workplaces (like

a shop floor or an office space, even in school). It is sometimes referred to as a
housekeeping methodology, however this characterization can be misleading
because organizing a workplace goes beyond housekeeping.

The key targets of 5S are workplace morale and efficiency. The assertion of
5S is, that time must not be wasted. Additionally, it is quickly obvious when
something is missing from its designated location. 5S advocates believe the benefits
of this methodology come from deciding what should be kept, where it should be
kept, and how it should be kept. This decision making process usually comes from a
concept of standardization which builds a clear understanding, among employees
how work should be done.

In addition, another key distinction between 5S and "standardized cleanup" is

Seiton.

Seiton is often misunderstood, perhaps due to the efforts of translating into an

English beginning with "S" (such as "sort" or "straighten"). The key concept here is to
order items or activities in a manner to promote work flow. For example, tools should
be kept accessible for use, workers should not have difficulty in accessing materials,
flow paths can be altered to improve efficiency, etc.

The 5S's are:

SEIRI: SORT (CLEAN UP)

This is the step 1 in the 5S program:
"Sorting" means to sort everything in each work area. Keep only what is
necessary. Materials, tools, equipment and supplies that are not frequently used
should be moved to a separate, specified storage area. Items that are not any more
useful should be discarded.

Do not keep things around thinking they might be used someday. Sorting is
the first step in making the work area tidy. It makes easier to find the things you
need and frees up additional space. In sorting process, you can eliminate (or repair)
broken equipment and tools. Obsolete fixtures, molds, jigs, scrap material, waste
and other unused items and materials are disposed.

SEITON: SET IN ORDER (ORGANIZE)

This is the step 2 in the Five S programs: Step two is to organize, to
arrange to identify everything in a work area for the most efficient and effective
retrieval and return of the item to their proper places.

Commonly used tools should be readily available. Storage areas, cabinets

and shelves should be properly labeled. Clean and paint floors for you to make it
easier to spot dirt, waste materials and spilled parts and tools. Outline areas on the
floor to identify work areas, movement lanes, storage areas, finished product areas,
etc. Put shadows on tool boards, making it easy to be located.

62
 In an office/school, provide bookshelves for frequently used manuals, books
and catalogs. Label the shelves and books so that they can be easily found.
The objective of this step is to put everything in the workplace and properly
identified and labeled.

This means that there are two important parts to systematic organization. The
first part is putting everything in its proper place and setting up a system so that it is
easy to return each item to its proper place. The second part is where good labeling
and identification practices are important. Both the equipment/tools and materials
you use, as well as their proper storage locations, need to be clearly identified and
labeled.

SEIS: SWEEP (REGULAR CLEANING)

Step Three: Once you have everything from each individual work area up to
your entire facility, sorted (cleaned up) and organized, you need to keep it that way.
This requires regular cleaning or to go along with our third S, "shining" things up.

Regular, usually daily, cleaning is needed or everything should be returned

to their original places. This can be done by regular inspection. Cleaning is needed
along with inspecting the machines, tools, equipment and supplies you work with.

Regular cleaning and inspection makes it easy to spot lubricant leaks,

equipment misalignment, breakage, missing tools and low levels of supplies.
Problems can be hardly identified and fixed when they are small. If these minor
problems are not addressed they can lead to a serious loss of production.

SEIKETSU: STANDARDIZE (SIMPLIFY)

Step Four: To ensure that the first three steps in your Five S program are
done effectively, the fourth step is to simplify and to standardize actions. The good
practices developed in steps 1 through 3 should be standardized and made
easy to accomplish. Develop a work structure that will support the new practices and
make them into habits.
As you learn more, update and modify the standards to make the process
simpler and easier. One of the hardest steps is avoiding old work habits. It is easy
to slip back into what you have been doing for years. It gives comfort most of the
time if this is part of your habit. Use standards to help people work into new habits
that are a part of your Five S program.

Another easy way of making people to be aware of and reminded of the

standards is to use labels, signs, posters and banners in the workplace.

