Chapter15:PreservingandRestoringNature

Student:___________________________________________________________________________

_________3. TheUnitedStates'firsttwonationalparksare

A. GlacierandGreatSmokyMountains.
B. YellowstoneandEverglades.
C. OlympicandYosemite.
D. YosemiteandYellowstone.
E. GreatSmokyMountainsandYellowstone.

_________4. _________isbelievedtobethefirstnationalparkintheworld.

A. GlacierNationalPark
B. YellowstoneNationalPark
C. BanffJasperNationalPark
D. YosemiteNationalPark
E. GreatSmokyMountains

_________5. Nationalparksareanimportantpartofourheritage,

A. andtheyremainpristineandundisturbedbecauseoftheirparkstatus.
B. buttheylackanyprotectionfrommining,logging,andgrazing.
C. buttheyareendangeredbyovercrowding,pollution,andinsomeplaces,mining.
D. thatunfortunatelyexistonlyinremoteinaccessibleareas.
E. buttheyareendangeredbyovercrowding.

_________6. Overthepastdecade,thenumberofparkvisitorshas_______andparkbudgetshave________.

A. increasedbymorethanonehalf;increasedbyabout25%
B. increasedbyonethird;decreasedbyabout25%
C. decreasedbymorethanonehalf;decreasedbyabout25%
D. decreasedbyonethird;increasedbyabout25%
E. stayedaboutthesame;decreasedbyabout25%

_________7. Onewaytocontrolherdsizesinnationalparksisthereintroductionofpredators,butthiscourse
isopposedby

A. animalrightsactivists.
B. neighborsandlocalranchers.
C. wildernessadvocates.
D. scientists.
E. parkrangers.

_________8. Whichofthefollowingfactorsisprobablythemostimportantinthesuccessofthe
reintroductionofwolvesinYellowstoneNationalPark?

A. Thecooperationoflocalresidents.
B. Thegeneticdiversityinthepopulation.
C. Theavailabilityofpreyspecies.
D. Thehybridizationofthespecieswithcoyotes.
E. Both"Thecooperationoflocalresidents"and"Theavailabilityofpreyspecies."

_________9. AsofficiallydefinedbyCongressinthe1964WildernessAct,"wilderness"is

A. anyareawithimportantscenic,historic,andrecreationalvalue.
B. undevelopedlandwherehumanshavelittleimpactandtemporarypresence,andvisitorscanfind
solitude.
C. aplacewherepeopleliveinharmonywithnature,buildingonlylowimpactstructuresandroads.
D. anareaofatleast10,000acreswithnohumanintrusion.
E. anareaofatleast10,000acreswithlowimpactdevelopmentbyhumans

_________11. Manyruralcommunitiesobjecttonearbywildernessdesignationsbecausethey

A. dependonnaturalresourcesinthearea.
B. dislikeandmisunderstandwildlife.
C. objecttosubsidiesforwildlife.
D. dislikehavingwildernessnearby.
E. objecttoallofthecampersandhikerswhovisitthearea.

_________12. WildernessproponentsemphasizethatninetysixpercentoftheUnitedStatesisopento
development;theremainingfourpercentconsistsmainlyofareasdevelopers

A. couldnotenterbecauseoflegalrestrictions.
B. feltwastoobeautifultoruin.
C. agreedwasculturallyimportant.
D. couldnotreachordidnotwant.
E. agreedwasimportantforecologicalservices.

_________15. Theboundariesofaparkornaturepreserveareusuallybasedon

A. howmuchlandcanbeeffectivelymanaged.
B. politicalconsiderations.
C. animalterritories.
D. anentireecosystem.
E. watersheds.

_________16. Poorpeopleindevelopingcountriesoftenthreatenwildlifepreservesbecause

A. theydislikeunsettledterritory.
B. theyneedtheresourcestosurvive.
C. theyenjoysporthunting.
D. vandalismisapopularuseofsparetime.
E. theirreligionoftenemphasizestheactionofdominatingwildlife.

_________17. Whichpartofabiospherereservehasthemostintensivehumanimpact?

A. thecorezone
B. thebufferzone
C. themultipleusezone
D. thereisnohumanimpactinabiospherereserve.
E. thereisthesameamountofhumanimpactthroughoutthebiospherereserve

_________18. Ifmanagedcarefully,ecotourismbenefitsnaturalareasbygivingeconomicvaluetolandand
waterresources

A. thathavenoothervalue.
B. thatnooneisinterestedin.
C. thatneverexistedbefore.
D. withoutdestroyingthem.
E. Alloftheseareeconomicbenefitsofcarefullymanagedecotourism.

