Experiment 6: Heat Effects

Laboratory Report
Abraham S.P. Francisco, Joselito A. Gardoce,
Marvin Lorenzo J. Gonzales, Maria Therese V. Ibarra, and Stephanie Lazo

Department of Math and Physics

College of Science, University of Santo Tomas
Espaa, Manila Philippines 1015

Abstract

The experiment is about the different quantity of material, specific heat is an

effects of heat among objects specifically on
the specific heat, heat fusion, and thermal
expansion of solids. The students computed
the coefficient linear thermal of the rod by
e substance can differ depending on what
using the formula Lo( tf ) , the
formula Q=mcT for the specific heat
capacity, and Q= mL for the heat fusion of
water where L is the latent heat. All of the
needed data were supplied by the
experiment and were all imputed to these
equations to solve for the unknown.
I. Introduction
Heat is energy produced or
transferred from one body, region, set of
components, or thermodynamic system to
another in any way other than as work. The
specific heat (also called specific heat
capacity) is the amount of heat required to
change a unit mass (or unit quantity, such as
mole) of a substance by one degree in
temperature. Therefore, unlike the extensive
variable heat capacity, which depends on the
intensive variable and has units of energy
per mass per degree (or energy per number
of moles per degree). The heat capacity of a
extensive variables are held constant, with
the quantity being held constant usually
being denoted with a subscript.
The method of mixture based on the
fact that when a hot substance is mixed with
a cold substance, the hot body loses heat and
the cold body absorbs heat until thermal
equilibrium is attained. At equilibrium, final
temperature of mixture is measured. The
specific heat of the substance is calculated
with the help of the law of heat exchange.
During a phase transition of a given medium
certain properties of the medium change,
often discontinuously, as a result of some
external condition, such as temperature,
pressure, and others. For example, a liquid
may become gas upon heating to the boiling
point, resulting in an abrupt change in
volume.
The measurement of the external
conditions at which the transformation
occurs is termed the phase transition point.
The term is most commonly used to describe
transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous
states of matter, in rare cases including
plasma.
Thermal expansion is the tendency
of matter to change in volume in response to
a change in temperature. When a substance
is heated, its particles begin moving more
and thus usually maintain a greater average
separation. Materials which contract with
increasing temperature are rare; this effect is
limited in size, and only occur within limited
temperature ranges (see examples below).
The degree of expansion divided by the
change in temperature is called the
material's coefficient of thermal expansion
and generally varies with temperature.
The objectives of the experiment are
as follows: to determine the specific heat of
a solid by method of mixtures, to determine
the latent heat of fusion and latent heat of
vaporization of water and to determine the
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of a
solid.
II. Theory
The specific heat is the amount of
heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one (1) degree Celsius. The
relationship between heat and temperature
change is usually expressed in the form
shown in the equation below where c is the
specific heat. The relationship does not
apply if a phase change is encountered,
because the heat added or removed during a
phase change does not change the
temperature.
Q=cm T
Q is the heat added, c is the specific heat, m
is the mass, and T is the change in
temperature. The next formula is the one
that is used in the activity in finding the
specific heat of a metal.
CO =
[( M C C C )+ M W ] ( T C )
M O TO
Where Co is the specific heat of the
object, MC is the mass of empty calorimeter,
Cc is the specific heat of the calorimeter, MW
is the mass of the water, TC is the
difference between the final and initial
temperature of the water and calorimeter,
MO is the mass of metal cylinder, and TO is
the difference between the initial
temperature of metal cylinder and the final
temperature of the system.
In finding the activity which includes the
thermal expansion of solids, the formula
below could be used.
L some of the characteristic properties that
=
LO T
Where L is the difference between
the final and initial reading
micrometer disc, LO is the initial length of
the rod, and T is the change in temperature.
The most easily observed examples of
thermal expansion are size changes of
materials as they are heated or cooled.
Almost all materials (solids, liquids, and
gases) expand when they are heated, and
contract when they are cooled. Increased
temperature increases the frequency and
magnitude of the molecular motion of the
material and produces more energetic
collisions. Increasing the energy of the
collisions forces the molecules further apart
and causes the material to expand.
In the heat fusion of water activity, the
following formula is being used.
Lf =
[ ( MW + M C C C )( T O T ) ][ M i T ]
Mi
Where Lf is the heat fusion of ice,
MW is the mass of water, MC is the mass of
empty calorimeter, Cc is the specific heat of
the calorimeter, TO and T is the initial and
final temperature of the system, respectively.
Mi is the mass of the ice.
Melting and freezing behaviour are
give ones substance its unique
identification. Pure solid water or ice at 0C
of the changes to liquid water at also 0C when
energy is added.
To compute for the percent error:
Actual ValueExperimental Value
error = 100
Actual Value
III. Methodology
Activity 1: Specific Heat of Metal
The metal object was weighed. A 30-
cm long thread was attached to the metal
object which is immediately put into the
metal jacket. The metal jacket was placed
inside a beaker with water. The beaker was
subjected to heat of 80C. The inner vessel
of the calorimeter was weighed. After
weighing, 2/3 of it was filled with water and
weighed again. The inner vessel was placed
in its insulating jacket and the temperature
was measured. When the object in the
beaker reached 80C it is quickly transferred
into the calorimeter. The water was stirred
with the thermometer inside it. The
equilibrium temperature was recorded. The
specific heat of the object and percent error
were computed.

Activity 2: Heat Fusion of Water
The empty inner vessel of the
calorimeter was weighed. It is then filled
with water and weighed again. The inner
vessel was placed into its insulating jacket.
The initial temperature of the water was
recorded. Dried pieces of ice were added
into the calorimeter. The equilibrium
temperature was recorded after the ice
melted. The inner vessel was again weighed
together with the water and melted ice inside
it. The heat of fusion of ice was computed
by Conservation of Heat Energy. The
percent error was also computed.
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion of Solids
The initial length of the rod was
measured. It is then placed inside the steam
jacket. The steam jacket was mounted in the
metal flame. The first outlet of the jacket
was connected to the boiler by rubber
tubing. The initial temperature of the rod
was recorded. The metal frame was then
connected to the galvanometer. The
micrometer screw was moved so that it will
touch the end of the rod. The initial reading
of the micrometer disc was recorded. The
disc was unwound so that the rod can
expand freely. Using a steam coming from
the boiler, the rod was heated for twenty
times. The final temperature of the rod was
recorded. The disc was then moved until it is
in contact again with the rod. The final
reading of the disc was recorded. The
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
the rod and the percent error were computed.
IV. Results and Discussion
Activity 1. Specific Heat of Metal
In activity 1, the specific heat of a
sample metal was calculated (Table 1). The
ability of a substance to absorb or release
energy is known as specific heat. The
specific heat of a substance is defined as the
amount of heat energy required to change
the temperature of one gram of a substance
one degree Celsius. If a substance absorbs
energy easily, it is said to have a low
specific heat capacity. Most metals have a
low specific heat capacity Which means
they will absorb energy easily. In the
experiment, Heat energy flows from the
sample to the water and its container
(the calorimeter), causing the temperature of
the water and container to rise and the
sample's temperature to fall. It is assumed
that the heat lost by the sample is absorbed
by both the water and the calorimeter thus
we can calculate the specific heat of a
sample metal. We calculated the specific substance from the solid phase to the liquid
heat of a sample metal to be 0.097 cal/g . 0C phase leaving the temperature of the
and yielded 18% error. Possible sources of system unaltered is known as the latent
Mass of empty
44.04 g heat of fusion (Wakeham, 2011). The
Calorimeter (Mc)
Mass of calculated Latent heat was 117.6 cal/g
Calorimeter with 142.61g yielding a high % error of 47 %. Possible
Water
Mass of Metal causes of error includes Improper Stirring
49.43 g
Cylinder (Mo) that causes the final temperature to be too
Initial
Temperature of warm and gives an experimental value of the
25 C
water & Latent Heat of Fusion that is too low.
calorimeter
Initial Another one is not drying the ice, If the ice
Temperature of 96 C is not dried there will be water at 0C on the
the metal cylinder
ice. The added water will contribute to the
Final temperature
28 C
of the system final mass of liquid but it will not gain the
Mass of Water 95.57 g
amount of heat that an equivalent amount of
Calculated
specific heat of 0.097 cal/g .0
C ice would gain. The initial temperature of
sample
the water in the calorimeter will not have to
Accepted value of . 0
0.118 cal/g C
specific heat drop as far. Hence the final temperature will
% error 18%
be too high. The result will be an
error include the error in reading the
experimental value of the Latent Heat of
thermometer and temperature changes due
Fusion that is too low.
to heat transferring to the environment.
Table 2. Data on Heat fusion of water
Table 1. Data on Specific Heat of a metal Mass of 43.82 g
Calorimeter
Mass of 158.10g
Activity 2. Heat Fusion of Water
Calorimeter w/
Water
In Activity 2, The latent heat of
Mass of water 114.28g
Fusion was determined (table 2). During the Initial temp of 25 C
water and
process of melting, the solid and liquid
calorimeter
phases of a pure substance are in Mass of ice, water 175.42 g
equilibrium with each other. The amount of and calorimeter
Mass of ice 17.32 g
heat required to convert one unit amount of Final temp of the 7.5 C
system To get the elongation of the rod L, the final
Calculated latent 117.6 cal/g
reading of the micrometer disc was
heat of fusion
Accepted value of 80 cal/g subtracted to the initial reading of
latent heat of
micrometer disc.
fusion
% error 47%
= 6.82 x10-6/C

