ENGLISH PAPER ASSIGNMENT

Dosen : RICKY PERDANA

Created by :
THANIA DINISWARA (17216356)
1EA12

FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2017
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1

1.1Some and Any ........................................................................... 3

1.2Much and Many ........................................................................ 5
1.3lot of and A few ........................................................................ 6

Chapter 2

2.1Articel a, an, and the ................................................................ 8

Chapter 3

3.1Active and Passive sentence in Present Simple ....................... 9

3.2Active and Passive sentence in Present Continous .................. 9
3.3Active and Passive sentence in Present Perfect ....................... 9

Chapter 4

4.1Active and Passive sentence in Past Simple ............................ 10

4.2Active and Passive sentence in Past Continous ....................... 10
4.3Active and Passive sentence in Past Perfect ............................ 10

Chapter 5

5.1Indefinite Pronoun (some-, any-, no-) ................................... 11

5.2Reflexive Pronoun ................................................................... 12

Chapter 6
6.1Have Something Done ............................................................. 13
6.2Causative Have ....................................................................... 15

Chapter 7

7.1Determiner: all, each, every, few, little .................................... 17

Chapter 8

8.1 Question tag ............................................................................. 21

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Chapter 9
9.1So and Such ............................................................................ 23
9.2Third Conditional .................................................................... 27

Chapter 10

10.1 Direct and Indirect Speech Present Simple ................... 29

10.2 Direct and Indirect Speech Present Contionous ............ 30
10.3 Direct and Indirect Speech Present Perfect ................... 30
10.4 Direct and Indirect Speech Present Perfect Continous .. 30

Chapter 11

11.1 Direct and Indirect Speech Past Simple ......................... 31

11.2 Direct and Indirect Speech Past Perfect ......................... 32

Chapter 12
12.1 Direct and Indirect Speech Future Continous ................ 34
12.2 Direct and Indirect Speech Imperative ........................... 35

Chapter 13

13.1 Direct and Indirect Present Simple ................................. 38

13.2 Direct and Indirect Simple Past ...................................... 39
13.3 Direct and Indirect Present Perfect ................................. 40
13.4 Direct and Indirect Present Continous ............................ 41
13.5 Direct and Indirect Future Continous .............................. 43

Reference ............ 44

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 SOME AND ANY

The words some and any are used when the speaker cannot specify or does
not need/want to specify a number or an exact amount. Compare the following
sentences:
- I saw seven deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (It is important
that you know how many deer I saw.)
- I saw some deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (I don't know
exactly how many deer I saw. Or: It is not important that you know exactly how
many deer I saw.)

The "rules" that follow apply also to words containing some and any:
somebody/anybody, something/anything, etc.

In general, some is used in positive sentences:

This job is going to take some time.

If you are hungry, there are some biscuits in the cupboard.
There is somebody on the phone for you.
I'd like to go somewhere hot this summer.

In general, any is used in negative sentences and questions:

She's so rude. No wonder she doesn't have any friends.

I don't have anything to wear to the dance.
I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.

Have you seen any good films recently?

Does anyone know the answer?
Are you going anywhere this Christmas?

In fact, the use of some/any is a little more complicated. Following are two
common occasions when the above "rules" are "broken":

1. We can use some in questions when offering/requesting:

Would you like some more tea?

Could I have some milk, please?
Do you want something to eat?

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2. We use any in positive sentences when we mean it doesn't matter which ..:

You can come and ask for my help any time.

Which book shall I read? - Any one. It's up to you.
You can sit anywhere but here. This is my seat!

Some
Countable and uncountable

Some is used with both countable and uncountable nouns:

Countable Nouns - 'Some people in my school like Jazz.'

Uncountable Nouns - 'There was some snow here last winter.'
Positive sentences
Some is used in positive sentences:

'I have some friends.'

'We bought some book.

Offering
We use some in questions when we expect the answer to be 'yes' or when we are
offering something, otherwise, we use any:

'Would you like some milk?

Requests
Some is also used in questions when we are making a request:

'Can I borrow some money?'

Any
Negative sentences
Any is used in negative sentences:

'I don't have any friends.'

'There isn't any bread left.'

Questions
Any is used in questions:

'Do you have any money?'

'Is there any sugar?'

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1.2 MUCH AND MANY

Much and many they can be a bit confusing. Many people would use them
properly, but most likely based on intuitive judgment. Yet, there are definite rules
on how to use the words correctly.
Both much and many are determiners, and have the same or similar definition.
They mean a lot of, or in great quantities, or a great amount. They may mean
the same, but their usage differs.

These are the rules regarding the usage of much and many in the English
language:

If a noun is an uncountable noun (which is often in singular form), the much

determiner should be used.
Examples:
How much money will it cost me?
This is what I get for drinking too much coffee.

On the other hand, the determiner many should be used with countable nouns,
or plural nouns.
Examples:
How many brothers and sisters have you got?
There are many empty chairs in the class ?

In affirmative sentences, much is not usually used. A lot of, or lots of, is
usually preferred.
Examples:
I have a lot of work to do. (NOT much work)
I do not eat a lot of rice because I am on a diet. (NOT much rice)

When much is preceded by so, too, or as, it can be comfortably used in

affirmative sentences.
Examples:
I have so much work to do!

