Cell

Respiration HL
Notes

! Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of
compounds.
Oxidation and Reduction are chemical processes that
_______________________________ together.
Transfer of____________________________ from one
substance to another.
OIL RIG
Oxidation is ________________________________________
Reduction is ________________________________________
Electron Carriers
Substances that can accept and give up electrons as One of the hydrogen atoms is split into a proton and
+
required electron. NAD accepts the electron, and the proton is

+

released. NAD accepts both the electron and proton of the
NAD other hydrogen atom.
Main electron carrier in respiration
Accepts ___________ electrons in the following way. NAD+ + 2H " NAD + H+" NADH + H+



Reduced NAD

! Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable.
Phosphorylation is the ________________________ of a _________________________ molecule to an organic molecule.
Unstable = more likely to react/activate the molecule
Draw example reaction of phosphorylation









The Mitochondria Summary of cellular respiration
















! Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen.
Metabolic pathway of converting sugar into pyruvate
__________ is used up in phosphorylating _______________________. Phosphorylation reactions also reduce the
______________________________________________.

Glucose " Glucose-6-phosphate " Fructose-6-phosphate " Fructose-1-6-bisphosphate





! In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate.
Fructose bisphosphate is split to form _______ molecules of triose phosphate
Each triose phosphate is then ______________________________ to glycerate-2-phosphate.

Fructose bisphosphate " (2) triose phosphate " glycerate-3-phosphate





Phosphate group is transferred (phosphorylated) to ADP to produce more ATPand also ___________________.



Metabolic pathway of glycolysis.
























List and Identify the steps of Glycolysis
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
! In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized.
If oxygen is present " Pyruvate will enter Aerobic Respiration.
o Pyruvate fully oxidized (hydrogens atoms removed)
o ____________________________________________ are removed in the form of CO2 this is known as
_________________________________
No oxygen " Pyruvate will enter Anaerobic Respiration.
o No CO2 produced = no decarboxylations


! In the Link Reaction, pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A.
Occurs in the ___________________________________________
Carbon and oxygen are removed in the form of carbon dioxide in reactions called __________________________________.
+
2 high energy electrons removed (oxidation) from pyruvate react with NAD to produce ____________________________.
______________________________ combines with the 2 carbon acetyl group to make _____________________________.
Called the ___________ reaction because it links glycolysis with the cycle of reactions that follow.


Annotate the Link Reaction.


















! In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers. (a.k.a. Citric Acid Cycle
first product made)

Occurs in the _______________________________________
________ more decarboxylations
________ more oxidations
Most of the energy released in oxidations is used to reduce hydrogen (elcectron) carriers (___________________________)
All reduced electron carriers will be shuttled to the ETC for _____________________________________.







Annotate the Krebs Cycle.






























For every turn of the Krebs Cycle :










! Energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD.

Reduced NAD is produced during



Reduced FAD is produced during



Final part of aerobic respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation
ADP is _______________________________ to produce ATP using energy released by _________________________.




! Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain is coupled to proton pumping
Reduced NAD and FADH2 (reduced FAD) donate their electrons to other electron carriers. As the electrons are passed from
carrier to carrier, energy is utilized to transfer protons across the inner membrane from the
_____________________________ into the __________________________________

Protons then flow through _______________________________ down their _____________________________ providing
the ___________________ needed to make ______________.



! In chemiosmosis, protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
Chemical in this case _______________________________
Osmosis movement of molecules from _____________________________
+
H moves across a membrane, down the concentration gradient. The change in ___________________________________
releases the energy needed for the enzyme ATP synthase to make ATP.

Annotate the electron transport chain.





























! Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to form water to maintain the hydrogen gradient.
To allow electrons to continue to flow, they must be transferred to a
_________________________________________________________ " _______________________
-
Oxygen briefly becomes ____________________ O2 (O 2)
Combines with free floating H+ from the matrix to become _____________________ (H20)
Total ATP production.

NADH production per molecule of glucose FADH2 production per molecule of glucose
Glycolysis Glycolysis
Link Reaction Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle
Total Total

Total ATP produced from electron carriers per molecule of glucose _____________

Total ATP produced from aerobic respiration per molecule of glucose ______________




! The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs.