INDEX

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. CERTIFICATE

3. AIM

4. APPARATUS USED

5. APPLICATION

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7. CIRCUIT WORKING

8. COMPONENT DETAILS

1. L.E.D.

2. RESISTANCE

3. Wire

4. Scale

5. I.C. 4049

PRECAUTIONS
AIM:- TO STUDY ABOUT LOGIC
GATE APPLICATION AS A WATER
LEVEL INDICATOR

APPARATUS
1. I.C. 4049
2. L.E.D. L1- L5- Any colour
3. RESISTANCE
i. R1- R5 (100 K ohm)
ii. R6-10 (100 ohm)
4. BATTERY 9V D.C.
5. SIX CORE WIRE

WORKING
Basically the unit is made up of
various sensors acting as a switch. Let me explain
in a simple way. What happens is when you turn on
you water pump, the water starts to get pumped
from your underground reservoir or from your
underground water supply from the pipes to your
water tank. In the tank there is a set of sensors ( to
be precise there are 7 sensors), in the water tank.
Just think them as a switch, as the work of the
sensor will be to connect a circuit. I will explain in
details in my instructables. So the water starts to get
filled in the tank and when the water level in the tank
starts to rise up, what happens is that the sensors
that is installed in the tank starts to get activated one
by one indicating the water level in the tank. And
finally when it reaches to its top most sensor, there
will be a visual display as well as a sound from the
unit indicating that the water has filled in the tank
and one can be alerted that the tank has been filled
up and the water pump has to be switched offsaving
the electricity bill as well as over flow of water from
the tank.
APPLICATION

Water level indicators basically show the level of water tank. After fitting
this project, we observe the level of water in tank. Main part of this project
is six-core wire and electronics circuit. Six core wire fitted in the water tank
on the plastic tube. As well as water increases in tank wires are connected
with the voltage with water. Here water acts as a conductor. Voltage from
sensor wires is connected to the electronics circuit. As well as electronics
circuit receives the signal from wire, circuit switch on the L.E.DS in steps.

Here we use I.C. 4049 as a inverter I.C. 4049 sense the input voltage and
converts its output into L.E.D. IC 4049 is a CMOS IC. its contains 16 pins.
All CMOS IC works on +/-5 volt to +/- 15 volt dc without any problem.
Current consumption of IC 4049 is very low approx. 100 MA. We use
five resistances in input and five in output with LED. IC 4049 is a digital IC.
This IC contains six inverter. If input is negative then output is positive as
per specification of inverter gate. In this circuit when we give a negative
input then output is positive. At positive output LEDs are not glowing
because cathode point is connected to the output. To glow a LED, it require a
negative output. Negative output is possible only when we give a positive
input. In this circuit we give a positive input through water sensor probe.
In water tank we connect all six wires in steps on the plastic probe. Out of
these six five wires for inverter circuit and one wire for +ve reference
voltage. Positive reference voltage is connected to the bottom of plastic
probe. In empty tank, when there is no water, all wire are disconnected with
reference voltage. When water fill up in the tank then sensor wires are
connected with reference voltage with water. Here water act a conducting
layer between reference voltage and sensor wires. Positive voltage from
wires are connected to the input of I.C, and I.C converts these positive inputs
into negative. When these negative outputs are connected to L.E.D. then
L.E.Ds are on step by step.pump is on directly because positive output
given by power supply but pump motor is off the last l.e.d it means tank is
full this condition npn transitor given negative voltage and motor is off
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 IC 4049

The MC14049B Hex Inverter/Buffer and MC14050B Noninverting Hex

Buffer are constructed with MOS PChannel and NChannel

enhancement mode devices in a single monolithic structure. These

complementary MOS devices find primary use where low power

dissipation and/or high noise immunity is desired. These devices

provide logic level conversion using only one supply voltage, VDD.

The inputsignal high level (VIH) can exceed the VDD supply voltage

for logic level conversions. Two TTL/DTL loads can be driven when
the devices are used as a CMOStoTTL/DTL converter (VDD = 5.0

V, VOL _ 0.4 V,

IOL 3.2 mA).