However, many can be used in affirmative sentences extensively. It can be

substituted with a lot of, or lots of, as well.
Examples:
There are many things that we can do with this. (lots of things is also
correct)

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Summary:

1. Much should be appropriately used with uncountable nouns, while Many

should be used with countable nouns.

2. Much is most likely used with singular nouns, while Many is used with
plurals.

3. Much is awkward in affirmative sentences, if not preceded by so, too, or

as, while Many can be used extensively in affirmative sentences.

1.3 A LOT OF AND A FEW

A LOT

The words a lot must be written as two words. The phrase has the same meaning
as both many and much and can be interchanged with either one.

A lot is followed by of when the meaning is general or by of the when the

meaning is specific:

Example Meaning

A lot of people have done

General
research on discrimination
meaning
practices among employers.
People
A lot of the people at the
Specific
meeting disagree with the
meaning
market strategy presented.

A lot of money is spent on the General

battle against AIDS. meaning
Money
The committee used a lot of
Specific
the money surveying the
meaning
population.

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Sometimes, a lot can also end a sentence, but it is considered an informal
expression:

We laughed a lot.
The budget for the universities in the state of Minnesota has grown a
lot.

A FEW

A few and a few of the focus on the number of students, implying that some
students did something (positive meaning). Few and few of the focus on the low
percentage of students who did something (negative meaning).

POSITIVE MEANING

A few students chose the take-home test.

A few of the students want to be lawyers.

NEGATIVE MEANING

Few students approve of the decision.

Few of the students decided to transfer.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1 ARTICLE, A , AN , THE

ARTICLE
a. The Indefinite Article a /an is used
1. before a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time.

He has a blue suit.

Betty saw an owl last night.

2. when the listener does not know which particular person or thing we mean.

Please give me a pen, Mary.

Example a is used before a noun beginning with a consonant sound.

A book
A teacher

Example an is used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound.

An apple
An old car

The Definite Article the is used

to refer to a noun that has been mentioned before or that is known to both
the speaker and the listener.
The student
The ink
The money

Example

He has a dog and a cat. The dog is friendly, but the cat is not.

before a comparative or superlative adjective.

Paul is the fatter one.

Compare: Paul is fatter than David.
Andrew is the fattest boy in our class.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.1 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE IN PRESENT SIMPLE

Active : in active sentences,the thing doing the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences
are active.

Passive : in passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject
of the sentence and the thing doing the action optionally included near the
end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing
receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can
also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if
you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

When active sentence use the present tense,then form passive sentence use
to be (is, am, are) + verbIII

Example : I kick that ball (active)

That ball is kicked by me (passive)

3.2 Active and Passive sentence in Present Continous

When active sentence use the present continuous tense,then form passive
use to be (is, am, are) + being + verbIII

Example : You are reading a book now. (active)

A book is being read by you now. (passive)

3.3 Active and passive sentence in present perfect

When active sentence use the present perfect,then form passive use have
been atau has been + being + verbIII

Example : We have been studying English since two hours ago. (active)

English has been studied by us since two hours ago. (passive)

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 CHAPTER 4

4.1 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE IN PAST SIMPLE

Passive forms of these sentences begin with did. If the active sentence
begins with a question word, the passive sentence wil also begin with a
question word. If the active sentence begins with who aor whose, the
passive sentence will begin with by whom or by whose. If the active
sentences begins with whom.the passive sentence will begin with who.

Example : He wrote a letter (active)

A letter was written by him (passive)

4.2 Active and Passive sentence in Past Coniuous

Active sentences in the past continuous tense have the following structure:
subject + was/were + ing form of the verb + object
Passive sentences in the past continuous tense have the following structure:
object of the active sentences + was/were + being + past participle form
of the verb + by + subject of the active sentences

Example : She was writing a novel (active)

A novel was being written by her (passive)

4.3 Active and Passive sentence in Past Perfect

Active voice : subject + had + past participle form of the verb + object
Passive voice : object of the active sentences + had + been + past
participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence

Example : I had finished my work. (active)

My work had been fistened by me. (passive)

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 CHAPTER 5

5.1 INDEFINITE PRONOUN (SOME, ANY, NO)

Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified objects,
beings,or places. They are caleed indefinite simply because they not indicate
the exact object, being, or place to which they refer.
Indefinite pronouns include partitives such as any, anybody, anyone,
either, neither, nobody, no, someone, and some, they also include uniersals such
as every, all, both, and each, finally, they include quantifiers including any, some,
several, enough, many, and much. Many indefinite pronouns can also function as
determiners.
There are just two important rules for using indefinite pronouns correctly.
Remember these and you will find that writing come easier for you.
Indefinite pronouns are never plural. They are always singular.
Because indefinite pronouns are singular, the pronouns or verbs used to
rfer to them should also be singular.
Example :
Some : Here is some.
Any : Are any coming ?
No : No one wants to hear about my health problems

