Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared By
Prof. C. Sowmya Dhanalakshmi. M.E., MISTE, (Phd)
PART-A
1. What is the basic difference between compressible and incompressible fluid flow?
2. Write the steady flow energy equation for an adiabatic flow of air.
In an adiabatic flow q = 0. Therefore energy equation becomes,
h1 + c12/2 + gZ1 = h2 + c22/2 + gZ2 + W1
Adiabatic energy equation is h0 = h + 1/2c22
8. Write down the relationship between stagnation and static temperature interms of the
flow, mach number for the case of isentropic flow.
T0/T = [1+ ( -1)/2] M2
9. Give expression of P/P0 for an isentropic flow through a duct.
The expression is P/P0 = 1/{[1+ ( -1)/2] M2} -1
10. Name the velocities that are used in expressing the fluid velocities in non-dimensional
form.
Local velocity of sound, stagnation velocity of sound, Maximum velocity of sound, critical
velocity of sound
13. A plane travels at a speed of 2400Km/hr in an atmosphere of 5 degree, find the Mach
angle?
C=2400/3.6 = 666.67
T=278K
M=c/ RT=1.9947
=sin-1(1/M) = 30.0876
Intensive properties: These are independent on the mass of the system. Ex:
Pressure and Temperature
Extensive properties: These are dependent on the mass of the system.
Ex: Total volume, Total energy
3. The pressure, temperature and fluid velocity of air at the entry of a flow passage are 3 bar,
280 K and 140 m/s. The pressure, temperature and velocity at the exit of a low passage
are 2 bar, 260K and 250 m/s. The area of cross section at entry is 600 cm 2. Determine for
an adiabatic flow, the stagnation temperature, maximum velocity, mas flow rate and area
of cross section at exit.
Take = 1.4, R=287 J/kgK
5. An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 11,000 meters, at 800 km/hr. The air is reversibly
compressed in an inlet diffuser. The inlet temperature is 216.65 K and pressure is 0.226
bar. If the Mach number at the exit of the diffuser is 0.35, calculate the following. Entry
Mach number, velocity, pressure and temperature of air at the diffuser exit.
[ANSWER: Page number 1.74 (9)
6. An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 10,000 meters. The inlet Mach number is 0.82,
temperature is 223.15 K and pressure is 0.246 bar. The cross sectional area of the inlet
diffuser before the low pressure compressor stage is 0.45 m 2. Calculate the following: The
mass of air entering the compressor per second, the speed of the air craft and stagnation
pressure at diffuser entry and stagnation temperature at diffuser entry.
[ANSWER: Page number 1.77 (10)
8. Air ( = 1.4, R=287 J/kgK) at an inlet mach number of 0.2 enters a straight duct at 400K
and expands isentropically. If the exit Mach number is 0.8, determine the following:
Stagnation temperature, critical temperature, static temperature at exit and area ratio A1/A2
ANSWER: Page number 1.82 (12)
9. The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of a flow passage are 2 bar,
275 K and 1.3 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 2.4, determine the velocity of sound
at stagnation condition, the maximum velocity, the temperature and pressure at exit and
Mach number M1* M1* and M2*
Take = 1.3, R=0.460 kJ/kgK
ANSWER: Page number 1.85 (13)
10. In a settling chamber air is maintained at a temperature of 400 K and a pressure of 6 bar.
Calculate the following: Stagnation enthalpy, stagnation velocity of sound, maximum
velocity, critical velocity of fluid and critical velocity of sound
ANSWER: Page number 1.88 (14)
11. The air moving at a velocity of 150 m/s. The static conditions are 100 kPa and 25 C.
Calculate the Mach number and stagnation properties verify the values with table values.
ANSWER: Page number 1.91 (1)
12. An aircraft flies at a velocity of 700 kmph in an atmosphere where the temperature is 75
kPa and temperature is 5C. Calculate the Mach number and stagnation properties.
ANSWER: Page number 1.97 (4)
13. A steam of air flows with a velocity of 250 m/s in a duct of 10 cm diameter. Its temperature
and pressure at that point are 5C and 40 kPa. What will be its stagnation pressure and
temperature? What is the mass flow rate?
14. The following data refers to the entry and exit of a passage where isentropic flow occurs:
Entry:p1 = 207 kPa, T1 = 300 K, M1=1.4
Exit: M2 = 2.5, Assuming ideal gas, determine velocity of sound at stagnation
condition, maximum velocity and temperature and pressure at exit.