SHITSUKE: SUSTAIN
Step Five: The final step is to continue training and maintaining the
standards. Have a formal system for monitoring the results of your Five S
program. Do not expect that you can clean up, get things organized and labeled, and
ask people to clean and inspect their areas every day -- and then have everything
continue to happen without any follow-up.
Continue to educate people about maintaining standards. When there are
changes - such as new equipment, new products, and new work rules - that will
affect your Five S program, and adjustments to accommodate those changes. Make

63
any needed changes in the standards and provide training that addresses those
changes.

Translations and modifications

Often in the west, alternative terms are used for the five S. These are "Sort,
Straighten, Shine, Systemize and Sustain". "Standardize" is also used as an
alternative for "Systemize".
Sometimes "Safety" is included as 6th S. Similarly 5Cs aim at same goal but
without the strength of maintaining the 5S name.

Clear out and classify

Clearing items no longer required
Tagging items that may be required and storing away from workplace

Configure
A specific place for specific items
A place for everything and everything in its place

Clean and check

Identify the cleaning zones and establishing cleaning routines

Conformity
Custom and practice
Monitoring process adherence
Continually validating process
Customer satisfaction by doing scientific training to workers

Continually focus on man, machine, material & method alternative acronyms

has also been introduced, such as CANDO (Cleanup, Arranging, Neatness,
Discipline, and Ongoing improvement) even though he refers to the ensemble
practice as "5S" in his canonical work.

Hirano prefers the terms Organization, Orderliness, Cleanliness,

Standardized Cleanup, and discipline because they are better translations than the
alliterative approximations. In the book, there is a photo of a Japanese sign that
shows the Latin "5S" mixed with Kanji.

Practice Good Housekeeping

Good housekeeping is one of the surest ways to identify a safe workplace.
You can tell how workers feel about safety just by looking at their housekeeping
practices. Good housekeeping is not the result of cleaning up once a week or even
once a day. It is the result of keeping cleaned-up all the time. It is an essential factor
in a good safety program, promoting safety, health, production, and morale.
Whose responsibility is housekeeping? It is everyone's. Clean work areas and
aisles help eliminate tripping hazards. Respecting "wet floor" signs and immediately
cleaning up spills prevents slipping injuries. Keeping storage areas uncluttered
reduces the chances of disease and fire as well as slips, trips, and falls.
Accumulated debris can cause fires and clutter slows movement of personnel and
equipment during fires. Other housekeeping practices include keeping tools and
equipment clean and in good shape or keeping hoses and cables or wires bundled

64
when not in use. Broken glass should be picked up immediately with a broom and
dustpan, and never with bare hands. Be aware of open cabinet drawers, Electric
wires, sharp corners or protruding nails. Either to correct the unsafe condition if you
are able to do so, or to notify the person responsible for overall maintenance should
be done.
How a workplace looks makes an impression on employees and visitors alike.
A visitor's first impression of a business is important because that image affects the
amount of business it does. Good housekeeping goes hand-in-hand with good public
relations. It projects order, care, and pride.
Besides preventing accidents and injuries, good housekeeping saves space,
time, and materials. When a workplace is clean, orderly, and free of obstruction;
work can get done safely and properly. Workers feel better, think better, do better
work, and increase the quantity and quality of their work.

1. Grafitti Fact

PROCESS
Steps to Follow:

1. Group yourselves into five groups.

2. Write all the things that the class knows about the topic of study.
3. Write your responses on the things written on the board using the note you
have jotted down. You will question the things on the board independently.
4. After writing your responses independently, proceed to your group
brainstorming and fill out the three large posts of the K-W-L chart.

What we knew What we learned What we want to

learn next
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
_________ ______ ________

65
 REFLECT 1. The Writeshop
Directions: Read the article below. Then explain if the
knowledge of safety of the operator, content and equipment
AND UNDERSTAND is of help to technicians.

Situation: Jose always pulls on a wrench (instead of pushing), to prevent possible

slippage of the wrench. He uses his leg muscles when lifting objects. He makes sure
that there is no oil or water on the floor. The work area is kept clean all the time and
he never forgets to wear goggles when working with refrigerants. Before he operates
an open compressor, he makes sure that the flywheel and the pulleys are aligned
and that guards are in place. He also prepared a table listing of operating
temperatures for various types of refrigerated space.