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5.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
The reflexive pronoun are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
These word can be either reflexive pronouns or emphatice pronouns.
This page about their use as reflexive pronouns.
A reflexive pronoun is used with another noun (or pronoun) when something to
itself. For example :
John pinched himself.
(the reflexive pronoun himself tells us that john did something to john)
John pinched his sister.
(there is no reflexive pronoun in this example)

Example of Reflexive Pronouns

Below are some examples of reflexive pronoun. Using a reflexive pronoun means
you do not have to repeat the subject (shown here in bold). (repeating the subject
would be clumsy)
Alison still does not trust herself. (Alison does not trust Alison)
The members argued amongst themselves for an hour. (the members
argued amongst the members)
We often ask ourselves why we left London. (we often ask us)
(note : the subject is known as the antecendent of the reflexive pronoun)
Indentifying Reflexive Pronouns

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 CHAPTER 6

6.1 HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Take a look at these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning

between them?

'I cut my hair.'

'I have my hair cut.'

'I cut my hair' means that I do it myself.

'I have my hair cut means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's
probably a hairdresser).

We use have something done to mean another person does a service for us.

The grammar for this is pretty simple:

Have + object + past participle

Let's take a look at a few more examples:

'We didn't want to cook so we had a pizza delivered.'

'I had my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I had my watch fixed.'

We can also use 'get' instead of 'had' and the meaning stays the same. The
sentences above now become:

'We didn't want to cook so we got a pizza delivered.'

'I got my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I got my watch fixed.'
future

'I had my watch fixed' tells us about the past.

'I am going to have / get my watch fixed' tells us about the future.

'Going to' tells us about a future plan that has already been made.

We use 'will' for something that has just been decided:

I've just noticed how dirty my suit is. I will have / get it cleaned soon.'

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questions

Imagine that you like your friend's new haircut; you could ask her:

'Where did you have / get your hair cut?'

Maybe you have just moved to a new town and you decided that it is time for a
haircut you can ask:

'Where can I have / get my hair cut?'

You want to know if your friend's car has been fixed yet; you can ask:

'Did you have your car fixed?'

services for a busy world

As we all live in a busy world, we don't have the time (or skills)to do all the things
that we need to. That's why we have a service industry that will help us get what
need done.

Take a look at these examples:

A jeweller's is a place where you can have your watch fixed.

A florist's is a place where you can have flowers delivered.
A hairdresser's is a place where you can have your hair cut.
An optician's is a place where you can have your eyes checked.

using have something done for bad things

In all the examples above we have looked at services we can pay for if we want.
We can also use the same expression when someone does something bad to us.
For example:

'Jenny had her car stolen.' Here levy did not want someone to steal her car, but
someone did it.
'Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?' Nobody wants to have their
nose broken, but it could happen!

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6.2 CAUSATIVE HAVE
Use

Make sentences with the causative have for these situations. Use the correct
tense. Look at the example.
Example: Barts windows were dirty, but he didnt have time to clean them
himself. Last Saturday, Tom had his windows cleaned.

We use causative have when we do not want do something and we find somebody
to do it for us.

Example :

Compare these sentences:

I fixed the washing machine. (I did it myself)
I had my washing machine fixed. (I asked someone to fix it for me)

We also use causative have when someone does something unpleasant to us that
we did not want.

Example: I had my money stolen by a thief.

Form

Have + object + past participle -- (to have + something + done)

Examples:

They had their car repaired by a mechanic.

(They did not repair the car themselves but, on the contrary, a mechanic
repaired their car for them)

I had my hair cut yesterday by the hairdresser.

(I did not cut my hair myself but, on the contrary, a hairdresser cut my hair for
me)

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It is also possible to use get instead of have, usually in informal spoken English.

Example:
I'm going to get my bicycle fixed tomorrow.

Have/Get
Tense something done

Present Simple I have/get my hair cut.

Past Simple I had/got my hair cut.

Present Continuous I'm having/getting my hair cut.

Past Continuous I was having/getting my hair cut.

Present Perfect I have had my hair cut.

Past Perfect I had had my hair cut.

will I will have my hair cut.

must I must have my hair cut.

be going to I'm going to have my hair cut.

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 CHAPTER 7

7.1 DETERMINER: ALL, EACH, EVERY, FEW, LITTLE

Determiners are used to identify things in further detail. To take the

dictionary definition, they are modifying words that determine the kind of
reference a noun or noun group has.

Determiners are different to pronouns in that a determiner is always followed by

a noun. Personal pronouns ( I , you , he , etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine,
yours, his, etc.) don't act as determiners.

They are used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring to something
specific or something of a particular type.

The definite and indefinite articles a/an/the are all determiners.

You use a specific determiner when people know exactly which thing(s) or
person/people you are talking about.

Determiners include:

the articles : a / an / the

demonstratives : this / that / these / those
possessives (aka possessive adjectives): my / your /his / her / its /
our / your / their

Example :

"The dog barked at the boy."

"These apples are rotten."
"Their bus was late."
"Have you seen my keys?"

You use general determiners to talk about how much stuff or how many people
or things you are talking about.

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More general determiners are quantifiers:

few
fewer
a few both neither
less
a little each no
little
all either other
many
another enough several
more
any every some
most
much

Example :

"Have you got any English books I could borrow?"