Percent error can be calculated by dividing

Activity 3. Thermal Expansion of Solids
Activity 3 Thermal Expansion of Solids
Initial length of the rod
Initial temperature of the rod
Initial reading of micrometer disc
Final temperature of the rod
Final reading of micrometer disc
Experimental value of coefficient of thermal
expansion
Accepted value of thermal coefficient of thermal
expansion
% error
In activity 3, the length L0 of an
object changes by an amount of L when its
temperature changes an amount of T.
Where is the coefficient of linear
expansion.
We can obtain the coefficient of thermal
expansion through dividing both sides by
L0T
L L0 T
=
L0T L0T
the difference of the accepted value of
thermal coefficient and experimental value
of coefficient of thermal expansion to the
accepted value of thermal coefficient of
thermal expansion and multiply it by 100.
error =73
The increase in any one dimension of
a solid is called linear expansion, linear in a
sense that the expansion occurs along a line.
When the temperature of the rod increases to
T0 +T, the length becomes Lo + L where
T and L are the changes in temperature
and length respectively. Conversely, when
temperature decreases to To T, the length
decreases to Lo - L. The experiment
showed that the change in length is directly
proportional to the change in temperature.
L is proportional to both L0 and T by
using a proportionality constant , which is
the coefficient linear expansion.

V. Conclusion
 In the experiment we were able to
determine the specific heat of a metal by
method of mixtures and the computed
specific heat of the metal is 0.097 cal/g 0C.
The latent heat and of vaporization of water
was also computed based from the results
and it is 117.6 cal/g. Lastly, we were also
able to determine the coefficient of linear
thermal expansion of a solid and the
computed value is 6.82 x10-6/C. We are
tasked to complete all the values
needed for the computations and it is
shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
VI. Application
1. Is it possible to add heat to a body without
changing its temperature?
Answer: No, it is not possible to add heat
without changing its temperature because
heat is defined as energy in transit from a
high temperature object to a lower
temperature object. Therefore to transfer
heat, there must be movement of heat energy
from a high temperature object to a low one
thus affecting the temperature of the object
itself. But it should be taken noted that the
heat energy of the system is conserved all
throughout.
2. Explain why steam burns are more painful
than boiling water burns.
Answer: A steam burn is worse than a hot
water burn because the steam is in a
different phase. When the steam comes in
contact with your body, the steam must turn
into water before it can cool down to body
temperature. This releases more energy into
the skin due to the phase change, thus
causing a worse burn.
3. Early in the morning when the sand in the
beach is already hot, the water is still cold.
But at night, the sand is cold while the water
is still warm. Why?
Answer: Sand has the property of getting an
environmental temperature very quickly
thats why it is warm in the morning and
cold at night.
4. Explain why alcohol rub is effective in
reducing fever.
Answer: Rubbing alcohol cools the skin by
convection, as the alcohol evaporates it
carries the heat away from the body with it.
5. Cite instances where the thermal
expansion is beneficial to man. Cite also
examples where thermal expansion is a
nuisance.
Answer: An example of its advantage to
man is bimetallic strip which is used in
mechanical switch in thermostat. It is a
nuisance it its use in roadway construction,
if roadway were poured as one continuous
slab (the cheapest way possible), when it
expanded in the heat of the day, or
contracted in the cool of night, it can
fracture or crack and separate where the
road meets the wall, or at some point on the
road in between, causing surface defects and
potholes.
6. Why is water not used in liquid in glass
thermometer?
Answer: Water will not rise or fall at
Temperature changes as mercury. water has
a none linear thermal expansion (Its thermal
expansion coefficient at 20C is not the same
as at 90C). Also, at atmospheric pressure, Liquid water must be allowed to boil to
water is only liquidus over a narrow reach eva[oration. The heat needed to raise
temperature range of 100C which limits its the temperature of liquid water from 0oC to
usefulness. Further it has massive problems
its boiling point is given by:
at phase transitions- for instance when it
turns to a gas it consumes a lot of energy cal
(latent heat). A thermometer should have a 1 g x 1.00 =100 cal
g
nice linear response to a rise in temperature.

