COLLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE

( LAB PRACTICE 2)

THE EFFECT OF CREEP

1. EFFECT OF CREEP ON LOAD DEPENDENT ACTION EFFECT:
When the entire structure is made of one
material with uniform creep characteristics, as in the case of plain
concrete structures, creep cannot affect action effects. This principle
applies to reinforced concrete, as well, if the reinforcement distribution
is approximately uniform and symmetrical. This is readily understood
since one can consider the effects of creep as equivalent to a gradual
decrease in the modulus of elasticity. Load-dependent action effects
are affected by creep when elements of the structure are made of
concrete of different ages or different compositions, (e.g., normal
concrete and lightweight concrete). Generally, the action effects will
then be redistributed from the elements with a higher creep rate to the
elements with a lower creep rate.
The interaction of structural elements made of
two different materials, such as a concrete arch with a steel tie,
accentuates the difference in creep deformation. Since the effects of
the creep of steel are generally disregarded, the distribution of the
action effects may change noticeably in the course of time. In
reinforced concrete two different materials interact; but, as already
stated, this is of consequence only if the reinforcement ratio varies or if
the reinforcement is asymmetrical. With normally small reinforcement
ratios, these effects may be disregarded. All the more so, since in
determining action effects, one considers the much more significant
effect of cracked sections to be negligible.
When prestressing is applied-and this is also
true for partial prestressing-the reinforcement ratio is usually smaller
than in reinforced concrete. So in this case also, one is therefore

MAHADEV
SHIVAJI GODAM(121619006)
COLLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE
( LAB PRACTICE 2)

justified in disregarding the effect of creep on the action effects

developed by applied loads. However, such simplification is no longer
applicable when composite construction is involved.

2. EFFECT OF CREEP ON STRESSES:

As stated earlier the role of internal stresses is to compensate for the strains
developed in any given cross section. In general, this requires that plane
sections remain plane. Creep can affect internal stresses in two ways. It can
reduce existing internal stresses to the extent that they are of a continuous
nature, and it can create its own new internal stresses when materials with
different creep characteristics interact in a given cross section. This is shown
in the following examples. Internal stresses are caused primarily by non-
uniform volume changes e.g. due to the heat of hydration during hardening
of the concrete or, later, to the shrinkage as it proceeds from the surface
inward (cf., Section 2). In dimensioning reinforcement, one may almost
always disregard these internal stresses. In general, they are risky only at the
moment of their inception as they are reduced rapidly and markedly by
creep. One must primarily see to it that such internal stresses are kept small
enough and that they develop slowly. That is why the requirement that fresh
concrete be protected from rapid drying and cooling is of particular
significance. It is the only way to prevent that the race between tensile
stress and tensile strength (Fig. 3.1) results in the development of cracks.
Frequently, sustained internal stresses are created on purpose. An example
of this is the state of internal stress caused by prestressing, whos beneficial
effect decreases under the action of creep and shrinkage. Due to the
encompassing importance of this problem. It is treated in detail in Section
3.4. However, there are more harmful internal stresses: those caused by

MAHADEV
SHIVAJI GODAM(121619006)
COLLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE
( LAB PRACTICE 2)

solar radiation. In old concrete that has lost a large part of its deformability,
these

2. EFFECT OF CREEP ON PRESTRESSING:

In a statically determinate structure with bonded

tendons, initial pretensioning will induce internal stresses in the cross
sections of a structural element, since the integral of the steel stresses in
each cross section is equal to the integral of the concrete stresses. In the
case of unbounded prestressing, on the other hand, it is doubtful whether
one is justified in speaking of an internal stress state, since at any section of
the structure two distinct cross sections exist: the concrete cross section and
the prestressed tendon, which are, however, interrelated. The integral of the
stresses acting in an individual section is then no longer zero. The stresses
can be grouped into action effects. Thus, this implies a state of constraint if
the two cross sections are considered separately. For the total cross section,
however, an internal stress state exists similar to pretensioning with bonded
tendons. The compression stresses induced in the concrete by prestressing
lead to a reduction of the prestressing force under the influence of the creep
of concrete. The shortening due to shrinkage also reduces the prestressing
force. When prestressing is applied by means of elastic tendons, the
reduction depends on the compression stresses permanently acting along
the tendon and on the stiffness of the tendons. It may range from 5 % to 30
% of the initial prestress. If the prestressing is created by forces acting from
rigid abutments, the reduction will be considerably greater. Owing to creep

MAHADEV
SHIVAJI GODAM(121619006)
COLLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE
( LAB PRACTICE 2)

and shrinkage, the reduction of the internal stresses induced by prestressing

naturally is proportional to the prestressing force. The same is true of
imposed constraints in unbounded prestressing. However, prestressing can
also cause action effects of a different type. They result from the fact that
the structure is deformed by the state of stress imposed upon it. Such
deformation is unimpeded only in the case of statically determinate systems.
In statically indeterminate structures, they are usually not compatible with
the support conditions. Since these action effects are caused by the
prestressing force which acts upon the concrete Crof3 section as though it
were an external load, this type of action effects can be reduced by creep
only in the same proportion as the prestressing force that induces them.
Thus, they do not behave like imposed action effects, but rather like load-
induced action effects. This is why the expression "redistribution action
effects" has been adopted.

FACTORS AFFECTING CREEEP:

1. Influence of aggregate

2. Mix proportioning

3. Influence of age

4. Curing condition

5. Cement properties

6. Stress level

7. Humidity

8. Temperature

FACTORS AFFECTING SHRINKAGE:

1. Drying condition

2. Time

MAHADEV
SHIVAJI GODAM(121619006)
COLLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE
( LAB PRACTICE 2)

3. w/c ratio

Effect of relative humidity on creep

Concrete creep and shrinkage strain obtained in constant

temperature and constant humidity rooms are different from those observed
under actual conditions. Most creep and shrinkage strain prediction
equations predict constant temperature and constant relative humidity. The
effects of temperature history and relative humidity changes in the
atmosphere are not considered in these equations. In this study, the effect of
a change in atmosphere on creep and shrinkage strain is discussed. It is
shown that concrete creep and shrinkage strain in actual ambient conditions
are influenced by the concrete casting season. Creep and shrinkage strain of
concrete cast in winter are much bigger than those of concrete cast in
summer.

1. The effect of creep-shrinkage decreases with increasing of relative

humidity.

2. The limit slenderness lim for slender columns increases with increasing of
relative humidity.

MAHADEV
SHIVAJI GODAM(121619006)
COLLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE
( LAB PRACTICE 2)

3. The bending stiffness of slender compression elements calculate with

nominal stiffness method increases with increasing of relative humidity.

4. The second-order moment of slender compression elements decreases

with increasing of relative humidity

MAHADEV
SHIVAJI GODAM(121619006)