WRITING CRITERIA
Directions: The paper will be given one of the three scores: B, A, or P. The
presenter will present the paper with these descriptors in mind:

Criteria Descriptions
Proficient Could easily complete the process
had no more than three minor errors (mechanics, word
choice, sentence structure)
explained the logical trouble shooting process using the
instrument properly
Approaching Took some efforts to complete the process
had four to seven minor errors (mechanics, word choice,
sentence structure)
explained the logical trouble shooting process using the
instrument partially
Beginning Could not complete the process
had more than seven errors (mechanics, word choice,
sentence structure)
did not logical trouble shooting process using the
instrument

66
 2. Research and Investigate
Directions: It is advisable to observe the three points (safety of the
operator, safety of the equipment, safety of the contents) during the
service work. Conduct a research on the different factors to be
considered in reviewing safety that will benefit all aspiring refrigeration and
airconditioning technicians. You will be rated using the criteria below:

Rubrics for Term or Research Paper

Qualities & Criteria Poor (0-80) Good (80-90) Excellent (90-100)
Format/Layout Followed poorly the Followed, for the Closely followed all
(15%) requirements related most part, all the the requirements
Presentation of the to format and layout. requirements related related to format and
text to format and layout. layout.
Structuring of text Some requirements
Requirements of were not followed.
length, font and
style followed.
Content/Information The essay was not The essay was The essay was
(50%) objective and objective and for the objective and
All elements of the addressed poorly the most part addressed addressed with in
topics are issues referred in the with in depth depth analysis all the
addressed proposed topic. The analysis most of the issues referred in the
The information is provided information issues referred in the proposed topic. The
technically sound was not necessary proposed topic. The provided information
Information based or not sufficient to provided information was necessary and
on careful research discuss these was, for the most sufficient to discuss
Coherence of issues. part, necessary and these issues.
information sufficient to discuss
these issues.
Quality of Writing The essay was not The essay was well The essay was well
(25%) well written, and written for the most written from start to
Clarity of sentences
contained many part, without spelling, finish, without
and paragraphs spelling errors, grammar or use of spelling, grammar or
No errors and/or
and grammar English errors. The use of English
spelling, grammar errors and/or use of essay was for the errors. The essay
and use of EnglishEnglish errors. The most part well was well organized,
Organization essay was badly
and organized, clear and clear and presented
coherence of ideasorganized, lacked presented ideas in a ideas in a coherent
clarity and/or did not coherent way. way.
present ideas in a
coherent way.
References (10%) References were not Most of the All of the references
Soundness of appropriately used references were were appropriately
references and cited. appropriately used used and cited.
and cited.

67
TRANSFER 1. GRASPS Model

Directions: Prepare a Goal, Role, Audience, Situation, Product,

Performance and Performance, and Standards and Criteria for
Success (GRASPS) design in performing wiring connections of
domestic refrigerator.

GRASPS Model
Goal Your task is to perform actual wiring connection of a domestic
refrigerator, identify and use the proper tools and equipment required
in the performance.
Role You are a refrigeration and airconditioning specialist assistant and
you need to perform the actual wiring of a domestic refrigerator.
Audience You are letting your classmates know the logical procedure of wiring a
domestic refrigerator, identifying and using the proper tools required
during the performance and following the safety procedures during
the actual wiring.
Situation The challenge will involve identifying the proper tools to be used,
reading and interpreting the given diagram, and performing the actual
wiring.
Product and You will perform an innovative, time-efficient and accurate actual
Performance wiring of a domestic refrigerator.
Standard for Your product or process must meet the following standards: overall
Success quality and workmanship, innovativeness, and accuracy.

VIII. SUMMARY:

Mastery of the tools, instruments, proper calculation, and diagram

interpretation is necessary in either putting up a specialty store that targets
refrigeration and airconditioning shop owners or performing the task of a refrigeration
and airconditioning repair specialist assistant. It will help the learners to build up
strong, readily, and accessible knowledge that will help them to have acquired,
rehearsed and connected background of knowledge.

