Running head: Criminology 1

Criminology

Name

Institution
 Criminology 2

Sanchez, T. (2017). Cops Mentoring Kids: An Investment in Crime Reduction,1-7

An investment in crime reduction is a major clause for police departments to impact

on its youth fanning out on them. This is a duty regarded for the police force and as a result, a

kids mentorship program is initiated for such works. This is presumed to an agency that is

accrued in myriad purposes including raising young people to become outstanding citizens

who laws are abiding. This has been a major factor of study especially in Hollywood Florida,

united states. Too much problems are associated with the youth and the police sacrificed

themselves especially for these youth to illuminate their future and prevent abstract

vulnerable on their ways and building their self-esteems and proper values against the

criminal predators. This dates a period and is historically calibrated.

The mentorship assurance dates from ages back when the youths were being initiated

to the skills of apprentices, which were craftsmans ability core works. As time flew, the

current youth generation was being involved in multi-varied number of vices and as a result

this mentorship program by the police, then the juvenile population and situations has

improved because most of adolescent kids have declined drug doings and started schooling

because the law was now abided, by the youth. The kid mentorship program is also entitled to

other purposes for instance; recruiting and training the youths. As this initiative should also

be entitled to understand the kids and tracking their behaviours and model them as individual

citizens.

Tonisha R. J. & Brian F. K. (2016) A feminist analysis of the American criminal justice

systems response to human trafficking, Criminal Justice Studies, 29:3, 272-287

The world is facing adverse conditions to claims pertaining human trafficking and

patriarchy as a whole. When it comes to the matters of human trafficking, a huge demise is

accrued to all nations, globally and it becomes a wide issue to be addressed. This matter takes
 Criminology 3

up to criminological and criminal justice to make considerations on the matter responsive to

the latter. Human trafficking has been highly chauvinistic where the feminine sex has been

the vulnerable gender. They are entitled to vices of extortion and sex assault and the stamina

against it, is the law. This problem is highly configured especially in the United Nations

where the program against this is credited to run for their help. Several countries like United

States developed some acts to deal with this. For instance, the Mann Act. On the other side,

patriarchy has been another major claim in nations where the man termed as masculine

gender stays on the top and women are devalued to stay beneath them. Women are just like

slaves to men but the scholars of the law and the United Nations are against these acts. That

is, anti-trafficking and anti-patriarchy laws of United Nations.

Christopher, J. S., Derek, J. M., Shaun, M. G., Stephanie, N. S. $ Hannah, D. M.( 2016).

Weapon and drug offenses and juvenile disproportionate minority contact: an impact

assessment and practical discussion, Journal of Crime and Justice, VOL. 39, NO. 1,

107130

This is the actual dealings with the issues of black weapon dealings across the nations.

Research on the targeted enforcement of weapons and drug offenses suggests that policies

and street-level decisions around those offenses may play a role in disproportionate minority

involvement with the justice system. As a result, the research has been conducted to match

the concepts on juvenile justice decisions. This research has been conducted on the public

policy, juvenile courts and focused groups etc. These cases have been valued to be excess and

a big number where the consequents are the youths socio-demographics. The findings

suggest that, although the effects of race as well as weapons and drug-offenses vary across

outcome decisions and with the findings suggest that, although the effects of race as well as

weapons and drug-offenses vary across outcome decisions and with the introduction of

controls for other relevant factors, race-based disparities often persist in multivariate models.
 Criminology 4

Qualitative data analysis finds that system actors tend to see the weapons and drug offense

based disparities emerging from structural conditions that are often mediated by culture and

differential offending. However, these findings offer important points of departure for further

research and discussion of practical responses to disproportionate minority contact for the

benefit of youth, communities, and the system itself.

William, T. & Eugene A. P. (2017) Police Use of Less Lethal Force: Does Administrative

Policy Matter? Justice Quarterly, 34:2, 19216,DOI:10.1080/07418825.2016.1147593

Scholars have long theorized that constraining police officer discretion via

organizational policy improves decision making. However, prior research shows that more

restrictive lethal force policies result in a reduction in the number of police shootings and in

racial disparity. Yet researchers have never examined the impact of less lethal force policies

in relation to the full spectrum of less lethal force tactics. In addressing this research issue, we

examine a huge use of force incidents from three US agencies, each varying in terms of

policy direction and restrictiveness. The results consistently show that officers working

within the most restrictive policy framework used force less readily than officers who

operated within more permissive policy environments. Hence, police administrators wishing

to reduce coercion should consider the potential effect that a more restrictive policy may have

on such behaviour.
 Criminology 5

Justin, T. P., $ Sean, P. R.(2017). Arrested Development. Misguided Directions in

Deterrence Theory and Policy, U n i v e r s i t y a t A l b a n y , S U N Y.1-25

In this discussion the concept issue of criminology is still adversely well continued.

This approach deals with objective and subjective sanction risks which are positively related.

In this assumption, the issue of criminal justice policy and practice has been addressed

although it has failed to support it. Several reviews like NSL (Nagin, Solow and Lun) policies

have failed to credit this policy of assumptions of strong positive objective and subjective

sanction risk. The NSL comprehend that has significant implications especially in the

American policing fundamentals. We elaborate why the critiques of the discredited literature

are premature, and we suggest that the plausibility of NSLs theory is called into question by

this literature, as well as by other logical inconsistencies. We then therefore decide to

conclude by emphasizing how much remains unknown about sanction perception updating,

hot spots policing, and heuristics and biases in offender decision making.

David, W., Anthony A. B., Elizabeth R. G., $ Elese W.(2017). Can hot spots policing

reduce crime in urban areas? An agent-based simulation, 1-37

This deals with crime controls especially in urban areas where the claims say that hot

spots are the major crime controller. Formal policies have tried to support this comprehensive

issue about hot spot crime regions. These hot spot regions are the regions where crimes are

far much consistent and far much considered and well regulated by law force embodiment.

Such are the streets which or where crimes are shot up confiscated. The scholars of

criminology claims that, these regions are highly regarded as a sensitive region and as a result

of a close monitoring, then crimes declines due to exclusive control as a result of ill-target by

the law. These have been a major policy advocated in agencies of law enforcements,

especially in urban street areas. This has taken cause in well vented states like United States.
 Criminology 6

Crimes in these regions may include, street robbery, prostitution etc. This policy has been

under of the law and criminology.

 Criminology 7

References

Christopher, J. S., Derek, J. M., Shaun, M. G., Stephanie, N. S. $ Hannah, D. M.( 2016).

Weapon and drug offenses and juvenile disproportionate minority contact: an impact

assessment and practical discussion, Journal of Crime and Justice, VOL. 39, NO. 1,

107130

David, W., Anthony A. B., Elizabeth R. G., $ Elese W.(2017). Can hot spots policing reduce

crime in urban areas? An agent-based simulation, 1-37

Justin, T. P., $ Sean, P. R.(2017). Arrested Development. Misguided Directions in Deterrence

Theory and Policy, U n i v e r s i t y a t A l b a n y , S U N Y.1-25

Sanchez, T. (2017). Cops Mentoring Kids: An Investment in Crime Reduction,1-7

Tonisha R. J. & Brian F. K. (2016) A feminist analysis of the American criminal justice

systems response to human trafficking, Criminal Justice Studies, 29:3, 272-287

William, T. & Eugene A. P. (2017) Police Use of Less Lethal Force: Does Administrative

Policy Matter?, Justice Quarterly, 34:2, 19216,DOI:10.1080/07418825.2016.1147593