Part IV Opamp

Introduction to Electronics
Part - III
Mrinal K Mandal
mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
Department of E & ECE
I.I.T. Kharagpur. 721302.
www.ecdept.iitkgp.ernet.in
1
Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain differential amplifier.
+Vps
Inverting Ro
vi1 - vi1
Ri
Non-inverting v o Ad v i 2 v i 1 . +
vdep vo
-
vi2 + vi2
-Vps
Equivalent circuit.
Circuit symbol.
Ideal op-amp characteristics:

Input resistance (Ri) is infinite, output resistance (Ro) is zero.
Open-loop voltage gain (Ad) is infinite.
Bandwidth, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) are infinite.
2
Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
Practical op-amp
Practical op-amp circuit: IC -741C. 3

Practical op-amp
IC741C characteristics:
Input resistance Ri 2 M, output resistance Ro 75 .
Open-loop voltage gain Ad 105.
Can handle a few mA (take ~k resistances).
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR):

105
Actual output voltage :
Gain
Acm
v o Ad v i 2 v i 1 v i 2 v i 1 .
1.0 2
Ad
10 Hz 1 MHz CMRR ,
A cm
Log(Freq.)
Frequency response of an IC741C. Ad
20log10 dB.
A cm
Gain B.W. = 1 MHz.
Consider ideal op-amp to solve op-amp problems:

1. Voltage difference between the inputs is zero (vi1 = vi2).
2. The input draws no current (i+ = i- = 0).
4
IC741C
Input voltage.
Output should be zero when the voltage difference between the inputs is zero
(e.g. inputs are grounded). Real op-amps have some amount of output offset
voltage.
Offset null adjustment: use a three terminals variable resistor between 1, 5 and
the variable point to +/-VCC.
5
Op-amp Applications
Non-inverting amplifier:
Rf 3
i2 + 6 Vo
R1 2
i1 2 Vi - Rf
- 6
3 Vo
+ R1
Vi Vi
Non-inverting amplifier circuit. Non-inverting amplifier circuit.
vi 0 vi v v i 2nd method:
i1 , i2 o .
R1 R1 Rf From the voltage divider formed by Rf and R1,
v v v i R1
Now, i 1 i 2 i o v v ,
R1 Rf i o
R1 Rf
v R vo Rf
o 1 f . 1 .
vi R1 vi R1
R
Av 1 f closed loop voltage gain .
R1 6
Op-amp Applications
Given that R2 = R1||Rf. Calculate the closed loop i2
Rf
voltage gain. R1
Rf i1 2
Answer: A v 1 vi 2
- 6
R1 Vo
R1 vi1 3 +
For finite Ad , v i 2 v o , v i 1 v i 2 and
R1 Rf R2
Vi
v i 2 v i 1 Ad v o .
vo 1 Rf R1
Av .
v i 1 1 Rf R1 A d
Ad Ro
Input resistance, Rin 1 Ri , output resistance, Rout .
A 1 Ad A v
v
Calculate Rin and Rout of the following non-inverting circuit.

Ad 2 105 , Ri 2M , Ro 75 , R1 1k , Rf 39 k , R2 1k , f unity 1MHz.
Answer:
Av = 40 Rin 10 G, and Rout 0.01 . 7
Op-amp Applications
Inverting amplifier:
Rf Rule 1: input 2 is at zero virtually
i2
grounded.
R1
i1 2 Rule 2: i1 = i2.
- 6
Vi 3 Vo
+ vi 0 vi
i1 .
R1 R1
Virtually Rf
grounded v o i 1Rf v i .
R1
Inverting amplifier circuit. Rf
Av closed loop voltage gain .
R1
Vi
Input resistance, Rin R1.
i1
R 2 R1
For finite Ad , Av .
1 1 R 2 R1 Ad
Design an inverting amplifier with closed loop gain of 20 and input resistance of
10 k. Answer: R1 = 10 k, Rf = 200 k.
8
Importance Of Feedback Resistor
Negative feedback:
Rf = 100 k Rf = 100 k
R1 = 10 k R1 = 10 k
2
- 6 Va
Vi 3 Vo Vi Vo
+
Inverting amplifier circuit. Voltage divider.
Transient response:
At t 0, V i 0.1 V and Vo 0.
From the voltage divider,
100 k
VA 0.1 0.091V .
100 k 10 k
Op-amp sees enormous input unbalance inputs force output to go negative
Va decreases continues until Vo = -1 V and Va = 0 V.
9
Op-amp Applications
Voltage follower:
Non-inverting amplifier with R1 , Rf 0.
2 Rf
- 6 Av 1 1.
3 Vo R1
+
Unity gain amplifier with 100% negative feedback.
Vi
Rin , Rout 0.
Inverting amplifier circuit.
V1 V V
Weighted summer: I1 , I 2 2 , ... I n n .
R1 R2 Rn
R1 I1
Rf Applying KCL,
V1 If
R2 I2 I f I 1 I 2 ... I n
V2
0 Vo V1 V 2 V

2
- ... n
Vn
Rn In 6 Rf R1 R2 Rn
3 Vo
+
V V V
Vo Rf 1 2 ... n
R 1 R2 Rn

Weighted summer circuit. V1 V 2 ... V n For R 1 R 2 ... Rn Rf
10
Op-amp Applications
Implement the following function. The biasing voltage is 10 V. Current through
the feedback resistor should not exceed 1 mA.
v o v 1 5v 2 .
Answer:
10 10 k
Rf 10 k . V1 10 k
min
10 3
v1 v 2 2 k
v o Rf v 1 5v 2 2
R 1 R 2
V2 - 6
3 Vo
+
R 1 Rf 10 k , and
R 2 Rf 5 2 k .
Weighted summer circuit.
11
Op-amp Applications
Capacitor-coupled inverting amplifier:
IB1 Rf Non-inverting terminal must be

C1 R1 grounded via a resistor to provide
vi
2 C2 a dc bias path for the input base
- 6 vo
3 current.
IB2 + RL
IB1 flows through Rf. Therefore.
R2 take Rf = R2 to avoid the offset
effect.
Capacitor-coupled inverting
amplifier circuit. Z in R1 X C 1 R1(at f 1 C
. )1
For C 2 , X C 2 R1 RL .
R
A v f .
R1
12
Op-amp Applications
Capacitor-coupled non-inverting amplifier:
IB1 Rf Non-inverting terminal is grounded

R1 via R2 to provide a dc bias path for
2 C2 the input base current.
- 6 vo
C1 3 Take R2 = Rf ||R1 to avoid the offset
+ RL
vi effect.
IB2 R2
The input C1 and R2 behave like a
high pass filter.
Capacitor-coupled non-
inverting amplifier circuit. Z in R1 X C 1 R1(at f
1 .C)1
Calculate the capacitances from the following relationships:

At lowest frequency of operation,
X C 1 R 2 rs 10 ( rsis the source resistance. )
X C 2 Ro R L .
R
A v 1 f .
R1
13
Op-amp Applications
Capacitor-coupled voltage follower:
IB1 Rf R2: same reason as before.

IB1 flows through Rf. Therefore.
2 C2
- 6 vo take Rf = R2 to avoid the offset
C1 3 effect.
+ RL
Z in R2 X C 1 R2(at f
1 .C)1
vi
IB2 R2
Therefore, choose high values for
R1and R2 in comparison to RL
Capacitor-coupled non-
inverting amplifier circuit. (typically more than 100 k).
Calculate the capacitances as before:

