PH108

Electricity & magnetism

Division3:TUESDAY&FRIDAY
2PM3:25PMLA101

Instructor:MithunKumarMitra
mithun@phy.iitb.ac.in
Physics303
Referencebooks:

DavidGriffiths:Introductiontoelectrodynamics
EdwardPurcell:ElectricityandMagnetism
MurraySpiegel:VectorAnalysis(SchaumSeries)

FeynmanLecturesonPhysicsVol.2

J.D.Jackson:ClassicalElectrodynamics

AttendancePolicy:80%required
TutorialSessions:Compulsoryattendance(Surprisequizes)

MarkingScheme: Quiz1=15 Midsem=30

Quiz2=15 Endsem=40
History of Electromagnetism

ThalesofMiletus(Greece)in600BC
Rubbedamberwithfurtoattract
lightobjects.(Amber=Elektron)

Loadstonehadbeenknownto
ancientCretes,Egyptiansand
Chineseasfarbackas2000BC
 History of Electromagnetism
Everysubstanceinitsnaturalstatecontainsequal
quantitiesofvitreous(glass)andresinous(amber)
electricity.Matterbeingcomposedoftwoconverse
electricalchargesofequalamount,anobject,inits
normalstate,didnotmanifestanyelectricproperty.
BenjaminFranklin
(17061790)

JohannCarlGauss MichaelFaraday AndreMarieAmpere

(17771855) (17911867) (17751836)

ATreatiseonElectricityandMagnetism1873
"Wecanscarcelyavoidtheconclusionthatlight
consistsinthetransverseundulationsofthesame
mediumwhichisthecauseofelectricandmagnetic
phenomena."
JamesClerkMaxwell
(18311879)
 The cENTRAL QUESTION

Givenanyconfigurationofsourcecharges(inspaceandtime)
whatforcedotheyexertonanothercharge(thetestcharge)?

Q1 Q3 ?
Q2
Q6 Q4 q
Q5
Q7 Q8
 The PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

Theinteractionofanytwochargesiscompletely
unaffectedbythepresenceofothercharges.

Thenetforceonachargeisthevectorsumofthe
individualforcesduetoallthesourcecharges.

=F
F +F
+F +...= F
q Q Q1 Q 2 i Q
3 i

?
Qi
q
The interaction between two charges
What does it depend on?

Magnitudeofthecharges
Separationdistancebetweenthecharges
Velocitiesofthecharges
Accelerationofthesourcecharge
Atapastinstantoftime!
(Electromagneticradiationtravelsatthespeedoflight
Relativisticeffects)
?
q
Qi
ELECTROSTATICS
 The coulomb force law

r^ 12 r

F
F Coulomb1785
Cavendish1770
21 12
q1 q2

1
1 qq11qq22
F
F12= r
22 r
= ^
^12
12
4400 rr 12

qp=qe~1.61019C
2
1 9 N m
=910
4 0 C
2
The coulomb force law + superposition

r^ 12 r

F
F
21 12
q1
F q2
32

q3

=F
F +F
2 12 32
 Gravitational vs. Electrical forces

What holds our world together?

Whatcounteractstheelectrostatic
attraction?
e Quantumuncertainty!

Whatstabilizesthenucleus?
19 2
p+ F el =910 9 (1.610 )
F el
2 36
p p d =10
11 (1.710
23 2
) F gr
F gr =6.710 2
d
NuclearStrongforce

Atastronomicalscales? Gravitywins!
 The ELECTRIC FIELD

r^ r
+
F
q
Q

= 1 Q q
F 2
r
^
4 0 r

F 1 Q
( x , y , z)= =
E r
^
2
q 4 0 r
The ELECTRIC FIELD
The ELECTRIC FIELD
The ELECTRIC FIELD
The ELECTRIC FIELD
The ELECTRIC FIELD
 CLASSICAL FIELD THEORIES

Afieldisaphysicalquantitythathasavalueforeachpointin
spaceandtime.
Scalarfield:TemperatureT(x,y,z)

Vectorfield:Electricfield
E ( x , y , z)
Magneticfield B( x , y , z)
Velocityfield v ( x , y , z)
Tensorfield:Stress/straintensorfield

Aclassicalfieldtheorydescribeshowphysicalfieldsinteract
withmatterthroughfieldequations.
Newtoniangravity/Electrodynamics/Hydrodynamics

Generaltheoryofrelativity

Quantumfieldtheory/Quantumelectrodynamics

Particlesandfieldsbothcarryenergyandmomentum.
 Mathematics of Vector Fields

DiffererentialcalculusoffieldsGradient,divergence,curl

IntegralcalculusoffieldsLine,surfaceandvolumeintegrals

FundamentaltheoremsGaussTheorem,StokesTheorem
 Curvilinear coordinates

Thesymmetriesofaproblemcandictatethemostefficient
choiceofthecoordinatesystem.

z (k)
z (k)

P(r, , )

cos
P(x,y,z)
P(r, , )

cos

r
y ()
r

x ()

Sphericalandcylindricalcoordinates
Maxwells Equations

. E=
0

. B=0

B

E=
t

E

B= +
J
0 0 0
t
Lorentz Force Law

=q( E+
F v B)