After reaching its boiling point, water

7. The density of Aluminum is 2700kg/m3 at will begin to evaporate. The amount of
200 C. What is its density at 1000 C? heat needed to vaporize 1g of water is
given by:
Answer: Linear thermal expansion
cal
coefficient of Aluminum : 24x10-6 /K 1 g x 540 =540 cal
g
Forumla to be used: L/L = T, is linear
thermal expansion coefficient
The sum of these is 720 cal.
Take a cube 1 meter on a side, which at 20C
weighs 2700 kg 9. An aluminum calorimeter has a mass of
150g and contains 250g of water at 30
What does the length change to at 100 ?
L/L = T . Find the resulting temperature when 60g of
L = LT = (1)(24x10-6)(80) = 0.00192
meter copper at 100 is placed inside the
calorimeter.
so the new cube is 1.00192 m on a side and
the volume is that cubed or 1.00577 m Answer:

Density is 2700 kg / 1.00577 m = 2685 Mass of Calorimeter 0.15 kg

kg/m Mass of water 0.25 kg
Mass of Calorimeter 0.40 kg
The density of aluminum at 100 C is 2685 and Water
kg/m or 2.69 g/cm3 Mass of Copper 0.60 kg
Mass of 1 kg
8. How much heat is needed to change 1g of Calorimeter, water,
ice at 0oC to steam at 100oC? and copper

Answer: First compute for the amount of

Initial Temperature 30
of water in
heat needed to turn ice into water by Calorimeter
multiplying its mass by the latent heat We can combine first the calorimeter
needed to melt ice into liquid (80 cal/g 0C). with water:

cal m3=0.15 kg+ 0.25 kg=0.40 kg

1 g x 80 =80 cal
g
 m1 c 1+m 2 c 2 s_1401/19c%20Latent%20Heat%20of
c 3=
m3 %20Fusion.pdf

[2] University of Brigham Young

J J
c 3=
( kg )
( 0.15 kg ) 900 K +(0.25 kg)( 4186 K University
kg
) - Idaho. (2005, October 14).
Specidic Heats. Retrieved from
0.40 kg Chemistry 105 : Experiment 2:
http://www2.byui.edu/Chemistry/lab_m
anuals/chem_105/chem_105_exp_2_sp
J
c 3=2953.75 K ecific_heat.pdf
kg
[3] Wakeham, W. (2011, February 11).
T 3=30 Latent heat of Fusion. Retrieved from
Thermopedia: A-Z Guide to
Thermodynamics, Heat & Mass
transfer and Fluids engineering:
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/
915/?tid=110&sn=16

[4] http://hyperphysics.phy-
We can then use m3, c3 and T3 to astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.ht
combine copper ml

J J
T 3=
(
( 0.40 kg ) 2953.75
kg ) [5]http://www.bookrags.com/resear
K (30 )+(0.60 kg)(386
kg
K)(100 )
ch/thermal-expansion-wop/
J J
( kg )
( 0.40 kg ) 2953.75 K + ( 0.60 kg ) (386
kg
K)
[6]http://www2.vernier.com/sample
_labs/CWV-04-COMP-
heat_of_fusion.pdf

T 3=31.3458

References:

[1] Austin Community College. (n.d.).

Latent Heat of Fusion. Retrieved
February 25, 2012, from
http://www.austincc.edu/mmcgraw/Lab