At lowest frequency of operation,
X C 1 R 2 rs 10 ( rsis the source resistance. )
X C 2 Ro R L .
A v 1.
14
Op-amp Applications
Difference amplifier:
Inverting amplifier R 1, R 2 , Vi 1.
R2
Non-inverting amplifier R 1, R 2 , VR 4 .
R1 2
Vi1 - 6 Use superposition theorem:
R3
3 Vo R2
Vi2 + For V i2 = 0, output voltage V 01 V i 1.
VR4 R1
R4
R
For V i1= 0, output voltage V 02 1 2 VR 4 .
Difference amplifier circuit.
R1
R4 R R4
Now, VR 4 V i 2 V 02 1 2 V i 2 .
R3 R 4 R1 R 3 R 4
R R2 R4 R
Vo V 01 V 02 1 Vi 2 2 Vi 1
R1 R 3 R 4 R1
R
For R 3 R1 and R 4 R 2 , Vo 2 V i 2 V i 1 .
R1
Non-ideal op-amp: Vo Ad V3 V 2 Ac V3 V 2 2.
15
Op-amp Applications
Differential input impedance:
R2 R2 R1 i 2
R1 2 R1 Virtually
Rin1 -
2
- Vi +-
6 6 R1 i short
R1 Vi + R1 3
3 - 3
Rin2 + Vo + Vo
VR2 R2
VR2 R2 VR2 R2
Difference amplifier circuit. Difference amplifier with a single source.
Inverting amplifier R in 1 R 1.
Non-inverting amplifier R in 2 R 1 R 2 .
Ridiff: differential resistance as seen by the source Vi.

Applying KVL, v i i R 1 i R 1.
vi
Ridiff 2R 1.
i 16
Op-amp Applications
Amplifier with a T-network:
vi 0
i1 i 2. (1)
vx R1
R2 i2 R3 i 3
i4 Applying KCL at the T-junction,
R1
R4 i2 i4 i3
0 v x 0 v x v x v o
2
vi -
i1
6
3 +
Vo R2 R4 R3
1 1 1 vo
v x (2 )
The amplifier circuit. R
2 R 3 R 4 R 3
R2
Also v x 0 i 2R 2 v i (from eqn.1)
R1
R2 1 1 1 vo
v i
R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 3
RR 1 1 1
Av 2 3
R1 R 2 R 3 R 4
17
Op-amp Applications
Current-to-voltage converter:
i2 Rf i 2 i1 is .
i1
v o i 2Rf i s Rf .
2
- 6
3 Vo 2nd method:
is Rs +
Transform the current source to a voltage
source becomes an inverting amplifier
The circuit. with v i i s Rs , R 1 Rs , R 2 Rf .
i2 Rf
iD
Applications: widely used in different types
2 of detectors, sensor applications.
- 6
3 Vo
+
Simplified transimpedance amplifier.

18
Op-amp Applications
Voltage-to-current converter:
iL
RL
vi
iL i1 .
i1
R1
2 R1
- 6
3 Vo Problem: floating load.
+
Vi vi
The circuit.
i2 Rf Modified circuit for a grounded load:

i1 R1 2
v 1 v 2 v L i LR L .
vi - 6 vo
Now, i 1 i 2
v1 3 + i3
R3 v v v v v v
v2 vL i 1 1 o L o
i4
iL R1 Rf Rf
R2 RL
Rf
v L v o v i v 1 (1)
The circuit. R1 19
Op-amp Applications
Rf
i2 Applying KCL at the load-end,
i1 R1 2 i3 iL i 4
vi - 6 vo v v v
v1 3 i3 o L iL L
+
R3 R3 R2
v2 vL
i4
iL v
v L v o R 3 i L L (2 )
R2 RL R 2