15. The pressure, temperature and Mach number at th entry of a flow passage are 2.45 bar,
26.5C and 1.4 respectiively. If the exit Mach number is 2.5, determine the stagnation
temperature, temperature and velocity of a gas at exit and the flow rate per square metre
of the inlet cross section for adiabatic flow of a perfect gas ( = 1.3, R=0.460 kJ/kgK).
ANSWER: Page number 1.105 (8)
16. Air ( = 1.4, R=287 J/kgK) enters a straight axis symmetric duct at 300K, 3.45 bar and 150
m/s and leaves it at 277 K, 2.058 bar and 260 m/s. The area of cross section at entry is 50
cm2. Assuming adiabatic flow determine stagnation temperature, maximum velocity, mass
flow rate and area of cross section at exit.
PART-A
Nozzle:It is a device which is used to increase the velocity and decrease the pressure of
fluids.
Diffuser:It is a device which is used to increase the pressure and decrease the velocity of
fluids.
6. Give the expression for T/To and T/T* for isentropic flow through variable area interms of
Mach number ?
To/T =1+[_-1/2]M
To/T = 1
7. Draw the variation of Mach number along the length of a convergent divergent duct when
it acts as a (a) Nozzle (b) Diffuser (c) Venturi
11. Give the expression for To/T and T/Y* for isentropic flow through variable area in terms of
Mach number
T/To = 1/[(1+(-1)/2)/M2]
T/T* = (-1)/ [(1+(-1)/2)/M2]
12. Sketch the isentropic and adiabatic expansion process in P-V and T-S diagram.
13. Represent the adiabatic flow through a diffuser on T-S diagram. Label the different states,
the initial and final points.
14. What will happen if the air flowing through a nozzle is heated?
When the flowing air is heated in a nozzle, the following changes like increase inair
velocity, increase in temperature and enthalpy, increase in pressure and increase in
entropy will occur.
19. State the necessary conditions for chocked flow to occur in a nozzle.
The necessary conditions for this flow to occur in a nozzle is the nozzle exit pressure ratio
must be equal to the critical pressure ratio where the mach number M=1.
Nozzle Venturi
The flow is accelerated continuously. The flow is accelerated upto M=1 and then
(mach number and velocity increases mach number is decreased
continuously)
Used to increase velocity and mach Used for flow measurement (discharges)
number
Generally convergent portion is short Convergent and divergent portions are
equal
23. Shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow? State the reason.
Shocks are introduced to increase the pressure and hence it is a deceleration process.
Shocks are possible only when the fluid velocity is maximum.
25. Calculate the strength of shock wave when normal shock appears at M=2.
M=2, =1.4, Py/Px = 4.5
Strength of shock = 3.5/4.5
26. Draw the shape of the nozzle for the expansion of air from 1 Mpa to 700 kPa.
PART-B
17. 1. Air is discharged from a reservoir at Po =6.91bar and To =325c through a nozzle to an
exit pressure of 0.98 bar .If the flow rate is 3600Kg/hr determine for isentropic flow:
1) Throat area, pressure,and velocity,
2) Exit area,Mach number
3) Maximum velocity.
ANSWER: Page number 2.88 (1)
2. A conical diffuser has entry and exit diameters of 15 cm and 30cm respectively . The
pressure ,temperature and velocity of air at entry are 0.69bar,340 k and 180 m/s
respectively . Determine
1) The exit pressure
2) The exit velocity
3) The force exerted on the diffuser walls.
Assume isentropic flow,_ =1.4,Cp =1.00 KJ Kg-K..
3. An air nozzle is to be designed for an exit Mach number of 3.5. the stagnation conditions
for the isentropic flow are 800 kPa and 240C. Estimate pressure, temperature, velocity
and area at throat and exit for a mas flow rate of 3.5 kg/s.
4. A diffuser has exit to throat area ratio of 1.5 to 1. The inlet Mach number is 0.8 The initial
pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 15C. Assuming the flow to be isentropic,
calculate the exit pressure, temperature and Mach number for air.
