Design of Steel Structures

Prof. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed 2017

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PART 7: DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMNS
 Beam Columns

Beam columns are members subject to combined flexure (bending

moment) and axial force (tension or mostly compression force)
Failure may occur due to
Local buckling
Overall member strength which consider the effect of the members
slenderness, overall bucking, and/or lateral torsion-flexure buckling.

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 Local Buckling

Local buckling of web

Local buckling of flange

Local buckling of the component plate elements should be avoided (not for Slender Section)
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 Steel Sections Class

Steel sections are classified according to the width-to-thickness ratio

l of their component plate element to:
Compact Sections l lp
Non-compact Sections lp < l lr
Slender Sections l > lr

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 Width-to-thickness Ratio Members subject to axial compression

b b b

tw Steel 37 Steel 52

h 634
All Sections: h/tw 40.9 h/tw 33.4
tw Fy
b b b 327
Rolled Sections: b/t 21.1 b/t 17.2
t Fy
b 277
Welded Sections: b/t 17.9 b/t 14.6
t Fy
b h 634 b/t 40.9
HSS Sections: or b/t 33.4
t t Fy

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 Width-to-thickness Ratio Members subject to axial compression

b b Steel 37 Steel 52
b 228
h h/tw 14.7 h/tw 12.0
t Fy
b h 168
(b+h)/2t 10.8 (b+h)/2t 8.9
2t Fy
D

D 2090
D/t 135 D/t 110
t Fy

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 Width-to-thickness Ratio Members subject to Flexure

b b b

tw

Compact Section l lp Non-Compact Section lp < l lr

St 37 St 52 St 37 St 52
b 167 10.7 8.8 b 327 21.1 17.9
Rolled Sections l pf l rf
t Fy t Fy
b 152 b 277
Welded Sections l pf 9.8 8.0 l rf 17.2 14.6
t Fy t Fy
h 1258 h 2199
All Sections l pw 81.2 66.3 l rw 141.9 115.9
w Fy w Fy

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 Width-to-thickness Ratio Members subject to Flexure

Non-Compact Section b b
Compact Section
l lp lp < l lr

St 37 St 52 St 37 St 52
b 574 b 634
l pf 37.1 30.3 l rf 40.9 33.4
HSS t Fy t Fy
Sections D
h 1258 h 2199
l pw 81.2 66.3 l rw 141.9 116.0
w Fy w Fy
D 1634 D 2090
Pipes 105.5 86.1 134.9 110.2
t Fy t Fy
b b
Angles N/A b 228
14.7 12.0
t Fy
h
b h 168
10.8 8.9
2t Fy
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 Width-to-thickness Ratio Members subject to flexure and axial compression

Compact Section Non-Compact Section b b

tw

b
l lp lp < l lr
h 6923 h 2199
0.5 : 1:
Web t w 13 1 Fy t w 2 Fy

0.5 :
h

630 h 1099 1
t w Fy 1:
tw Fy b b

Flange Limits of members subject to flexure applies

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 Interaction Equation
Doubly symmetric members in 1.0
bending & compression
Cu 8 M ux M uy
1.0
Cu Cu 8 M ux M uy Cr 9 M rx M ry
0 .2 1 .0 Cu
Cr Cr 9 M rx M ry
Cr
Cu Cu M ux M uy
0 .2 1 .0
Cr 2 Cr M rx M ry
Cu is the factored compression acting on 0.2
the column Cu M M uy
ux 1
Mu is the factored moment acting on the 2 Cr M rx M ry
column considering both the P-d and 0.0 0.9 1.0
M ux / M rx
P-D effects
Interaction Diagram
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 Interaction Equation
Doubly symmetric members in single bending & compression
Limit State 1:
Cu Cu 8 M ux
0.2 1.0
Cr Cr 9 M rx 1
Cu Cu M ux
0.2 1.0
Cr 2 C r M rx 1
Limit State 2:
2
Cu M ux
1.0
Cr y M rx 2
Mr-1 is determined without considering the lateral torsional buckling
Cr-y is the axial compression resistance considering buckling about y-axis
Mr-2 is the lateral torsional buckling resistance of the beam column.

