JUSTIFICATION

PROGRESS N2:
PUNCH MACHINE
Anyelo J. Caro Quintero, Miguel A. Sanabria Suarez, Danneth Alejandra Rincn Hernndez.

INTRODUCTION The construction of the machine is done in order for

This work has the purpose of designing a machine students to test their knowledge and teachers can
assess in a practical way the knowledge they have
that allows drilling in an aluminum sheet to make
acquired in class, throughout the semester. Due to
openings with a diameter determined in soft metals the fact that during the process of construction of
as an example: a can of soda, and also driven by a the same it is necessary to develop an investigation
motor. For this, a series of parameters such as of the materials to be used and an entire process of
force, cutting work, punching, and die must be elaboration that implies to know and to identify
defined, as well as tempering, deformation, ease perfectly the materials and parts, besides the
with which the piece of metal once pierced and the function that throws in the set, with the So that the
project is developed satisfactorily and no problems
number of punches and Stamped arise during its final presentation.
The application of a force of understanding on the
punch forces the latter to penetrate the sheet, OBJECTIVES
creating an initial deformation followed by a rupture
Construct a prototype of the (punching
of the material by rapid propagation of its fissures
machine) aluminum drilling machine which
between the cutting edges of the punch and die.
works mechanically, determining the most
The process ends with the ejection of the cut piece.
effective materials for its construction,
The machine must perform the following drilling
taking into account the mechanical
process:
properties of each of these.
1. compression of material. Determine the strength of the punch to be
2. Remove the part. effective from the perforation of the sheet.
3. detachment of the piece.
4. The piece falls and the punch returns.
Identify the forces that are applied to the
This should be based on calculations and basic machine for proper operation.
mechanical concepts, so that this process is
effective and efficient, and achieve the objective Determine forces and efforts generated by
that is proposed in the development of the the machine in its operation.
machine.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

PROCESS
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a punching machine is a type of machine that Strength and cutting work
is used to drill and shape plates of different
materials using a punch and a die like a Fc= peRd
press. these can be simple (manually
controlled, with a single set of tools) or very
complex (cnc punching machine, automatic Wo= XFce
loading, multiple tools).
Punchng is an operation of cutting sheets or Donde:
sheets, usually in cold, by means of a mechanical
device made up of two tools: the punch and the Fc = Cutting force to be applied to
die. produce punching.

The application of a force of understanding on P = Development of the cut (perimeter of

the punch forces the latter to penetrate the sheet, the shear geometry).
creating an initial deformation followed by a E=Plate thickness .

rupture of the material by rapid propagation of its
fissures between the cutting edges of the punch Rd=Shear stress.

and die. The process ends with the ejection of the
cut piece. Wc=Cutting work .

X = Factor that takes into account the

irregularity of the cutting force (0.5-0.8)

DIE CUTTING TOLERANCE

To make a hole of a specific dimension in a sheet
of a certain thickness the punch must have the
same dimension as the desired hole and the
matrix should have a slightly larger dimension.
That difference in dimensions is known as the die
Figure 1. Process cut tolerance. It is very important that the cutting
tolerance of the die is evenly distributed around
the punch measure even at the corners.
The appropriate cutting tolerance is one that
matches the cutting fractures generated by the
punch and by the die.
And if we use too large a tolerance, a greater
curvature will be generated around the hole and
the burrs will be larger.
CALCULATION OF CUT TOLERANCE
Figure 2. Efforts.
The proper cutting tolerance of an array varies
with the thickness and type of sheet material