ANSWER: Page number 2.94 (3)
5. A supersonic diffuser, diffuses air in an isentropic flow from a Mach number of 3 to a Mach
number of 1.5. the static conditions of air at inlet are 70 kPa and -7C. If the mass flow
rate of air is 125 kg/s, determine stagnation conditions, area at the throat and exit and
6. An air enters an isentropic diffuser with a mach number of 3.6 and is decelerated to a mch
number of 2. The diffuser passes a flow of 15kg/s. The initial static pressure and
temperature of the air are 1.05 bar and 40C. Assuming =1.4, calculate the inlet area,
total pressure and total temperature at inlet, exit area, total pressure, total temperature
and static pressure.
[ANSWER: Page number 2.107 (6)
7. A thrust chamber pressure of a rocket nozzle is 350 bar and the nozzle throat section area
is 6 cm2. If the mach number at the nozzle exit is 5.2, calculate the thrust developed by
the rocket.
[ANSWER: Page number 2.86 (18)
8. Air enters the nozzle from a large reservoir at 7 bar and 320C. the exit pressure of the
nozzle is 0.94 bar and mass flow rate is 3500 kg/h. Calculate the following for isentropic
flow. Throat area, throat pressure, throat velocity, exit area, exit mach number, maximum
velocity
ANSWER: Page number 2.56 (8)
9. The pressure, temperature and velocity of air at the entry of a diffuser are 0.7 bar , 345 K
and 190 m/s respectively. The entry diameter of diffuser is 15 cm and exit diameter is 35
cm. Determine the following. Exit pressure, exit velocity and force exerted on the diffuser
walls. Assuming isentropic flow and take =1.4, cp=1005 J/kgK
ANSWER: Page number 2.60 (9)
10. A supersonic wind tunnel settling chamber expands air or Freon-21 through a nozzle from
a nozzle from a pressure of 10 bar to 4bar in the test section . calculate the stagnation
temperature to the maintained in the setting chamber to obtain a velocity of 500 m/s in the
test section for,
1) Air ,Cp =1.025 KJ/Kg K, Cv =0.735 KJ/Kg K
2) Freon -21 ,Cp =0.785 KJ/Kg K ,Cv= 0.675 KJ/Kg K.
What is the test section Mach number is each case?
ANSWER: Page number 2.68 (11)
PART-A
6. Write down the ratio of density between any two section in terms of their Mach number in
a fanno flow?
2/ 1= M1/M2 [1+ [_-1/2] M1]
[1+ [_-1/2] M1]
12. Write down expression to find increase in entropy for Fanno flow.
(S2-s1)/R = ln M1/M2 [
18. State the assumptions made to derive the equations for isothermal flow.
One dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer
Constant area duct
Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weights
Isothermal flow
PART-B
18. 1. A combustion chamber in a gas turbine plant receives air at 350 K ,0.55bar and 75
m/s.The air fuel ratio is 29 and the calorific value of the fuel is 41.87 MJ/Kg. Taking =1.4
and R =0.287 KJ/kg K for the gas determine.
a) The initial and final Mach numbers
b) Final pressure ,temperature and velocity of the gas
c) Percent stagnation pressure loss in the combustion chamber
d) The maximum stagnation temperature attainable
ANSWER: Page number 3.74 (5)
2. Obtain an equation representing the Rayleigh line . Draw Rayleigh lines on the h-s and p-
4. The pressure, temperature and Mach number of the gas at exit are 2 bar, 1200C and 0.7
respectively. The ratio of stagnation temperature at exit to entry is 3.85, calculate the
following. Mach number, pressure and temperature of the gas at entry, the heat supplied
per kg of gas, the maximum heat supplied and state is it a cooling or heating process.
ANSWER: Page number 3.35 (4)
5. The condition of a gas in a combustion chamber at entry are T1=375 K. p1=0.5 bar,
c1=70m/s. The air-fuel ratio is 29 and the calorific value of the fuel is 42 MJ/kg. Calculate
the initial and final Mach number, final pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas,
percentage of stagnation pressure loss and maximum stagnation temperature. Take =1.4
and R =0.287 KJ/kg K
[ANSWER: Page number 3.44 (6)
6. Given diabatic flow(Rayleigh flow) of dry air having of some section a Mach number equal
to 3 and a stagnation temperature of 300 K, while the static pressure is 0.5 bar. For some
other section where mach number is 1.5. Find stagnation temperature, stagnation
pressure, static pressure and amount of heat transferred that caused the reduction in
Mach number.
