MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FLYOVER

FOUNDATION
Since the bridge has to carry a big live load and its dead weight is also very
large so we cannot go for simple foundation but pile foundation.

Pile foundation is one type of deep foundation. It is used where the good soil is at
higher depth (10m to 20m) or soil having low bearing capacity. Pile is also used for
tall structures. In pile foundation the load coming from the super structure is taken
by pile cap and equally distributed in no. of piles, pile transfers this load into the
soil.

Most of the flyover, Pile foundation is proposed for piers and abutment. The piles
are 600 mm dia, 20 m depth M-35 grade cast in situ piles. The pile cap is proposed
of M-35 grade.

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE OF PILES

Step 1 --- Excavation of Pile Shaft

The bored pile equipment set including hydraulic oscillator, hydraulic vibrator,
hammer grab and rock chisel used in this project is very common and being widely
used for shaft excavation.
a. Set out the correct position of the bored pile on site.
b. Excavate about 3 - 4m of the pile to remove shallow obstructions and then
backfill, wherever necessary.
c. Install the bottom section of temporary casing of required diameter into the
ground by oscillating and jacking or by vibrating motion exerted by the oscillator
and the vibrator respectively.
d. Set up hydraulic oscillator or vibrator in conjunction with a crawler crane.
e. Excavate within the casing by hammer grab and redrive the steel casing
simultaneously by using the heavy duty casing oscillator / vibrator. Rock chisel in
various types will be employed for removal of obstruction or hard materials during
the above process.
f. Extend the steel casing by bolting or welding on additional casing during the
excavation.
g. Water will be pumped into the casing during excavation and constant water head
will be maintained so as to prevent any ingress of material from the bottom of
casing.
h. Verticality of the casing will be monitored by means of spirit level from time to
time.
i. Continue the above procedure until the founding level of pile has been reached.
j. Pile base enlargement will be formed by employing a bellout chisel or a reverse-
circulation drill.
Step 2 --- Cleaning of Pile Shaft
Final cleaning will be carried out by the air-fitting method using high pressure air
compressors. The slime and muddy water within the casing will be cleared and
delivered into a desilting tank before discharge.
Step 3 --- Tremie Concreting
a. The pile shaft will be concreted by "Underwater Tremie Technique". The tremie
pipe sections will be inserted and be jointed until it reaches the bottom of pile
shaft. Concrete will be poured into the tremie pipe by using a concrete skip.
Concreting will be carried out in one continuous operation until the required level
has been reached.
b. As concreting proceeds, the level of the concrete relative to the ground level will
be monitored by measuring with weighted tape after each skip of concrete is
placed.
c. The base of the tremie pipe will be kept with a minimum depth of approximate 1
to 2m below the surface of the concrete.
d. The temporary casing will be extracted simultaneously by the oscillator in the
course of concreting. A head is always maintained between the top of concrete and
the bottom of steel casing.
Step 4 --- Installation of Reinforcement
After the completion of concreting, dowel bars of required length and numbers will
be installed into the pile shaft and down to the predetermined level before the
extraction of bottom steel casing.