Note that pins 13 and 16 are not connected internally on these

devices;

consequently connections to these terminals will not affect circuit

operation.

High Source and Sink Currents

HightoLow Level Converter

Supply Voltage Range = 3.0 V to 18 V

VIN can exceed VDD

 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Light emitting diode (LED) is basically a P-N junction

semiconductor diode particularly designed to emit visible
light. There are infrared emitting LEDs which emit invisible
light. The LEDs are now available in many colours red, green
and yellow. A normal LED emits at 2.4V and consumes MA of
current. The LEDs are made in the form of flat tiny P-N
junction enclosed in a semi-spherical dome made up of clear
coloured epoxy resin. The dome of a LED acts as a lens and
diffuser of light. The diameter of the base is less than a
quarter of an inch. The actual diameter varies somewhat
with different makes. The common circuit symbols for the
LED are shown in Fig. It is similar to the conventional rectifier
diode symbol with two arrows pointing out. There are two
leads- one for anode and the other for cathode.

LEDs often have leads of dissimilar length and the

shorter one is the cathode. All manufacturers do not strictly
adhere this to. Sometimes the cathode side has a flat base. If
there is doubt, the polarity of the diode should be identified.
A simple bench method is to use the ohmmeter
incorporating 3-volt cells for ohmmeter function. When
connected with the ohmmeter: one way there will be no
deflection and when connected the other way round there
will be a large deflection of a pointer. When this occurs the
anode lead is connected to the negative of test lead and
cathode to the positive test lead of the ohmmeter.
 If low range (Rxl) of the ohmmeter is used the LED
would light up in most cases because the low range of
ohmmeter can pass sufficient current to light up the LED.

Another safe method is to connect the test circuit

shown in Fig. 2. Use any two dry cells in series with a current
limiting resistor of 68 to 100 ohms. The resistor limits the
forward diode current of the LED under test to a safe value.
When the LED under test is connected to the test terminals
in any way: if it does not light up, reverse the test leads. The
LED will now light up. The anode of the LED is that which is
connected to the A terminal (positive pole of the battery).
This method is safe, as reverse voltage can never exceed 3
volts in this test.

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEDS:

-

Electrically, a LED is similar to the conventional diode in

that it has relatively low forward voltage threshold. Once this
is exceeded the junction has a low slope resistance and
conducts current readily. An external resistor must limit this
current. Forward voltage drew across red LED is nominally
1.6 V but spread with commercial diodes, it may be as high
as 2 volts or so, while the Green LED drops 2.4V. This
difference accounts for use of lower limiting resistor used
with the Green LED.
Another important parameter of the LED is its
maximum reverse voltage rating. For typical Red device it is
of the order of 3 volts. But for Green LED it is somewhat
higher- 5 to 10 volts.

The LED produces light only when a d.c. current is

passed in the forward direction and the amount of light
emitted by a LED is proportional to the forward current over
a broad range. It means that light intensity increases in an
approximately linear manner with increasing current.
 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY DECIMAL
DISPLAY:-
A popular type consists of seven small, bar-shaped LED
segment arranged so that depending on which combinations
are energized, the numbers 0 to 9 light up. All the LED
cathodes (or sometimes anodes) are joined to form a
common connection. Current limiting resistors are required
(e.g. 270 ohms), preferably one per segment. Common
cathode method of connecting an array of display elements.
Anode
Connection

Common
The main requirements for a suitable LED material Cathode
are:-

1) It must have on energy gap of appropriate width.

2) Both P and N types must exist, preferably with low

resistivities.

3) Efficient radioactive pathways must be present.

Generally, energy gaps greater than or equal to about 2

are required.
Commercial LED materials::
Gallium arsenide (Ga As) doped with Si

Gallium Phosphide (GaP) doped with N & Bi

Gallium arsenide Phosphide (Ga As1-x Px)

Gallium aluminium arsenide (Gax Al1-x As)

LED CONSTRUCTIONS: -
To reduce reflection losses in LEDs there are two obvious
ways: -

a) The first is to ensure that most rays strike the surface

at less than the critical angle. This may be achieved
by shaping the semiconductor /air interface into a
hemisphere.
b) The second technique is to encapsulate the junction in
a transparent medium of high refractive index. This is
usually a plastic material with refractive index of about
1.5. Moulding the plastic into an approximately
hemispherical shape can minimize the losses at the
plastic lair interface.
 RESISTANCE

Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current.