IX. GLOSSARY:

Accuracy correctness, exactness, precision, rightness,

Aluminum tubing it is usually used for evaporating units in air conditioning for home and
automobile.
Block diagram showing the basic form or lay-out of electrical diagram in block form
labeled
Blueprint is a photographic print of technical drawing with white lines and blue
background.
Calibrate to position indicators in determining accurate measurement
Clutch head - used for turning a clutch head bolt or screw
Construct to build or assemble something by putting together separate parts Copper
tube it is used in refrigeration and air conditioning unit.

68
Data factual information obtained from experiments or survey that serves as. Basis for
making calculation
Dimension It is a measurement of one or more direction such as length, width, and height.
Document It is written information to prove or verify facts.
Electrical it involves electric cables or circuits powered by electricity.
Flare hose fitting - includes assorted nylon fittings suitable to refrigerant hoses
Flaring block - used for holding tubing according to its size so that it can be flared.
Hard drawn copper tubing - used in Commercial refrigeration and air conditioning
applications
Infinite it refers to the unlimited extent beyond measure or comprehension
Instrument a device that measures or controls something
Interpret to ascribe particular meaning of significance to something.
Job order - the scope of the work to be done
Kelvin scale a thermometric scale that measurers absolute Zero (A) which is equal to -
273.16 degrees Centigrade (C)
Measurement the size, length, quantity or rate of something that has been measured.
Mechanical is a system involving the pipe lines, and mechanical component of a device or
project.
Megger is an instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of conductors or wire. It
gives measurement in ohms or meg-ohms.
Mensuration the calculation of geometric quantities or rate of something that has been
measured or drawing conclusions in an ordered way.
Pictorial diagram It shows the basic form or lay-out of pictures of actual components.
Pipe cutter - the adjustable clamp-type device with sharp-edged rollers that cut the pipe as
they are tightened and turned
Plan is a method of doing something that is worked out in advance Refrigeration and Air
conditioning technology.
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
Pressure the force acting on a surface divided by area over which it acts
PSI an abbreviation for pounds per square inch
Rankine scale another form of temperature scale used.
Ratchet handle used to drive handle socket that fits on so that the tightening or loosening
motion can be limited to a short back and forth motion.
Requisition form - a formal written order request for equipment, tools and materials.
Schematic diagram It shows the basic form or lay-out of electrical symbols.
Service report describes the work done in a process
Sign It is something that indicates the rule to follow.
Soft copper tubing - used in domestic and some commercial refrigeration and air
conditioning work, because it is easy to bend and flare.
Soldered or brazed tube fitting - used in most tubing and fitting connections that are either
by soldering or silver brazing
Symbol It is something that represents abstraction with the names of electrical
components.
Volume refers to magnitude size intent, dimension, areas, bulk or mass the total amount
of something.
Weight heaviness of things determined by their mass or control acts in an effort to lift or
move them.
Wire gauge is used to measure magnetic wire.

X. REFERENCES:
Garupa, M. (1995), Refrigerator Specialist Book 1. National Bookstore Press. Pages (13-
31, 49-62, 139-140)
Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano (2004). Modern Refrigeration and Air