"There is enough food to feed everyone."
"I don't teach online every day."

ALL

The meaning is practically the same but the form is different:

all + of (optional) + the + plural form of noun

All of the pulpens are yellow.

All the pulpens are yellow.

Since we use the plural form of the noun (ducks), we must also use the plural
form of the verb. In this example, we use the 3rd person plural of the verb be
(are)

every + singular form of noun

Every duck is yellow.

Since we use the singular form of the noun (duck), we must also use the
singular form of the verb. In this example, we use the 3rd person singular of the
verb be (is)

More examples:

All of the cakes are chocolate cakes.

Every cake is a chocolate cake.

All of the children are happy.

Every child is happy.

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 EACH & EVERY

The quantifiers each and every are a kind of determiner. They have similar but
not always identical meanings. We always use them with a singular countable
noun.

Each means "every one, regarded individually".

Every means "every one, regarded as a whole".

Sometimes, each and every have the same meaning:

Prices go up each year.

Prices go up every year.

But often they are not exactly the same.

Each expresses the idea of "one by one". It emphasizes individuality.

Every is half-way between each and all. It sees things or people as singular, but
in a group or in general.

Consider the following example sentences:

Every artist is sensitive.

Each artist sees things differently.
Every soldier saluted the president as he arrived.

EACH

Each can be followed by "of":

The president spoke to each of the soldiers.

He gave a medal to each of them.

EVERY

Every cannot be used for two things. For two things, each can be used:

He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.

Every is used to say how often something happens:

There is a plane to Bangkok every day.

The bus leaves every hour.

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 FEW & LITTLE

The quantifiers few and little mean "a small quantity of". We use few with
countable nouns and little with uncountable nouns:

There were few people in the shop so it didn't take long.

There is little chance that he will come now so let's go home.

few/little versus a few/a little

Notice that few and little have a "negative" sense:

He had few friends. (So he was quite lonely.)

We have little time left. (Just a couple of minutes. Let's go!)

Adding the indefinite article a changes the emphasis to more "positive":

He had a few friends. (So he wasn't too lonely.)

We have a little time. (A bit of time. Let's grab a snack.)

fewer/fewest, less/least

The comparative form of few is fewer; and the superlative form of few is fewest.
We use them with countable nouns:

There were few visitors last week but there are even fewer visitors this
week.
If Tara has the fewest jobs to do, she can help the others.

The comparative form of little is less; and the superlative form of little is least.
We use them with uncountable nouns:

The run took little time last week and even less time this week.
Eric has the least work to do so he can help you.

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 CHAPTER 8

8.1 QUESTION TAG

A question tag or tag question (also known as tail question) is a

grammatical structure in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned
into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the "tag"). For example, in
the sentence "You're John, aren't you?", the statement "You're John" is turned
into a question by the tag "aren't you". The term "question tag" is generally
preferred by British grammarians, while their American counterparts prefer "tag
question".

Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are
often used for checking information that we think we know is true.

Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have)
and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are
usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not')

Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if
the main clause is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it
(negative)? And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)?

If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the
tag question. If there is no auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple)
use do / does / did (just like when you make a normal question).

There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I.

For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I?

Postive sentences, with negative tags

Present simple 'be' : She's Italian, isn't she?

Present simple other verbs : They live in London, don't they?

Present continuous : We're working tomorrow, aren't we?

Past simple 'be' : It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?

Past simple other verbs : He went to the party last night, didn't he?

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Past continuous : We were waiting at the station, weren't we?

Present perfect : They've been to Japan, haven't they?

Present perfect continuous : She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?

Past perfect : He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?

Past perfect continuous : We'd been working, hadn't we?

Future simple : She'll come at six, won't she?

Future continuous : They'll be arriving soon, won't they?

Future perfect : They'll have finished before nine, won't they?

Future perfect continuous ; She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?

Modals : He can help, can't he?

Modals : John must stay, mustn't he?

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 CHAPTER 9

9.1 SO AND SUCH

Structures using 'such' and 'so' are similar in meaning, but different in
construction. The main difference between the two structures is that 'such' takes
a noun phrase, whereas 'so' takes an adjective.
So + Adjective
USE

"So" can be combined with adjectives to show extremes. This form is often used
in exclamations.

Examples:

The music is so loud! I wish they would turn it down.

The meal was so good! It was worth the money.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes which lead to
certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

The music is so loud that I can't sleep.

The music is so loud I can't sleep.

The meal was so good that we decided to have dinner at the same
restaurant again tonight.
The meal was so good we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant
again tonight.

So + Adverb
USE

"So" can be combined with adverbs to show extreme actions. This form is often
used in exclamations.

Examples:

She spoke so quickly! She sounded like an auctioneer.

He paints so well! I am sure he is going to become a famous artist.

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USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extreme actions which lead
to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

She spoke so quickly that I couldn't understand her.

She spoke so quickly I couldn't understand her.

He paints so well that they offered him a scholarship at an art school in

Paris.
He paints so well they offered him a scholarship at an art school in Paris.

So + Many / Few + Plural Noun

USE

"So" can be combined with "many" or "few" plus a plural noun to show extremes
in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

I never knew you had so many brothers!

