Professional Documents
Culture Documents
g. Flexible Waveguide
A flexible waveguide consists of spiral-bound ribbons or brass or copper. The outside is covered
with a soft dielectric coating took keep the waveguide air-and watertight. Short piece or flexible waveguide
are used in microwave system when several transmitter and receivers are interconnected to a complex
combining or separating unit. A flexible waveguide is also used extensively in microwave test equipment.
It refers to the conditions that E-field and H-field within a waveguide must meet before energy
travels down the waveguide.
sar/Jun2016 Page 4
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
Energy travelling down a waveguide is similar to the electromagnetic waves travel in free space.
The difference is that the energy in a waveguide is confined to the physical limits of the guide.
Since E-field causes a current flow that in turn produces H-field, both fields always exist at the
same time in a waveguide.
If one field satisfies one of these boundary conditions, it must also satisfy the other since neither
field can exist alone.
( c ) At low frequency
When a probe launches energy into the waveguide, the electromagnetic fields bounce off the side
walls of the waveguide as shown in the Figure 2.8.
The angles of incidence and reflection depend upon the operating frequency. At high frequencies,
the angles are large and therefore, the path between the opposite walls is relatively long as shown in
Fig2.8 (a).
At lower frequency, the angles decrease and the path between the sides shortens, Figure 2.8(c).
When the operating frequency is reaches the cutoff frequency of the waveguide, the signal simply
bounces back and forth directly between the side walls of the waveguide and has no forward
motion.
sar/Jun2016 Page 5
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
2
c 2 2
m n
a b
( ) ( )
( )
sar/Jun2016 Page 6
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Here, m and n represent possible modes and it is designated as the TEmn mode ;
m denotes the number of half cycle variations of the fields in the x-direction
or
number of -wavelength variations of fields in the "a" direction
n denotes the number of half cycle variations of the fields in the y-direction.
or
number of -wavelength variations of fields in the "b" direction
sar/Jun2016 Page 7
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
An air filled rectangular waveguide with outer dimension 7.4 cm x 3.6 cm and wall thickness 0.4cm
propagates using operational frequency of 6GHz in dominant mode.
Calculate :
(a) Cutoff frequency, fc
(b) Cutoff wavelength, c
(c) Phase velocity, Vp
(d) Group velocity, Vg
(e) Guide wavelength, g
(f) Characteristic impedance,Z TE
Solution :
Height or length,
b=3.6cm
Thickness = 0.4cm
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
sar/Jun2016 Page 8
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
c 3x108
VP 324.09M m / s
2 2
f 2.27GHz
1 c 1
f 6GHz
Vg
c2
3x108
2
277.70M m / s
VP 324.09 x106
( ) ( )
377 377
Z TE 407.27
2 2 2
f f 2.27GHz
1 c 1 c 1
f f 6GHz
sar/Jun2016 Page 9
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
( )
Guide wavelength:
( )
Characteristic Impedance:
( ) ( )
sar/Jun2016 Page 10
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
( )
Guide wavelength:
( )
Characteristic Impedance:
( ) ( )
Calculate cut-off frequency, fc for dominant mode propagates inside circular waveguide with area
25cm2 . Operation frequency 2GHz
Solution :
Dominant mode = TEmn = TE11
sar/Jun2016 Page 11
DEP5303 Microwave Device Chp 2
'
c.xnp '
fc , refer to the table , x np for TE11 = 1.842
2a
3x108 1.842
fc
2 (0.05)
= 1.759GHz
2a 2 (0.05)
Cut-off wavelength, c 0.171m
x'np 1.842
c 3x10 8
Phase velocity, V P 630.387 M m / s
2 2
f 1.759G
1 c 1
f 2G
c2 (3x10 8 ) 2
Group velocity, V g 142.77 M m / s
V P 630.387 M
c 3x10 8
Operating wavelength , 0.15m
f 2 x10 9
0.15
Guide wavelength, g 0.315m
2
f
2
1.759G
1 c 1
f 2G
377 377
Characteristic Impedance, Z TE 792.19
2 2
f 1.759G
1 c 1
f 2G
sar/Jun2016 Page 12