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If the demand of the power is more than the supply power then
the grid frequency will dip and vice versa. Hence governor
functions are:
Bring the turbine speed at the rated r.p.m. Say 50 Hz. Hence
controlling the speed of prime mover.
Help in synchronization of generator with grid frequency
Controlling the active power of the machines
Controlling the grid frequency of the Network.
HOW DOES A GOVERNOR FUNCTION?
Role of the
governor
infinite: f = constant
power, level,
isolated: flow governing,
grid freqeuncy
stability
8
Some Basic Concepts
Reference Dynamic
Command Req.
Selector Unit Output
Input
Input
Some Basic Concepts
Actuating signal
Command Reference Dynamic
Output
Input Selector Unit
Feedback Signal
WHAT IS A GOVEROR?
Safety
electrovalve Actuator
Position
sensor PLC
PLC
Distributor Filter
Pressurised oil
generation
TURBINE
Position
SERVOMOTOR
sensor
Components of Governing System
Le TR10:
de distribution
Vers
chappem soupape
ent
pression
turbinette
Feed back box
FEED BACK SYSTEM
Relay valve A
Y X
A B
P T L
Turbine P T
shaft I
s
Actuator A
Main
distributing
L V L valve
P T
T A
P B
R
Leakage
Drainage
Oil pressure
Closure
Regulating device
servomotor
GOVERNING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION - OIL SYSTEM
OIL PRESSURE SUPPLY
Air injection
Oil pressure
tank
B M M
A
P T
Main oil circuit
X
Idler valve
Loading T
A
distributing valve P
P
Y
T
X
Oil levels & functions
OIL PRESSURE SUPPLY
0 Wn power
0.04 %
4%
Types of governors: effects of P, I, D actions
-s+1 1
3
0.5s+1 7s+0.1 Scope
setpoint Gain1
0.001s
1 process
0.05s+1 0
s
Transfer Fcn
Gain2 Integrator
(with initial outputs)
governor
Measurement
Oil Governing
IHM
Speed Governor
Speed/Power Governing Position Actuator Servomotor Turbine
Opening Position
Proportional governor:
Kp = 4
static error
excess
PI governor:
Kp = 4, Ti = 7 s
no static error
excess
PID governor:
Kp = 4, Ti = 7 s, Td = 0.6 s
no static error
reduced excess
A proportional controller (Kp) will have the effect of reducing the rise time
and will reduce ,but never eliminate, the steady-state error. An integral
control (Ki) will have the effect of eliminating the steady-state error, but it
may make the transient response worse. A derivative control (Kd) will have
the effect of increasing the stability of the system, reducing the overshoot,
and improving the transient response.
SPEED CONTROL BY GOVERNOR MECHANISM
G.V. Opening
Limiter
Start Pos. 1
Start Pos. 2
No Load
Position
Time
G. V. Lock to
Service Position
Start
Input
DIFFERENT GOVERNORS
PMG
Toothed Wheel (Capacitor type probe)
PT Voltage (frequency detection)
Over Speed Detection (mechanical)
SPEED SENSING DEVICE
The Turbine speed in Hydro sets is sensed through Toothed Wheel (mounted
on generator shaft) and Magnetic Pick-up. The following fundamental
relationship between Speed and Frequency of output signal implies.
nxp
f = ----------
60
Where
f = Frequency of the sensors output signal in Hz.
n = Speed of the toothed wheel in RPM.
P = Number of Teeth on the Toothed wheel.
SPEED SENSING ELEMENT
SPEED SENSING : BACK UP
Speed Control
Power Control
Braking
Field Breaker Control
Over Speed Tripping
Pilot valve:
The pilot valve operates main distributing valve through floating lever which is
actuated by the mechanical signal from hydraulic transducer.
Master Controller:
Master controller consists of set of cams and limit switches to provide different
position of guide vane for automatic control.
Limit Motor, Hand Wheel and Gear Box:
Gate limiter sets an opening limit for the gates and exercises an over-riding command
and prevents further gate opening beyond the set limit.
Duplex Filter:
Electro hydraulic governor requires clean oil for trouble free operation. One duplex filter
is provided for filtering the oil to the purity of 70 microns.
INDICATIONS ON HMC
The function of Oil Pressure System is to maintain the Pressure of the System
to designated level so that Servomotors could be operated as required
PRESSURE RECEIVER
Piston Accumulator
Back up nitrogen bottles
Safety block
Nitrogen bottle for recharging/topping
Charging kit
Pressure gauges
OIL PRESSURE UNIT
PICTORIAL VIEW OF P.P.SET
Sump tank
Screw/Gear
Pump with motor
Unloader Valve
Safety Relief Valve
Non Return Valve
Pressure Switch
Magnetic Flow Switch
Level controller cum Transmitter
Temperature Transmitter
Pressure Transmitter
Oil Cooler
Return Line Filter
Breather Cum Filler
H.P. Valves & Pipings along with filter.
SUMP TANK CAPACITY
Electrical Feedback
Through Potentiometer
Electronic Feedback
Through LVDT
Mechanical Feedback LVDT
NOZZLE FEEDBACK MECHANISM (WIRE ROPE)
NOZZLE FEEDBACK MECHANISM (LVDT)
DEFLECTOR FEEDBACK MECHANISM
FEEDBACK MECHANISM DEFLECTOR
MIV Servomotor Turbine Servomotor
PARTS OF EHGC
Governor START/STOP
Governor AUTO/MANUAL
Governor LOCAL / REMOTE
Speed Setter RAISE/LOWER
Power Setter RAISE /LOWER
Flow Setter RAISE/LOWER
ADJUSTMENTS OF ELECTRIC GRIDS-PERMANENT DROOP
W = (f / f) / (Bp)
frequenc
y
W = (1Hz / 50Hz) / (0.04) Bp = 4 %, i.e.:
Bp = 4%, either:
48
100% of power for 4% d 'cart
of frequency
For a gap of frequency of
0.04% (0.02 Hz) the opening of
the admission organ will be:
0.01
0 Wn power
1%
STATISME
EHGC AND HMC PANEL
GOVERNOR REQUIREMENTS
To satisfy IEC61312 requirements following feature is essential for the Governing system:
Over laps in the main distributing valve for regulated flow of oil through opening/closing
ports.
Feedback system for stability during small transients
Timing device to achieve faster rate of closing and opening to limit speed rise & pressure
rise in water conductor system of hydro power station.
Gate limit feature for blocked gate (i.e. blocked load) requirement
PARALLEL OPERATION OF UNITS
SPEED REGULATION
The term speed regulation refers to the amount of speed or frequency change that is
necessary to cause the output of the synchronous generator to change from zero output to
full output.
In contrast with droop, this term focuses on the output of the generator, rather than the
position of its valves. In some cases, especially in hydro, the droop setting will be
significantly different from the resulting speed regulation. This is due to the nonlinear
relationship between valve position and water, gas or steam flow through the turbine.
Governors using droop feed back should be adjusted so that the speed regulation meets
the power system requirements. Speed regulation can be implemented directly in
electrohydraulic and digital electrohydraulic governors by using a watt transducer to
provide feedback from the generator output to replace the feedback from the prime mover
control mechanism
If a 1% change in speed occurs, the generator output must move enough to cause the
feedback through the speed regulation element to cancel this speed change. Thus, for a 1%
speed change, the percent change in generator output will be the reciprocal of the speed
regulation (i.e. if the speed regulation is 5% the movement will be 1/.05 = 20).
In general, the percent change in generator output for a system frequency disturbance can
be calculated as the speed change (in percent) divided by the per unit speed regulation.
BLOCKED GOVERNORS
Stability:
With the governor, in speed reference control mode, controlling the turbine operating at
rated speed and no load, the isolated operation shall not result in speed oscillation with an
excess of plus or minus 0.1 percent of rated speed.
The ramp rate should be independent of the rate of change of the speed changer.
The speed changer shall also have an adjustable ramp rate of 10 to 500 seconds for
each 10 percent of range.
Speed droop:
The speed droop shall be adjustable between 0 and 10 percent. Speed droop shall
be a linear function with respect to gate position.
Dead band:
The dead band at rated speed shall not exceed 0.02 percent of the rated speed at
any gate setting.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS
Dead time:
The dead time for a sudden load change of more than 1.0 percent of the capacity
of the turbine shall not exceed 0.1 second.
The dead time for any frequency change larger than 0.05 Hz shall not exceed 0.1
second
Speed signal:
The speed-sensing signal which shall be derived from both a toothed wheel on the
generator shaft and a generator potential transformer (PT) shall not be affected by
variations in the voltage or current of the main generator or exciters or of the power
system to which the generator is connected.
Variation of the toothed-wheel speed signal, as a function of vibration or normal
lateral movement of the main shaft, shall not exceed 0.1 percent.
Variation of the generator- potential derived speed signal shall not exceed 0.05
percent under steady-state conditions.
The speed-sensing system shall respond with phase lag less than 30 degrees at all
frequencies up to 1 Hertz.
Digital filtering may be used to achieve these required levels.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS
Speed response:
The speed-response elements shall be capable of effecting movement of the
turbine gates in consequence of speed variations of the turbine of 0.02 percent or
less.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS
The governor shall be designed to operate the turbine blades through a full gate-
opening stroke or a full gate-closing stroke in not less than 50 seconds and shall be
capable of being adjustable for operation through either stroke up to a maximum
of 80 seconds.
The gate and blade adjustments shall positively restrict the oil flow and shall be
arranged to prevent movement of the turbine gates at a faster rate than the
maximum rate to which the adjustment is set.
Thank you
NO LOAD
PMG CONTROL
SMU
AMPLI FIER
S/S
BOOSTER
AMPLI FIER
NO 52X
FB
EHT
-
+
GS
bp HYDRAULIC
AMPLI FIER
MAIN SIDE
FB VALVE
SERVOMOTOR
FOR
GUIDE VANE &
RUNNER BLADE
EXCITATION PANEL
CONTAINS FIELD BREAKER CONTROL
LOGIC, THYRISTOR PANELS AND AVR
CB BUS-1
BUS-2
GCB
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
UAT
EXC.TR.
A.C REF. VOL.
PT
G
AVR
GATE CT
F.F CONTROL
FB G
D.C GENERATOR
DR NGT
R
Thank you