The circuit.
From(1)and(2)
, R LRf R R
iL 1 L f v i (3 )
R3 R 1 R 2 R 1 R3
Rf vL
v i v 1 R 3 i L
R1 R
2 iL must be independent of RL: co-efficient of
i LR L RL = 0.
Rf
v i i LR L R 3 i L R 1
R1 R f . (must be satisfied)
2
R3 R 1 R 2
Rf R L Rf
iL R L R3 R 3 v i Rf 1
R1 R R1 iL vi vi .
2 R3 R 1 R2
20
Op-amp Applications
Zero crossing detector: Rf
iL
2 R1
- 6 i1 2
Vo - 6
3 +
vi 3 Vo
+
vi
The circuit.
The non-inverting amplifier.
For Ad 10 , biasing voltage 12 V,
5
Vsat 12 1 11 V Take Rf /R1 according to

Vth condition.
Vth 11 105 0.11 mV.
Problem: noise voltage can trigger the change in output voltage.
vth
Vo t (mS) vo
Vi t(mS) (V)
(mV)
t
Input voltage. Output voltage.
Non-ideal op-amp takes finite time to respond because of bandwidth limitation.21
Op-amp Applications
Negative impedance converter:
Vs
R2 Rin
Is
R1 i2 Vs Vo V V I R
2
- Now , I s o s 2 2
6
Vo
R3 R3 R3
3 +
Vs R 2
is is .
R3
R1R 3
Vs
R2
Rin .
Negative impedance R1R 3
converter.
22
RC Integrator
Consider the output across the capacitor at high frequency i.e. f >>1/Ton.
vin
Loop current is i ...(1)
R 1 jC
The frequency condition, 1 C R gives

Integrator circuit vin
i ...(2)
R
Now, voltage across the capacitor is
1 t
vC i dt ...(3)
C 0
1 t
vC
RC 0
vin dt ...(4) Low pass filter at high frequency
At high frequency, the voltage across the capacitor is proportional to the time
integration of the input voltage.
23
RC Integrator Waveforms
Integrator circuit
at very high Input:

vc frequency
Output:
at medium
vc frequency
24
Op-amp Applications
Integrator:
+ vc -
R C
iR 2
- 6
vi + Vo
- 3 +
Op-amp integrator circuit (simplified). Frequency response.
vi dv
iR i C C o v C v o
R dt
t
1
v o v i t dt .
RC 0
25
Op-amp Applications
Problem with the integrator circuit:
The output saturates if
input Vin has a non-zero DC component,
input bias current is non-zero,
input offset voltage is non-zero.
Off-set voltage effect:
- vc + Let at t = 0, vc = 0,
t1
R 1
v i t dt
RC 0
C
iR 2 v o Vos v C Vos
- 6
Vo
3 + Vos
Vos t1 v i Vos .
Vos
RC
Therefore, in steady state, the op-amp output

Effect of off-set voltage. voltage will saturate. 26

Op-amp Applications
Integrator: The feedback resistance Rf provides a
Rf discharging path for vc.
+ vc - t1
1
v i t dt
RC t0
R1 v o( t)1 ( V)o t 0
C
2
vi - 6
Rf
3 +
Vo Here, Vo( t)0 1 VOS.
Vos R1
R2 vo has a DC component but the saturation
problem can be avoided.
A practical op-amp integrator
circuit when both Vos and IBs are When both IB and Vos are present:
present. t1
1
v o( t)1 ( V)o t 0 v i t dt
RC t 0
To avoid affecting normal integration
Rf
operation, take Rf 10R1. Here, V ( t
o 0) 1
VOS I B R
|| f R.1
R1
To negate the effect, take R2 R1 || Rf .