She has so few friends! It's really quite sad.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes in amount which
lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

I never knew you had so many brothers that you had to share a bedroom.
I never knew you had so many brothers you had to share a bedroom.

She has so few friends that she rarely gets out of the house.
She has so few friends she rarely gets out of the house.

So + Much / Little + Non-countable Noun

USE

"So" can be combined with "much" or "little" plus a non-countable noun to show
extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

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Examples:

Jake earns so much money! And he still has trouble paying the rent.
They have so little food! We need to do something to help them.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes in amount which
lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

Jake earns so much money that he has lost all sense of what a dollar is
worth.
Jake earns so much money he has lost all sense of what a dollar is worth.

They have so little food that they are starving to death.

They have so little food they are starving to death.

So + Much / Little / Often / Rarely

USE

"So" can be combined with words like "much," "little," "often," or "rarely" to
describe how much or how often someone does an action. This form is often used
in exclamations.

Examples:

Earl drinks so much! It's not good for his health.

My sister visits us so rarely! I really miss her.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show the results of extreme
actions. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

Earl drinks so much that it is starting to interfere with his work.

Earl drinks so much it is starting to interfere with his work.

My sister visits us so rarely that my kids wouldn't even recognize her.

My sister visits us so rarely my kids wouldn't even recognize her.

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Such + Adjective + Noun
USE

"Such" can be combined with an adjective and a noun to show extremes. This
form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

Don has such a big house! I think it's a little ridiculous.

Shelly has such beautiful eyes! I have never seen that shade of blue before.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes which lead to
certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

Don has such a big house that I actually got lost on the way to the
bathroom.
Don has such a big house I actually got lost on the way to the bathroom.

Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model.
Shelly has such beautiful eyes she got a job as a make-up model.

NOTE

Remember that without the noun you need to use "so."

Examples:

such beautiful eyes that

so beautiful that

Such + Judgemental Noun

USE

"Such" can also be combined with judgemental nouns for emphasis. This form is
often used in exclamations.

Examples:

He is such an idiot! He says the stupidest things.

She is such a genius! We could never do this work without her.

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USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show certain results. The "that"
is usually optional.

Examples:

He is such an idiot that nobody would hire him.

He is such an idiot nobody would hire him.

She is such a genius that they immediately gave her a position at the
university.
She is such a genius they immediately gave her a position at the university.

Such + Noun (This type of...)

USE

"Such" can also mean "this type of..." or "that type of..."

Examples:

The archeologist had never seen such writing before he discovered the
tablet.
this/that type of writing
She usually doesn't receive such criticism.
this/that kind of criticism
Frank has never made such mistakes before.
these/those kinds of mistakes

9.2 THIRD CONDITIONAL

If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With
the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the
past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition.
The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream
coming true.

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Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win.

if condition result
Past Perfect would have + past participle
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win
the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never
be true because it is finished. We use the Past Perfect tense to talk about the
impossible past condition. We use would have + past participle to talk about the
impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both
the condition and result are impossible now.

Look at these example senteces:

if condition
Past Perfect
If I had seen Mary,
If Tara had been free yesterday,
If they had not passed their exam,
If it had rained yesterday,
If it had rained yesterday,
result
would have + past participle
I would have told Mary
I would have invited Tara
Their teacher would have been sad
Would you have stayed at home
What would you have done
result
would have + past participle
I would have told her.
I would have invited her.
their teacher would have been sad.
would you have stayed at home?
what would you have done?
if condition
Past Perfect
if I had seen her.
if she had been free yesterday.
if they had not passed their exam.
if it had rained yesterday?
if it had rained yesterday?

Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would
have, for example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.

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 CHAPTER 10

10.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT SIMPLE

Direct and indirect speech can be a source of confusion for English
learners. Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone
said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.
You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:
by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

Direct Speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use
direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks
(" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's
being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later
about a previous conversation.
Indirect Speech
Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we
normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say',
'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words.
Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect
speech)
'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.
When direct speech used present tense, then indirect speech used past tense
Example :
She said, I make a homework. (direct)
She said that she made a homework. (indirect)

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10.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT CONTIONOUS
When direct speech used present continuous tense, then indirect speech
used past continuous tense. Other then, word now on direct speech changes
to be at that moment on indirect speech.
Example :
He said, Im reading an English book now. (direct)
He said that he was reading an English book at that moment. (indirect)

10.3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT PERFECT

When direct speech used present perfect tense, then indirect specch used
past perfect tense, other than, we add word at that time on indirect speech
on time information ecpressed in direct speech.
Example :
Rini said, my daughters have studied their lessons since an hour ago. (direct)
Rini said that her daughters had studied their lessons since an hour ago at that
time. (indirect)

10.4 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT PERFECT

CONTINOUS
When direct speech used present perfect continuous tense, then indirect
speech used pas perfect continuous tense.
Example :
The stusent said, he has beed teaching us for two years. (direct)
The student said that bhe had teaching been teaching them for two years.
(indirect)

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 CHAPTER 11

11.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PAST SIMPLE

Words spoken by a person can be reported to another person in two ways.
These two ways of narration are called direct speech and indirect speech.
Tense Change :
As a rule, when we convey a message from direct speech we go one tense
back, therefore when we convey a message from simple past tense, we change
the tense into past perfect tense.

Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + V2 + ROTS
He said to him, I went to Texas yesterday.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + V3 + ROTS
He told him that he had come to Texas the day before.

With to be verbs
Direct speech: RP +, + S + be2 + ROTS
He said, I was angry this morning.
Indirect speech: RP + that +S + had been + ROTS
He told me that he had been angry that morning.

Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + did not + V1 + ROTS
He said to his wife, We didn`t clean the kitchen properly this morning.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had not + V3 + ROTS
He told his wife that they hadnt cleaned the kitchen properly that
morning.

Interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + did + S + V1 + ROTS
She asked, Did you buy the lap top for me?
Indirect speech: RP + if + had + V3 + ROTS
She asked me if I had bought the lap top for her.

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Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + Did not + S + V1 + ROTS
He asked, Didnt you sleep well last night?
Indirect speech: RP + if + had not + V3 + ROTS
He asked me if I hadnt slept well the night before.

WH/Information question
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + did + S + V1 + ROTS
He asked, When did she start learning English at Learn ESL?
Indirect speech: RP + WH + S + had + V3 + ROTS
He wanted to know when she had started learning English at Learn ESL

11.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PAST PERFECT

Tense Change:
As a rule, whenever we change a sentence from quoted speech into reported
speech, we go one tense back. But if we have past perfect tense in direct speech,
we use the same tense in indirect speech.

Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP, +, + S + had + V3 + ROTS
I said to him, They had played cricket.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + V3 + ROTS
I told him that they had played cricket.

Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + had not + V3 + ROTS
He said to me, We hadnt played cricket.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had not + V3 + ROTS
He told me that they hadn`t played cricket.

Interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + had + S + V3 + ROTS
He asked, Had you finished playing cricket before the rain started?
Indirect speech: RP + whether/if + S + had + V3 + ROTS
He asked me whether/if we had finished playing cricket before the rain started.

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Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + had not + S + V3 + ROTS
He asked, Hadn`t you finished playing cricket before the rain started?
Indirect speech: RP + if + S + had not + V3 + ROTS
He asked me if we hadnt finished playing cricket before the rain started.

WH/Information questions
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + had + S + V3 + ROTS
She asked, Who had you played cricket with before the rain stared?
Indirect speech: RP + WH + had + S + V3 + ROTS
She wanted to know who I had played cricket with before the rain started.

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 CHAPTER 12

12.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH FUTURE CONTINOUS

Tense Change:
As a rule, when we covey a message from present tense and past tense we go one
tense back. When we convey a message from future progressive tense, we just
change the helping verb will into would in indirect speech or reported speech,
Consider the examples below.

Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + will be + V1ing + ROTS
They said, We will be playing cricket tomorrow.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS
They told me that they would be playing cricket the next day.

Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + will not + be + V1ing + ROTS
She said, I will not be talking to stupid people anymore.
Indirect speech: RP +, + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS
She told me that she wouldnt be talking to stupid people anymore.

Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + Will not + S + be + V1ing + ROTS
He asked Jalali, Won`t you be writing another book for A Lingua?
Indirect speech: RP + whether/if + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS
He asked Jalali whether/if he wouldnt be writing another book for A Lingua.

WH/Information questions
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + will + S + be + V1ing + ROTS
She asked, When will we be graduating from A Lingua?
Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS
She asked when they would be graduating from A Lingua.

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12.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH IMPERATIVE

Imperative sentences, reported speech contains a command, order, request,

advice or proposal etc. Verb in the reporting speech is changed according to the
mood of the reported sentence.
Imperative mood is changed into infinitive mood by adding the word to.
Comma and inverted commas are removed without using any conjunction.
In negative sentences the word Do is removed and in its place not to is used.
The words Sir or Madam in the reported speech are removed and a word
respectfully is added in the reporting speech.
The words said to in reporting speech are changed into the words given
here under according to the sense contained in the reported speech.
1. In such cases, the reported speech contains an order & mostly the
reported speech starts with first form of verb.The words said to in the reporting
speech are replaced by the word ordered. Coma and inverted commas are
replaced by wordto.
For a negative sentence 'Do not' in the reported speech is removed and in
place of inverted commas 'not to ' is used.
For Example:
The teacher said to the boys,Leave the room at once.
The teacher ordered the boys to leave the room at once.

NEGATIVE SENTENCE :
The teacher said to the boys,Do not make a noise.
The teacher ordered the boys not to make a noise.

2. If the reported speech contains a request, the words said to in the

reporting speech are changed into requested. Coma and inverted commas are
replaced by word to. In such cases mostly the reported speech contains the word
Please. The word Please is removed without any word in its place.
For a negative sentence 'Do not' in the reported speech is removed and in
place of inverted commas 'not to ' is used.
For Example:
The boy said to his friend, Please lend me your book.
The boy requested his friend to lend him his book.
The son said to his father," Please do not go to office today. "
The son requested his father not to go to office that day.

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 3. If the reported speech contains an advice, the words said to in the
reporting speech are changed into advised. Coma and inverted commas are
replaced by word to.
For a negative sentence 'Do not' in the reported speech is removed and in
place of inverted commas 'not to ' is used.
For Example:
His father said to John, Work hard lest you should fail.
His father advised John to work hard lest he should fail.
The teacher said to him," Do not waste your time."
The teacher advised him not to waste his time.

4. If the reported speech starts with the words Let us the words said to
in the reporting speech are changed into proposed to or suggested to.
Coma and inverted commas are replaced by the word that.
The words Let us are replaced with the words we should or they should
according to subject and object in the reporting speech.
If either of subject or object in reporting speech is first person, the words
we should are used and if these are in third person, the words they should are
used.For a negative sentence in the same way not is used in the sentence in
indirect form.
For example:
She said to me, Let us go out for a picnic.
She proposed to me that we should go out for a picnic.
He said to his wife, Let us go for shopping.
He suggested to his wife that they should go for shopping.
He said to them," Let us not quarrel with each other."
He suggested to them that they should not quarrel with each other.

5. If the reported speech starts with the words Do not the words said to
in the reporting speech are changed into forbade . Coma and inverted commas
are replaced by the word to. The words Do not are removed.
For Example:
He said to me, Do not make haste.
He forbade me to make haste.

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 The word forbade itself contains the meaning of not so the words not or
do not are not used thereafter in the sentence.
Both the words Please and Do not are sometimes used in a single sentence.
The old man said to the boys, Please do not disturb me.

In such sentences said to is changed into requested and inverted commas into
'to' but it is preceded by 'not'.

The old man requested the boys not to disturb him.

The shopkeeper said to the customer,Please do not eat raw and overripe fruit.
The shopkeeper requested the customer not to eat raw and overripe fruit.
The host said to the guests,"Please do not stand on any ceremony."
The host requested the guests not to stand on any ceremony.

If the reporting speech is in past tense following changes will be made in

the reported speech.

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 CHAPTER 13

13.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENT SIMPLE

We often convey a message or give information about what someone said,
thought or felt to somebody else. In order to do this you can use the grammar
structure named direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech. Scroll
down to learn about direct and indirect speech of simple present tense.
Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + V1 s/es + ROTS
He said, My father drives a truck.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + V2 + ROTS
He said to me that his father drove a truck.

With to be verbs
Direct speech: He said, I am very happy today.
Indirect speech: He told me that he was very happy that day.

Interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + Do/Does + S + V1 + ROTS
He asked, Does your brother go to Learn ESL academy?
Indirect speech: RP + if/whether + S + V2 + ROTS
He asked me if my brother came to Learn ESL academy.

With to be verbs
Direct speech: He asked Ahmad, Are you tired tonight?
Indirect speech: He asked Ahmad if/whether he was tired that night.

Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + do/does not + V1 ROTS
He said to me, I don`t like selfish people.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + did not + V1 + ROTS
He told me that he didn`t like selfish people.

With to be verbs
Direct speech: She said, The weather is not cold today.
Indirect speech: She told me that the weather was not cold that day.

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 Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + do/does not + S + V1 + ROTS
They asked, Don`t you want to come with us?
Indirect speech: RP + if + S + did not + V1 + ROTS
They wanted to know if I didn`t want to go with them.
With to be verbs
Direct speech: My father asked, Aren`t you busy today?
Indirect speech: My father wanted to know if I wasnt busy that day.

WH/Information Questions
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + do/does + S + V1 + ROTS
The students asked, When does our school start?
Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + V2 + ROTS
The students wanted to know when their school started.

With to be verbs
Direct speech: He asked, Why is Ahmad absent today?
Indirect speech: He wanted to know why Ahmad was absent that day.

13.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIMPLE PAST

Words spoken by a person can be reported to another person in two ways.
These two ways of narration are called direct speech and indirect speech.
Tense Change :
As a rule, when we convey a message from direct speech we go one tense
back, therefore when we convey a message from simple past tense, we change
the tense into past perfect tense.

Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + V2 + ROTS
He said to him, I went to Texas yesterday.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + V3 + ROTS
He told him that he had come to Texas the day before.

With to be verbs
Direct speech: RP +, + S + be2 + ROTS
He said, I was angry this morning.
Indirect speech: RP + that +S + had been + ROTS
He told me that he had been angry that morning.

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Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + did not + V1 + ROTS
He said to his wife, We didn`t clean the kitchen properly this morning.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had not + V3 + ROTS
He told his wife that they hadnt cleaned the kitchen properly that morning.

Interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + did + S + V1 + ROTS
She asked, Did you buy the lap top for me?
Indirect speech: RP + if + had + V3 + ROTS
She asked me if I had bought the lap top for her.

Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + Did not + S + V1 + ROTS
He asked, Didnt you sleep well last night?
Indirect speech: RP + if + had not + V3 + ROTS
He asked me if I hadnt slept well the night before.