[ANSWER: Page number 3.72 (4)
7. The stagnation temperature of air is raised from 85C to 376C in a heat exchanger. If the
inlet mach number is 0.4, determine the final mach number and percentage drop in
pressure.
[ANSWER: Page number 3.84 (7)
8. Air is heated in a frictionless duct from an initial static properties of P 1=110 kPa and
T1=300 K. Calculate the amount of heat necessary to check the flow at exit of the duct
when the inlet mach number is 2.2 and when it is 0.22
ANSWER: Page number 3.85 (8)
PART-A
7. State the necessary conditions for a normal shock to occur in compressible flow?
1. The compression wave is to be at right angle to the compression flow
13. Calculate the strength of the shock waves when normal shock appears at M=2.
Strength of shock = (Py-Px)/Px
For, Normal shocks table for Mx=2 and =1.4, Py/Px = 4.5
Therefore, strength = 4.5 1 = 3.5
14. Show the normal shock in h-s diagram with the help of Rayleigh line and Fanno line.
15. Write down the static pressure ratio expression for a normal shock.
Py/Px = (2/+1) x Mx2 [(-1)/+1)]
PART-B
19. 1. The state of a gas (=1.3,R =0.469 KJ/Kg K) upstream of a normal shock is given by the
following data:
Mx =2.5, px= 2bar ,Tx =275K calculate the Mach number ,pressure,temperature and
velocity of the gas downstream of the shock; check the calculated values with those give
in the gas tables.
2. The ratio of th exit to entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 4.0 .The Mach number of a jet of
air approaching the diffuser at p0=1.013 bar, T =290 K is 2.2 .There is a standing normal
shock wave just outside the diffuser entry. The flow in the diffuser is isentropic. Determine
at the exit of the diffuser.
a) Mach number
b) Temperature
c) Pressure
What is the stagnation pressure loss between the initial and final states of the flow?
3. Starting from the energy equation for flow through a normal shock obtain the following
relations (or) prandtl meyer relation Cx Cy =a* M*x M*y =1
4. Air is entering into supersonic wind tunnel at nozzle throat area of 200 cm2 and test cross
sectional area of 330 cm2. If the normal shock is located in the test section, find the
following.
Test section Mach number and Difuser throat area.
5. The pressure, temperature and velocity of a normal shock wave moving into stagnant air
are 1 bar, 20C and 520 m/s respectively. If the area of cross section of the duct is
constant, calculate at exit the pressure, temperature, velocity, stagnation temperature and
Mach number.
ANSWER: Page number 4.62 (9)
6. Air flows adiabatically in a pipe. A normal shock wave is formed. The pressure and
temperature of air before the shock are 150 kN/m 2 and 25C respectively. The pressure
just after the normal shock is 350 kN/m2, calculate the mach number, static temperature
and velocity o air after the shock wave, increase in density of air, loss of stagnation
pressure of air and change in entropy.
ANSWER: Page number 4.67 (2)
7. A convergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a reservoir in which the pressure is
800 kPa and temperature is 40C to give a Mach number at exit of 2.5. the throat area is
25 cm2 find the mass flow rate, exit area, when a normal shock appears at a section
where the area is 40 cm@, determine the pressure and temperature at exit.
ANSWER: Page number 4.70 (3)
8. A convergent divergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a reservoir in which the
pressure is 700 kPa and temperature is 5C and the nozzle inlet mach number is 0.2 the
nozzle throat area is 46 cm2 and the exit area is 230 cm2. A normal shock appears at a
section where the area is 175 cm 2. Find the exit pressure and temperature. Also find the
increase in entropy across the shock.
PART-A
1. Differentiate jet propulsion and rocket propulsion (or) differentiate between air breathing
and rocket propulsion?
Jet propulsion Rocket propulsion
Oxygen required for Oxygen is filled in a tank in the rocket
combustion purpose is taken engine itself and used for combustion
from the atmosphere purpose
Altitude limitation No altitude limitation
Flight speed always less than jet Flight speed can be greater than jet
velocity. velocity
Reasonable efficiency Low efficiency expect at extremely high
flight speed
Trust decreases with altitude Trust improves slightly with altitude
3. What is bipropellant?
If the fuel and oxidizer are different from each other in its chemical nature, the propellant
is called the bipropellant.