27
Op-amp Applications
Integrator: frequency response
Rf 100 dB
+ vc -
R1 C
2
vi - 6 Rf /R1 dB
3 Vo
R2=R1 ||Rf
+
R2 0 dB
fa fb Log (f)
A practical op-amp integrator circuit. Frequency response of the integrator.
Lower cut-off frequency (good shape:) Higher cutoff frequency:
v o Rf || 1 sC Rf R vo Rf
f . 1.
vi R1 vi R1 1 C Rf
2 2 2
R1 1 2C 2Rf 2 R1 2
2
1 Rf
fa . 2C 2Rf 2 1.
2 R f C R 1

1
fb .
2 R 1 C 28
Op-amp Applications
Draw the output voltage waveforms for the two following cases:
1 M
vc vc
1V 10 k 10 nF 10 k
2 2 10 nF
- 6 - 6
3 Vo Vo
t (mS) + 3 +
1
Input pulse. Circuit 1. Circuit 2.
Solutions: 1 1
For circuit 1: let at t = 0, vc = 0, t (mS) t (mS)
1
t 1 1
v o( )t 1 dt in 0 t1 mS -10 V -10 V 2
RC 0
For circuit 1. For circuit 2.
t
10 4
t V
10 109 10 103 Charging time onstant 1= RC 0.1 mS .
at t 1 mS , v o 10 4 10 3 10 V. Discharging time onstant 2 = Rf C 10 mS .
29
RC Differentiator
Consider the output across the resistor at low frequency i.e. f <<1/ Ton.
vin
Loop current is i ...(1)
R 1 jC
The capacitor has enough time to charge up until vc
is nearly equal to the source voltage.
The frequency condition, R 1 C gives
vin i
Differentiator circuit i vin vc
1 jC jC ...(2)
dvc
Now, voltage across the resistor is vR iR C R ...(3)
dt
dvin
vR R C ...(4)
dt High pass filter at low frequency.
At low frequency, the voltage across the resistor is proportional to the time
differentiation of the input voltage.
30
RC Differentiator Waveforms
Some other waveforms.
31
Op-amp Applications
Differentiator:
R
vC v i ,
+ vc -
vi
2
- 6 v o v R i R R
C
3 +
Vo dv
iC C C R
dt
dv
RC i .
Differentiator circuit (simplified). Frequency response. dt
Problems:
At low frequencies, the gain is very small.
At high frequencies, the gain is high: instability.
Noise problem: since the output voltage is proportional to the slope of the
input voltage, the contribution of noise voltage across C may be more than
the actual input at low frequency (higher slope associated with high
frequency components).
32
Op-amp Applications
Improved differentiator:
Cf
Gain(dB) -Rf /Ri

Rf
Ri Ci
2
vi - 6 0 (dB) Log(f)
3 Vo -1/(2Ci Rf)
+
-1/(2Cf Ri)
A practical differentiator circuit. Frequency response.
The maximum possible gain of the circuit is Rf /Ri.

The capacitance further attenuates the high frequency components: avoid
high frequency instability, provides better noise rejection.
33
Op-amp Applications: Non-Linear
Logarithmic amplifier:
VD
i D I 0 exp v D VT 1 I 0 exp v D VT
v vi
R1 v D VT ln i i
D R
I 0R1
2
Vi - 6 1
Vo
3
+ vi
v o v D VT ln
I 0R 1

Logarithmic amplifier. Limitation: The output voltage is a function
of temperature.
Exponential amplifier:
R1
i D I 0 exp v D VT I 0 exp v i VT
VD
Vi
2
- 6 v o R 1 i D I 0R 1 exp v i VT .
Vo
3
+
Limitation: The output voltage is a function
of temperature.
Exponential amplifier.
34
Precision rectifier:
2 A conventional rectifier cannot rectify below the

Vi + 6 cut-off voltage of a diode.
3
- The diode is placed in the feedback path.
is VL Therefore, the minimum voltage required to
RL switch ON the diode:
V
v i min 7V for IC741
Half-wave rectifier. Ad
For v i V A d , v o v i V and v L v i
for v i V A d , v L 0.
Problems:
Low slew rate: when the feedback path is open, the op-amp output saturates
to vo = -Vcc. It takes some time to change to positive voltage: ringing.
Bandwidth limitation.
35
Improved rectifier:
R2
R1 For v i 0, D1 is OFF, and D2 is ON.
2 D2
Vi - 6 v o V and v L 0.
VL
3
+ Vo D1 For v i 0, D1 is ON, and D2 is OFF.
R r R R
v o 2 D v i 2 v i and v L 2 v i V .
Improved half-wave rectifier. R1 R1 R1
Problems:
Slew rate problem reduces.

Bandwidth limitation.
36
Op-amp Applications
Lowpass filter : R2
R2
+ vc -
+ vc -
R1 R1 C
C 2
2 vi - 6
- 6 Vo
Vo 3 +
3 +
vi
Non-inverting lowpass filter. Inverting lowpass filter.
1 R || X C
Non-inverting: fC , Adc 1 R 2 R1 , and A ac 1 2 .
2 R 2C R1
1 R || X C
Inverting: fC , Adc R 2 R1 , and A ac 2 .
2 R 2C R1
R2 /R1 dB
(1+R2 /R1)
dB
0 dB
0 dB fc Log (f)
fc Log (f)
Ideal response: non-inverting Ideal response: inverting 37
Op-amp Applications
Highpass filter :
R2
R2
C R1
C R1 2
2 vi - 6
- 6
3 Vo
3 Vo +
+
vi
Non-inverting highpass filter. Inverting highpass filter.
1 R2
Non-inverting: fC , Adc 1, and A ac 1 .
2 R 1C R1 X C
1 R2
Inverting: fC , Adc 0, and Aac .
2 R1C R1 XC
R2 /R1 dB R2 /R1 dB
0 dB 0 dB
fc Log (f) fc Log (f)
Ideal response: non-inverting Ideal response: inverting 38

Op-amp Applications
R1
Schmitt trigger: v o sat
R1 Rf

2 vi t
Vi - 6 Vo
3 + Rf Vsat
R1 vo t 2Vsat
-Vsat
Basic Schmitt trigger circuit.
Response of an inverting Schmitt
Note that positive feedback has been trigger circuit.
used.
vo
The triggering points can be given as Vsat
R1 vi
Upper triggering point UTP v o sat , and
R 1 R f
-Vsat
R1 LTP UTP
Lower triggering point LTP v o sat .
R 1 R f I/O characteristics.
39
Op-amp Applications
Schmitt trigger with adjustable triggering points:
2 vo
Vi - 6 Vo Vsat
3 + D1 D2 vi
R2 R3
-Vsat
R1 LTP UTP
Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit. I/O characteristics.
The triggering points can be given as

R1
Upper triggering point UTP v o sat , and
R 1 R 3

R1
Lower triggering point LTP v o sat .
R 1 R 2

40
Departure From Ideal Op-amp
Output should be zero when the voltage difference between the inputs is zero
(e.g. inputs are grounded). Real op-amps have some amount of output offset
voltage.
Bias currents: an offset output voltage as before.
Slew rate.
Finite bandwidth.
CMRR.
Effect of offset voltage:

Rf
R1 The offset voltage can drive
2 the output into saturation.
- 6
Use capacitor coupling instead
v o 1 R2 R 1 v o VOS .
3 +
Vos of direct coupling in cascade
R2 amplifier.
vi
41
Effect of input bias current:
3
+ 6 Vo
IB1 3
+ 6 Vo Vi 2 - Rf
Vi 2 - Rf
IB2 IB1 IB2 R1
R1
Bias currents in a non-ideal op-amp. Representation of bias currents using

an ideal op-amp.
3
+ 6 Vo
The output voltage due to the
2 - Rf bias current:
v o R1I B 2 R f R 1 Rf I B 2 .
R1
-
R1IB2 + A correcting DC voltage Vcorr
or a resistor Rf||R1 may be
Equivalent circuit to calculate the added at the non-inverting
effect of bias currents. terminal.
42
Finite bandwidth:
Gain (dB)
Ad
3
vi1 + 6
2 vo 0 Log(Freq.)
vi2 - f1 fu
R1
1 Ad 1 .
R1 Rf
An op-amp without
the feedback. Frequency response.
The frequency response of the op-amp can be represented by a first-order
system.
vo Ad
( s) .
v i 1 v i 2 1 s 1 where 1 is the 3-dB cutoff frequency.
Therefore, the gain of a non-inverting amplifier with finite gain op-amp is