(normally it is obtained by a percentage relative
to the thickness of the sheet).
As a general rule it can be established that the
greater cutting effort of the material and greater
sheet thickness the cut tolerance should be
higher. For example, for sheets of the same
thickness, a higher cut tolerance will be required
for stainless than for steel or aluminum. On the
other hand a sheet of 6 mm thick will need more
tolerance than a 1 mm plate.
The tolerance values can vary from 15% to 25%
of the material thickness depending on the
thickness and type of material. As a general rule,
a cut tolerance of 15% for aluminum, 20% for
steel and 20-25% for stainless steel could be
applied as a cut tolerance.
DETERMINATION OF FORCES
The forces that are applied at the entrance of the
Punching Machine for its correct operation are:
Figure 3. Free body diagram of the forces in the
punching machine.
ANALYSIS OF FORCES
These forces generated, interact with each other
for the proper functioning of the machine. Normal
and weight are important because they cause the
punch to rise and fall faster at the time of piercing
the sheet. The other forces observed in the free-
body diagram generate tension and compression
to stabilize the punching machine, and there are
extra forces such as the spring that are also
tension and compression.
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ANALYSIS OF STRESS
For the calculation of stress in the punching it is
possible to resort to a general equation of the
type:
Fc= p e Kmat Kort
Since Fc is the shear force [N], y:
P: cutting perimeter (mm).
E: sheet thickness (mm).
Kmat: is the specific shearing force of the
material, given by the resistance offered by the
material to be cut to shear.
Kmat: cutting factor, given by the type of punch
used.
In this case, as the material to be drilled is a
piece of aluminum, Kmat for aluminum is 750 N /
mm2.
In order to give an initial overview about the
parameters involved in the calculation of the
punching force are listed below in a general way
main:
Cutting Perimeter
Sheet thickness
Type of material to be cut (characteristics such
as shear strength, heat treatments, etc.).
Type of cut (shape of punch edge).
Geometry of the punch.
Others: speed of punching, lubrication,
composition and coating of the
Cutting edge, tool sharpening, punch material,
etc.
Cutting perimeter, material and sheet thickness
The most significant parameters are obviously
the perimeter, the sheet thickness and the type of
material to be cut. The product of the first two
(p.e.) defines the equivalent of the chip section
(mm2) in chip-start machining processes. While
the "type of material to be cut" would be the
equivalent of the specific shear force (Kmat) in
N / mm2 and represents the strength of the
material to be cut by punching.
As is known, the higher the strength of the
material, the greater the force required. Figure 1
shows how the strength varies for different
materials: from the softer ones, such as
aluminum, to the harder ones, such as stainless
steel, considering punches with a circular shape
and a circular groove (collision)

Figure 4. Force required according to the
material, Graph force with respect to the diameter
of the punch.
CONSTRUCTION OF PROTOTYPE
For the construction of the machine, proceed as
follows:
The base (floor and sides) of the punch is
in wood, so that the force of the motor and
at the moment in which the punch pierces
the material, the base is resistant and will
not break the structure.
For the movement of the Punching
machine was used a motor to one end of
the bar that holds the punch, which will
allow the movement referring to the oil
machine.
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For the arm, a steel bar is used where at
one end the motor is attached and the
punch is also attached, so that the arm is
able to withstand the force of the punch at
the time of the work.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Force required to drill the blade:
By doing the corresponding investigation it is
found that the force necessary to perforate the
can is determined by:
Fc=SRc
Cutting force=Cutting sectionCutting strength of the materia
S=PerimeterThickness
We know that the diameter of the cut will be
5mm, so to find the perimeter of the same we do:
Perimeter=5 mm=13.71mm
Looking for information it is found that an
aluminum can has a thickness of 0.09 mm for the
current market, although depending on the
production company may be a little lower or a
little larger (0.7 mm - 1.0 mm).

During this process it was not possible to find the
exact material with which the containers are
made, but they are produced from aluminum so
we assume that it will be a pure material, not an
alloy, in order to define the resistance to Cutting
the material.
Rc( Aluminum)=9.3 kg
Fc=(0.5 mm)9.3 kg /mm
Fc=13.147 kg
Where Fc is the force necessary for the sheet to
be perforated by the piston. So the machine must
generate at least that force to be able to achieve
the objective of this project, with this data we can
get the corresponding engine and optimize the
piston that will be the one who performs the
drilling
Improvement Strategy:
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BIBLIOGRAFA
Gmez, M. (2006). Fundamentals of Modern
Manufacturing. In Simn, Machining Procedures.
Madrid: Paraninfo.
Maquiclick, Posted 29 July 2016, industrial punch,
obtained in: Http://www.fabricantes-industrial-
machinery-equipment-machines-punzonadoras-
funcionan/
Article, characteristics of the materials, obtained in:
Http://www.ejemplode.com/13-
ciencia/3458aracteristicas_de_los_materiales.html
AbyPer S.A. Manufacture of machinery and equipment
Argentina. Av. Del Barco Centenera 3115 (1437)
Buenos Aires - Argentina, Recovered from:
http://www.abyper.com.ar/assets/img/main/Fuerza-
Necesaria-para-el-Punzonado-Hidraulico.pdf

In order to avoid the necessary tools for the

complete assembly of the machine (as is already
known by the professor), the idea is to obtain,
complete its assembly, paint, polish and perform
the relevant tests to verify that the results
Machine to be of high accuracy and precision. In
case there is a problem, it is arranged to correct
in such a way that the punching machine can
function properly and with the requirements that
are demanded.

CONCLUSIONS
For the development of the machine must
take into account the conditions and
characteristics of the materials to be used.
The punching machine generates shear,
compression and stress.
The final assembly of the machine is
missing because the colleague who was
in charge of the operation was sanctioned
in the laboratory and the tools necessary
to complete the work were not available.
The forces that are generated cause the
punching machine to stabilize and to
puncture the aluminum foil more quickly.
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