Example: Liquid oxygen gasoline and Hydrogen peroxide hydrazine
25. Give the expression for the thrust developed b a turbojet engine.
Thrust F = m.cj - m.a u
Rotary compressor is used in turbojet engine due to its high thrust and high efficiency.
30. Why ramjet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine?
In ramjet engine due to supersonic and subsonic diffuser, the static pressure of air is
increased to ignition pressure. So there is no need of compressor and turbine.
PART-B
20.
1. A ramjet engine operates at M=1.5 at an altitude of 6500m.The diameter of the inlet
diffuser at entry is 50cm and the stagnation temperature at the nozzle entry is 1600K.The
calorific value of the fuel used is 40MJ/Kg .The properties of the combustion gases are
same as those of air (=1.4, R=287J/Kg K ). The velocity of air at the diffuser exit is
negligible,Calculate (a) the efficiency of the ideal cycle, (b) flight speed (c) air flow rate
(d) diffuser pressure ratio (e) fuel ratio (f)nozzle pressure ratio (g) nozzle jet Mach
number (h) propulsive efficiency (i) and thrust. Assume the following values: D =0.90,B
=0.98,j=0.96.Stagnation pressure loss in the combustion chamber =0.002
2. Explain the working principle of ram jet engine with neat sketch.
ANSWER: Page number 5.2
3. Explain the working principle of turbo jet engine with neat sketch
ANSWER: Page number 5.9
4. Explain the working principle of pulse jet engine with neat sketch
ANSWER: Page number 5.7
5. Explain the working principle of turbo prop engine with neat sketch
ANSWER: Page number 5.14
6. An aircraft takes 45 kg/s of air from the atmosphere and flies at as speed of 950 kmph.
The air fuel ratio is 50 and the calorific value of the fuel is 42 MJ/kg. For maximum thrust
power, find jet velocity, specific thrust, propulsive efficiency, overall efficiency, thrust, thrust
7. A turbo engine operates at an altitude of 3500 m above the sea level and an aircraft speed
of 520 kmph. If the inlet diffuser efficiency of the engine is 0.86, compressor efficiency is
0.75, velocity of air at compressor entry is 95 m/s, temperature rise through the
compressor is 240 K, find the pressure rise through the inlet diffuser, pressure ratio
developed by the compressor, power required by the compressor per unit flow rate of air
and air standard efficiency..
ANSWER: Page number 5.49 (5)
8. A turbo jet engine operates at an altitude of 11 km and at a speed of 900 kmph. The
engine has the following data.
Stagnation temperature at the turbine inlet = 1500 K
Temperature drop in the turbine =205C
Calorific value of the fuel = 42 MJ/kg
Turbine efficiency = 0.92
Compressor efficiency = 0.76
Combustion chamber efficiency = 0.95
Exhaust nozzle efficiency = 0.93
ANSWER: Page number 5.60 (7)
9. A turbo jet propels an aircraft at a speed of 900 km/h while taking 3000 kg of air per
minute. The isentropic enthalpy drop in the nozzle is 200 kJ/kg and the nozzle efficiency is
90%. The air fuel ratio is 85 and the combustion efficiency is 95%. The calorific value of
the fuel is 42,000 kJ/kg, calculate propulsive power, thrust efficiency, propulsive efficiency.
ANSWER: Page number 5.82 (1)
10. Calculate the thrust and specific thrust of a jet propulsion unit whose data are as follows:
Total head isentropic efficiency of the compressor = 80%
Total head isentropic efficiency of the turbine = 85%
Total pressure ratio including combustor pressure loss = 4 : 1
Combustion efficiency = 98%
Mechanical Transmission efficiency = 99%
Nozzle efficiency = 90%
Maximum cycle temperature = 1000 K
Air flow rate = 220 N/s
For gases cp = 1153 J/kgK and =1.3
Ambient temperature and pressure are 15C and I bar. Neglect the weight of fuel.
ANSWER: Page number 5.93 (4)
11. A turbo jet has a speed of 750 km/h while flying at an altitude of 10000 m. The propulsive
efficiency of the jet is 50% and the over all efficiency of the turbine plant is 16%. The
density of air at 10,000 m altitude is 0.73 kg/m 3. The drag on the plane is 6250 N. Calorific
value of the fuel is 48,000 kJ/kg, Calculate the absolute velocity of the jet, diameter of the
jet and power output of the unit in kW.
ANSWER: Page number 5.99 (6)