_________20. Corridorshavethepotentialtoeffectivelyenlargewhichofthefollowing?

A. preserveareas
B. geneticpools
C. feedingranges
D. areasofrefugeagainstnaturaldisasters(e.g.,fire)
E. Corridorshavethepotentialtoenlargeallofthese.

_________24. Theamountofinteriorareainapreserveisimportantbecause

A. humansandotherhardyspeciesencroachonpreservemargins.
B. itismoreeconomicaltobuylargelandareas.
C. manythreatenedspeciescannotsurviveenvironmentalconditionsonpreservemargins.
D. Allofthese.
E. Both"humansandotherhardyspeciesencroachonpreservemargins"and"manythreatenedspecies
cannotsurviveenvironmentalconditionsonpreservemargins."

_________30. Wetlandsarecriticalforwildlifesurvivalbecausethey

A. areproductivesourcesoffood.
B. allowanimalstoocooloff.
C. containfew,butrare,species.
D. providevastamountsofhabitat.
E. Allofthesearereasonswetlandsarecriticalforwildlifesurvival.

_________31. Wetlandsandfloodplainscontrolfloodingby

A. temporarilystoringwater.
B. divertingwatertootherdrainagebasins.
C. evaporatingmostofthewater.
D. helpingrainflowfasterintorivers.
E. Wetlandsandfloodplainscontrolfloodingbyalloftheabovemethods.

_________32. Floodsareworseafterleveesarebuiltandwetlandsaredrainedbecause

A. watermovesintoriversmorequickly.
B. rainfallbecomesmoreintenseperunitarea.
C. thetotalvolumeofwaterincreases.
D. peoplecomplainmoreaboutdamage.
E. Allofthesearereasonsfloodsareworseafterleveesarebuiltandwetlandsaredrained.

_________33. Whichofthefollowingperspectivesisnotadifferencebetweenecosystemmanagementand
traditionalpoliciesofthepast?

A. Humanscannotbeseparatedfromnature.
B. Scientificknowledgeisprovisionalandasmoreknowledgeisgained,policieschange.
C. Scientificknowledgeisthebasisformanagementsincescienceisfreefrombias.
D. Ecosystemmanagementrequiresahighlevelofroutinemonitoring.
E. Alloftheseareperspectivesthatreflectadifferencebetweenecosystemmanagementandtraditional
policiesofthepast.

_________36. ThefirstwildliferefugeswereestablishedintheUnitedStatesshortlyafter1960.

A. True
B. False

_________37. Huntingisnotallowedinwildliferefuges.

A. True
B. False

_________38. Floodcontrolstructuresonallrivershelpdecreasetheleveloffloodswhenthereareespecially
hardrains.

A. True
B. False

ESSAYAPPREP

3. For decades, forest fires in the United States have been suppressed. In 2003 legislation was
passed under the Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI) in response to the record-breaking wildfires that
had occurred in the early 2000s. Some environmental and conservation groups fear that
negative impacts could result if timber companies are encouraged to harvest medium- and large-
size trees in federally owned forests while clearing away the smaller trees and underbrush.

(a) Identify TWO characteristics of forests that develop when fires are suppressed, and explain
why the practice of fire suppression does not reduce, but actually increases, the risk of intense
and extensive forest fires.

(b) The effects of the HFI are expected to extend beyond fire reduction. Excluding fire reduction,
describe ONE
positive and ONE negative effect likely to result from the implementation of the provisions of the
HFI.

(c) Describe TWO ecosystem services provided for humans by forests. Explain how clear-cutting
would affect
each ecosystem service you describe.

(d) Identify a specific type of plant community or biome (other than a forest) that is naturally
maintained by fire.
Explain how the fire maintains the community or biome.
Chapter13:PreservingandRestoringNatureKey

1.B

2.A

3.D

4.B

5.C

6.B

7.B

8.E

9.B

10.D

11.A

12.D

13.B

14.D

15.B

16.B

17.C

18.D

19.A

20.E

21.C

22.B

23.C

24.E

25.A

26.D

27.B

28.C

29.D

30.A

31.A

32.A

33.C

34.A

35.C

36.B

37.B

38.B

39.A

40.Foratotalof10points(Note:Thenumberscanbechangedtofityourassessmentneeds.)
10=Providedanaccuratedepictionofhowfragmentationoccurs;Drewcorridorsbetweenthefragmentedareas
5=Providedafairlyaccuratedepictionofhowfragmentationoccurs;Drewlinesbetweenthefragmentedareas
0=Providedaninaccuratedepictionofhowfragmentationoccurs;Didnotconnectthefragmentedareas