Ad
Av .
s R1
A 1
1 R1Rf d
R1
The new cutoff frequency: 1 Ad 1 .
R R
1 f 43
Slew rate: The maximum rate of change of output voltage per unit of time.
Vo
SR V/S.
t
vo
To avoid distorted output signal: t vo
SR 2 f V peak .
Typical SR for IC741 is 0.5V/ S. t
Output voltage.
Slew rate vs. GBP:
Slew-rate and the GBP both represent the
high speed capability of an op-amp. Required
waveform
A high GBP is required when signal
bandwidth is high. The GBP takes into vo t
account the gain of your application. Slewed
Slew rate corresponds to the slope of the waveform
signal and is expressed in V/s. Both the
frequency of operation and the maximum Large signal - high frequency
effect.
output swing are considered.
44
Consider an sinusoidal input is applied to a non-inverting amplifier.

v i Va sin t V.

v o Va 1 R f R 1 sin t .
dv o
Va 1 R f R 1 cos t .
dt
Maximum slope is Va 1 R f R 1 where it crosses zero.
Calculate the maximum frequency of operation avoiding slewing. Slew rate of

the op-amp is 0.5 V/S and vi = 0.5 sint V.
Solutions: 10 k
v o 0.5 sin t R f R 1 =-5 sin t . 1 k

2
Vi -
dv o 6
Maximum slope: 5. 3 vo
dt max
+
0.5 106
f max 15.9 kHz.
5 2
45

Part IV Opamp

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Part IV Opamp

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Introduction to Electronics

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain differential amplifier.

Ideal op-amp characteristics:

Practical op-amp circuit: IC -741C. 3

Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR):

Consider ideal op-amp to solve op-amp problems:

Non-inverting amplifier circuit. Non-inverting amplifier circuit.

Calculate Rin and Rout of the following non-inverting circuit.

Inverting amplifier circuit. Voltage divider.

Weighted summer circuit.

IB1 Rf Non-inverting terminal must be

IB1 Rf Non-inverting terminal is grounded

Calculate the capacitances from the following relationships:

IB1 Rf R2: same reason as before.

Calculate the capacitances as before:

Difference amplifier circuit. Difference amplifier with a single source.

Ridiff: differential resistance as seen by the source Vi.

Simplified transimpedance amplifier.

i2 Rf Modified circuit for a grounded load:

Vsat 12 1 11 V Take Rf /R1 according to

The frequency condition, 1 C R gives

at very high Input:

Op-amp integrator circuit (simplified). Frequency response.

Off-set voltage effect:

Therefore, in steady state, the op-amp output

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in

To negate the effect, take R2 R1 || Rf .

A practical op-amp integrator circuit. Frequency response of the integrator.

Lower cut-off frequency (good shape:) Higher cutoff frequency:

Input pulse. Circuit 1. Circuit 2.

Gain(dB) -Rf /Ri

A practical differentiator circuit. Frequency response.

The maximum possible gain of the circuit is Rf /Ri.

2 A conventional rectifier cannot rectify below the

Slew rate problem reduces.

Ideal response: non-inverting Ideal response: inverting 38

Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit. I/O characteristics.

The triggering points can be given as

Effect of offset voltage:

Bias currents in a non-ideal op-amp. Representation of bias currents using

Therefore, the gain of a non-inverting amplifier with finite gain op-amp is

Consider an sinusoidal input is applied to a non-inverting amplifier.

Calculate the maximum frequency of operation avoiding slewing. Slew rate of

v o 0.5 sin t R f R 1 =-5 sin t . 1 k

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