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 Resistance of Axially Loaded Comp. Members Cr
Doubly Symmetric Section
Elastic-
Cu C r C plastic Elastic
Cr A Fcr Yield buckling buckling
0 .8
l 1.1 Fcr Fy 1 0.384 l2

(KL/r)max=180
Cy
Fy
l 1.1 Fcr 0.648
l2
Fy
KL Fy Design
l Equation
e r 2E KL/r
KL
KL/r is the maximum value of KxLx/rx or KyLy/ry 180
r
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Moment Resistance of Laterally Unsupported Beams Mx

Compact Sections: l lp
Mn M r b M n
Mn Mp b 0.85
Mp

~2/3Mp M n M cr
Lb Lp
Lp and Lr may be M n Cb M p M p FySx
Cb EI y GJ(1 W 2 )
obtained by equating L r L p Lb
the two equations
controlling the
behavior before and
after this limit. Lp Lr Unsupported length Lb
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Moment Resistance of Laterally Unsupported Beams Mx

Non-Compact Sections: lp< l lr

lf l pf
Mn M p M p Fy Sx
l rl l pf
M r b M n
M n1 min

M p M p Fy Sx
l w l pb

b 0.85
Mp l rw l pb

My M n1

~2/3Mp M n M cr
Lb Lp
Lp\ and Lr may be M n Cb M p M p FySx Cb EI y GJ(1 W 2 )

obtained by equating L r L p Lb
the two equations
controlling the
behavior before and
after this limit. Lp\ Lr Unsupported length Lb
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 Stability of Beam-Columns Second Order Effects

M u 1M ug 2 M ut
Cu Cug 2Cut

Mug and Cug are the first

order moment and axial force
due to factored gravity load

Mut and Cut are the first order

moment and axial force due
to factored lateral loads

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 Second Order Effects: P-d effect

A member subject to axial force Cu and two equal and opposite end
moments Muo will be subject to a bending moment:
Cu
Muo 1
Muo M c M uo Cu d M uo
1 Cu / Ce
d + CCudd The above increase in the primary
u
moment is called the P-d effect
Muo
Muo
Cu Primary Secondary
moment moment
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 Second Order Effects: P-d effect

The second order P-d effect and the moment gradient within the
column length are considered through a modification factor 1
Cm Cu
M u 1M uo 1
1 Cu / Ce1 Muo

where, Ce1 is the Euler load for the column using KL/r for the
axis of bending with K obtained using the alignment chart with d
side sway prevented (braced frame):

2 EI 2 EA Muo
Ce1 2
2
( KL) ( KL / r ) Cu
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Second Order Effects: P-d effect
Cm
M u 1M uo 1
1 Cu / Ce1 MA MA
Cm (moment modification factor) accounts for the moment gradient:
-ve
1. For members without any transverse load
+ve
Cm = 0.6 - 0.4 MA/MB >0.4
MB MB
2. For members with transverse load(s) between their ends
Cm = 1.0 Simply supported ends =MA/MB MB>MA

Cm = 0.85 Restraint ends

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 Second Order Effects: P-D effect
Gravity load acting on a frame which sways due to Du Cu
lateral load significantly increases the primary moment.
Mut
D
Vu

M u 1M ug 2 M ut
Cu Cug 2Cut Vu
Mub
2 1 .0 Cu

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 Second Order Effects: P-D effect

2
1
or 2
1 2 1 .0
1
Cu D u
1
Cu
Du
Vu h Ce 2 Cu

Mut
where, Ce2 is the Euler load for the column using KL/r of Vu
for the axis of bending with K obtained using the
alignment chart with side sway permitted (unbraced
frame)
EI
2
EA2
Ce Vu
( KL) 2 ( KL / r ) 2 Mub
Cu
If 2 > 1.4 Stiffen your structure.
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