It is measured in Ohms (). All conductors represent a
certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100%
efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a
predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic circuits use
calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current.
Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz.
fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the
value is fixed & cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the
resistance value can be varied by an adjuster knob. It can be
divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c)
Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our
projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally
indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours,
one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is
called fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three
band will give the value of resistance (see table). For
example if a resistor has the following marking on it say red,
violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour
code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its
tolerance is 5%. Resistor comes in various sizes (Power
rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4
watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of
resistor value as given below.
COLOURS CODE

Black----------------------------------------0
Brown---------------------------------------1
Red------------------------------------------2
Orange-------------------------------------3
Yellow---------------------------------------4
Green---------------------------------------5
Blue-----------------------------------------6
Violet---------------------------------------7
Grey-----------------------------------------8
White---------------------------------------9
 The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives
the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of
zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives
tolerance (gold 5%, silver 10%, No colour 20%).

In variable resistors, we have the dial type of resistance

boxes. There is a knob with a metal pointer. This presses
over brass pieces placed along a circle with some space b/w
each of them.

Resistance coils of different values are connected b/w

the gaps. When the knob is rotated, the pointer also moves
over the brass pieces. If a gap is skipped over, its resistance
is included in the circuit. If two gaps are skipped over, the
resistances of both together are included in the circuit and
so on.

A dial type of resistance box contains many dials

depending upon the range, which it has to cover. If a
resistance box has to read upto 10,000, it will have three
dials each having ten gaps i.e. ten resistance coils each of
resistance 10. The third dial will have ten resistances each
of 100.

The dial type of resistance boxes is better because the

contact resistance in this case is small & constant.
 HOW TO SOLDER?
Mount components at their appropriate place; bend the
leads slightly outwards to prevent them from falling out when the
board is turned over for soldering. No cut the leads so that you
may solder them easily. Apply a small amount of flux at these
components leads with the help of a screwdriver. Now fix the bit
or iron with a small amount of solder and flow freely at the point
and the P.C.B copper track at the same time. A good solder joint
will appear smooth & shiny. If all appear well, you may continue
to the next solder connections.

TIPS FOR GOOD SOLDERING

1. Use right type of soldering iron. A small efficient soldering iron
(about 10-25 watts with 1/8 or 1/4 inch tip) is ideal for this
work.
2. Keep the hot tip of the soldering iron on a piece of metal so
that excess heat is dissipated.
3. Make sure that connection to the soldered is clean. Wax frayed
insulation and other substances cause poor soldering
connection. Clean the leads, wires, tags etc. before soldering.
4. Use just enough solder to cover the lead to be soldered.
Excess solder can cause a short circuit.
5. Use sufficient heat. This is the essence of good soldering.
Apply enough heat to the component lead. You are not using
enough heat, if the solder barely melts and forms a round
ball of rough flaky solder. A good solder joint will look
smooth, shining and spread type. The difference between
good & bad soldering is just a few seconds extra with a hot
iron applied firmly.
PRECAUTIONS

1. Mount the components at the appropriate places before

soldering. Follow the circuit description and components
details, leads identification etc. Do not start soldering before
making it confirm that all the components are mounted at the
right place.
2. Do not use a spread solder on the board, it may cause short
circuit.
3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering.
4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder
where you want it.
5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat
may damage the components or board.
6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you
have a dry or a cold joint.
7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure
about the voltage either dc or ac while operating the gadget.
8. Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it
may short circuit with the other components. To prevent this
use sleeves at the component leads or use sleeved wire for
connections.
9. Do not use old dark colour solder. It may give dry joint. Be
sure that all the joints are clean and well shiny.
10. Do make loose wire connections especially with cell holder,
speaker, probes etc. Put knots while connections to the circuit
board, otherwise it may get loose.