WH/Information question
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + did + S + V1 + ROTS
He asked, When did she start learning English at Learn ESL?
Indirect speech: RP + WH + S + had + V3 + ROTS
He wanted to know when she had started learning English at Learn ESL

13.3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENT PERFECT

In the article below we are going to describe direct and indirect of present
perfect continuous tense. You will learn how to convey a message what someone
has said, felt and thought in present perfect continuous tense. Affirmative,
negative, interrogative and negative interrogative structures along with examples.
Tense Change:
As a rule, when we change a direct speech sentence into indirect we go one
tense back, therefore when you change direct speech from present perfect
continuous tense, you have to use past perfect continuous tense instead in reported
speech.
Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + have/has + been + V1ing + ROTS
They said to me, We have been waiting here for a long time.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + been + V1ing + ROTS
They told me that they had been waiting there for a long time.

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Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + have/has + not + been + V1ing + ROTS
He said to me, We havent been playing cricket lately.
Indirect speech: RP, that + S + had + not + been + V1ing + ROTS
He told me that they hadn`t been playing cricket lately.

Interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + Have/Has + S + been + V1in + ROTS
He asked, Has she been learning English at Learn ESL academy
lately?
Indirect speech: RP + if + S + had + been + V1ing + ROTS
He asked me if she had been learning English at Learn ESL academy
lately.

Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + Have/Has not + S + been + V1ing + ROTS
I asked him, Havent you been working on this project lately?
Indirect speech: RP + if + had not + been + V1ing + ROTS
I asked him if he hadnt been working on that project lately.

HW/Information questions
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + have/has + S + been + V1ing + ROTS
He asked, Where has Jalali been teaching English since he got back to
Pakistan from the USA?
Indirect speech: RP + WH + S + had + been + V1ing + ROTS
He wanted to know where Jalali had been teaching English since he got
back to Pakistan from the USA

13.4 DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENT CONTINOUS

Learn how to convey a message what someone is saying, feeling or
thinking in present continuous tense. Direct and indirect of present
continuous tense rules and structures of affirmative, negative, interrogative
and negative interrogative sentences along with examples.

Tense Change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back
a tense, therefore, when we report what someone is saying in present
continuous we go one tense back. Instead we use past continuous tense in
reported speech.

41
Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + be1 + V1ing + ROTS
He said, I am doing my homework.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + be2 + V1ing + ROTS
He told me that he was doing his homework.

Interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + be1 + S + V1ing + ROTS
He asked, Are you going to school?
Indirect speech: RP + if + S + be2 + V1ing + ROTS
He asked me if I was coming/going to school.

Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + be1 not + V1ing + ROTS
He said, She is not listening to me.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + be2 not + V1ing + ROTS
He said to me that she was not listening to him.

Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + b2 not + S + V1ing + ROTS
He asked, Aren`t they staying with us for tonight?
Indirect speech: RP + that + if + S + be2 not + V1ing + ROTS
He asked if they weren`t staying with them for that night.

WH/Information questions
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + be1 + S + V1ing + ROTS
She asked, What are you buying tomorrow?
Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + be2 + V1ing + ROTS
She wanted to know what I was buying the next day.

More sentences:
Affirmative
Direct speech: He said, They are playing football.
Indirect speech: He said that they were playing football.

Interrogative
Direct speech: He asked, Are they playing football?
Indirect speech: He asked me if they were playing football.

42
 Negative
Direct speech: He said, They are not playing football.
Indirect speech: He said that they were not playing football.

Negative interrogative
Direct speech: He asked, Arent they playing football?
Indirect speech: He asked me if they werent playing football.

Wh/ Information question

Direct speech: He asked, Where are they playing now?
Indirect speech: He wanted to know where they are playing now.

13.5 DIRECT AND INDIRECT FUTURE CONTINOUS

Tense Change:
As a rule, when we covey a message from present tense and past tense we go one
tense back. When we convey a message from future progressive tense, we just
change the helping verb will into would in indirect speech or reported speech,
Consider the examples below.
Affirmatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + will be + V1ing + ROTS
They said, We will be playing cricket tomorrow.
Indirect speech: RP + that + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS
They told me that they would be playing cricket the next day.
Negatives
Direct speech: RP +, + S + will not + be + V1ing + ROTS
She said, I will not be talking to stupid people anymore.
Indirect speech: RP +, + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS
She told me that she wouldnt be talking to stupid people anymore.
Negative interrogatives
Direct speech: RP +, + Will not + S + be + V1ing + ROTS
He asked Jalali, Won`t you be writing another book for A Lingua?
Indirect speech: RP + whether/if + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS
He asked Jalali whether/if he wouldnt be writing another book for A Lingua.
WH/Information questions
Direct speech: RP +, + WH + will + S + be + V1ing + ROTS
She asked, When will we be graduating from A Lingua?
Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS
She asked when they would be graduating from A Lingua.

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 REFERENCE

N.S Bramadi. KURSUS SINGKAT BAHASA INGGRIS books. Jakarta :

penerbit PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer,2011

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/determiners-quantifiers-each-every.htm

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/determiners-quantifiers-graded.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_question

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/tag-questions.html

http://www.learnesl.net/direct-indirect-present-perfect-continuous-
tense/tp://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/sosuch.html

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