69
Conditioning 18th Edition. Illinois: The Goodheart - WillcoxCompany Incorporated. Pages
(28-47, 61-94, 105-112, 295)
SEDP Series, Industrial Technology (RACI).
TESDA CBLM
VAC-R Competency-Based Learning Modules of Technical Vocational High School
Internet sites, retrieved files on Nov. 30, 2012
http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/ianlangley/ianlangley0904/ianlangley090400064/4757
802-1-4-inch-square-drive-socket-ratchet-tool-and-sockets.jpg
http://www.mansarovar-impex.com/handtools/images/spanners_wrenches_18.jpg
http://toolsreviews.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/wrenches.jpg
http://kidinamansworld.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pliers.jpg
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=pliers&view=detail&id=DE285F5170E2E6625852D
53B5212C06916BBC705
http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/pliers-1.jpg
http://www.freakingnews.com/images/app_images/pliers.jpg
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/house/do-it-yourself/carpentry-gripping-
tightening-tools/pliers_3.jpg
http://www.alltradetools.com/catalog/971-1003-large/835997-7-diagonal-pliers.jpg
http://www.mit-tool.com/customer/photos_med_res/6000/6687pic.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_MaXsMrSKvAU/S-GHww9-
CBI/AAAAAAAAADg/PEkEtpcbMs0/s1600/Hacksaw.jpg
http://images-en.busytrade.com/173889600/7l-Dot-Refrigerant-Tank.jpg
http://di111.shoppingshadow.com/images/di/47/6f/31/4875626c6b6955334a75415149465f
4b554141-440x440-0-0.jpg
http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00FMLtTvVRvIqQ/Vacuum-Pump-XE-225-.jpg
http://image.tradett.com/images/products/FA201172113227930uzingfeng/refrigerant-
recovery-machine-price.jpg
http://www.harborfreight.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6
e5fb8d27136e95/i/m/image_17912.jpg
http://www.allproducts.com/ee/tecpel/Product-200251010144.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation_(instrument)
http://www.tutorgigpedia.com/ed/Graduation_%28instrument%29
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3934352.html
http://tyresrimsntrims.com/images/AirConDiagram.jpg
http://www.contractor-books.com/CM/Images/RWP_Plan.jpg
http://www.macspares.co.za/images/Refrigeration/small/Domestic_fridge_defrost-wiring-
diagram.jpg
http://www.sitepoint.com/5s-methodology-for-organization/
http://www.labelingproducts.com/5s/5s-methodology.php
http://azmanss.blogspot.com/2010/09/5-s-methodology.html

Bibliography

All brand names, trademarks, trade names, and WebPages used in this Learning
Material (LM) are owned by their respective holders. The Publisher and the Authors
do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

70
While every effort and precaution have been made to ensure complete and accurate
information with reference to the materials presented in this LM, the Publisher and
Authors can neither guarantee nor be held legally responsible for any mistake in
printing or faulty instructions in the LM.

The Publishers and Authors appreciate receiving notice of any errors or misprints.

71
 Acknowledgement

This is to acknowledge the different practitioners, experts, and specialists who

made this learning materials and teaching guides for grade 8 possible.

Writers ( INDUSTRIAL ARTS)

1.Joel Castillo T-I FFHNS
2.Lamberto Dionisio HT-VI Guiguinto NVHS
3.Marlon Ocampo T-I PFNHS
4.Robert Palma T-I FFHNAS
5.Cris Dioso T-I Taytay NHS
6.Romeo Vicmudo EPS-I Div. of Neuva Ecija
7.Antonio Blanco Jr. MT-I OCNHS
Language Editor
Paraluman R. Giron Retired Regional Director, Sta. Ana Manila
CALABARZON
Perla Cuanzon Retired Regional English Supervisor Las Pinas City
Ofelia C. Flojo Retired Regional English Supervisor Rizal
Lando T. Guzman Ateneo de Manila
Consultant
Maria Teresa A. Namoro, Asst. Chief. SED DepEd-NCR
Ed.D.
Reviewers
1.Robert Daquil HT-VI Manila HS
2.Leonilo Santelices MT-I Balingasa HS
3.Fernando Dela Cruz Guiguinto NVHS
4.Arnel Anonical Tanay NHS
5.Marlon Malaluan T-I BANAHIS
6.Alexandria Kalalo T-I BANAHIS
7.Antonio Blanco Jr. MT-I OCNHS
Lay-Out Artist/Illustrator
Arcos, Henry Allen M. Bulado, Brenn R. Guiao, Arlene A.
Pili, Francis C. Pili, Noel C. Saladas John S.
Management Team
1.Dr. Lolita M. Andrada Director, BSE
2.Ms. Bella O. Marinas Chief,SDD-OIC
3.Dr. Jose D. Tuguinayo, Jr. Supervising EPS
4.Cristeta M. Arcos EPS II
5. Albert Erni EPS II
6.James Julius M. Liquigan EPS II
7. Milambiling, Owen M. SEPS
8.Emmanuel S. Valdez EPS II

All pictures and graphic illustrations crafted from the internet are properties of the
original owners and were used only as supplemental materials for education
purposes.