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Types of fluid
Bingham-plastic
0 Shear rate
1
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
PV = Z W
M
RT PM = Z WV RT ( = W
V
)
= PM
ZRT
v 2 X
-P = f 2 D
f: friction factor
: fluid density (kg/m3)
v: superficial velocity (m/s) = Q/A Q: volumetric
flowrate; A cross-sectional area
X: pipe length (m)
D: pipe diameter (m)
2
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
64 vD
For laminar flow, f = Re
Re: Reynolds number =
fv 2 X 64 v 2 X 32vX
P
2D Re 2 D D2
3
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
4
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
5
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
1 2.510
= -2log
3.7 D Re f
f
Mass flux (G) is the mass flow per unit cross sectional
area.
m Q
G = A = A = v
where m: mass flow rate, Q: volumetric flow rate
Using mass flux, the impressible flow equation and
Reynolds number can be rewritten as
v 2 X
G2 X
P = f 2 D = f 2 D
vD GD
Re = =
6
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Example 1.1
0.046
0.0009
D 50
v 2 X 1000 6 2 50
Then P = f = 0.0195 351kPa
2 D 2 0.050
7
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Example 1.2
Air is flowing in 50 mm pipe at a velocity of 60 m/s. The
conditions at the entrance to the pipe is 1.0 MPa and
100 C. The pressure at points 40, 80, and 120 m
downstream is required. ( = 22.8 x 10-6 Pa s, M = 29
g/mol)
Solution
MP 29 10 3 1.0 10 6
9.35kg / m 3
RT 8.314 373
vD 9.35 60 0.05
Re 1.23 10 6
22.8 10 6
v 2 X
0.0195 9.35 60 2 40
Then P f 263kPa
2 D 2 0.05
8
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Downstream P v Re f Pressure
Point (m) kPa (kg/m3) (m/s) drop(kPa)
0 1000 9.35 60 1.23x106 0.0195 0
40 737 6.89 81.4 1.23x106 0.0195 356
80 386 3.56 157 1.23x106 0.0195 684
120 -298 ?
Example 1.3
Air is flowing in 50 mm pipe at a velocity of 60 m/s. The
conditions at the entrance to the pipe is 1.0 MPa and
100 C. The pressure at a point 50 m downstream is
required. ( = 22.8 x 10-6 Pa s, M = 29 g/mol)
9
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Solution
MP 29 10 3 1.0 10 6
9.35kg / m 3
RT 8.314 373
vD 9.35 60 0.05
Re 1.23 10 6
22.8 10 6
v 2 X
0.0195 7.82 71.7 2 50
P f 392kPa
2 D 2 0.05
10
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
11
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
G
(2) From G= v v = G/ then dv =
2
d
d
fG 2
G dp 2
dx 0
2D
This can be integrated to give:
1 fG 2 X
2
G ln dp 0
2 2 D (2)
To solve the above equation, a relationship between
pressure and density is required. While for gas systems,
we can get it from gas equation.
13
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
M
1 2
p ZRT p1 p2 p
Therefore
M ( p2 p1 ) 1 ( p2 p1 )
2 2 2 2
M
dp ZRT pdp
ZRT 2
p1 2
1 ( p1 p2 )
( p2 p1 ) ( p2 p1 )
p1 2
If the kinetic energy effects are small, the first term may
be omitted, and rearranging gives
2 X p1
( p1 p2 ) fG
2 2
D 1
14
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Example 1.4
Solution
X p1 Xp
( p1 p2 ) fG 2 f1v 2 1
2 2
D 1 D
0.0195 9.35 602 50 1 10 6
6.56 1011
0.05
1
2
G ln 0.168 106
2
( p2 p1 ) 3.070 106
15
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
fG 2 X
3.069 106
2 D
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Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
vdv gdZ dH dW dQ 0
vdv dH 0
G2
From G = v
G
d vdv d
v = G/ and dv = 2
3
From thermodynamics
H= U + pV dH = dU + d(pV)
dH = Cp dT dU = Cv dT
17
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
C p / Cv
= ( )d ( pV )
C p / Cv 1
Cp 1
and V= V is the volume of unit mass
Cv
p
Then dH d ( )
1
18
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
fG 2
X
G 2 ln 1 dp 0
2 2 D (2)
we get
1 2 1 p1 1 2 2 fX
ln 2 1 2 0
1 2 G 1 D
Arrangement of the above equation makes the iterative
procedure easier. A common modification is
fX 1 2
2 ln
2 D 1
1
1 1 p1 1
2
2 G
19
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Example 1.5
Solution
fX 1 2
2 ln
2 D 1
1
1 1 p1 1
2
2 G
From previous calculation, we get 1 =9.35 kg/m3;
Re = 1.23x106 ; f =0.0195 ; G = 561 kg/m2 s.
p1 1 G 2 1 1
p ( ) 2 2
1 2 1
Then from
p1 1 G 2 1 1
p2 2 ( ) 2 2
1 2 2 1
20
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
21
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
So the energy statement is
( k 1) / k
fG 2 X
2 1 p2 k p2
G ln 1 p1 1 0
k p1 k 1 p1 2 D
22
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Example 1.6
Using equation
k /( k 1)
2 fX 1 p2
G ln
p2 2 D k p1
1
p1 k
1 p1
k 1
for iteration to solve the pressure ratio p2/p1.
From previous calculation, we get 1 =9.35 kg/m3;
Re = 1.23x106 ; f =0.0195 ; G = 561 kg/m2 s.
G2 k 1 5612 2.4
0.0577
p1 1 k 1.0 10 9.35 1.4
6
fX 0.0195 50
9.75 ; k 0.58333
2D 2 0.05 k 1
0.58333
p2 p
1 0.04122(13.65 ln 2 )
p1 p1
Guess p2/p1=0.6 and iterations give 0.59977, 0.59975,
0.59975 p2 = 599.75 kPa.
23
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
flux.
p ( p p1 ) f X 2 2
ln 2 1 2 2 0
p1 p1G 2 2 D (3)
1 1 ( p2 p1 ) 1 1 dG
2 2
p2 0
p2 p1G 2
2 p1 2G dp2
3
1
G* p *
p1
p1 p *2 p1
2
f X
ln 2
0
p* 2p* 2 D
p1 2 fX
2
p1
ln( ) 1
p *2 p* D
Under these conditions, the downstream velocity v*,
called the isothermal pressure wave velocity, is
obtained
G * p * 1 p* zRT
v*
* * p1 * M
Example 1.7
25
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Solution
p1 2 p
ln( ) 20.5 ( 1 )2
p* p*
1 9.35
Then G* p * 205.6 10 3
628.7 kg / m 2
s
p1 110 6
26
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
G* kp *
v*
* *
Example 1.8
27
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Solution
k /( k 1)
2 fX 1 p2
G ln
p2 2 D k p1
1
p1 k
1 p1
k 1
Hence
k /( k 1)
fX 1 p *
kp * * ln
p* 2D k p1
1
p1 k
1 p1
k 1
from p/k = constant * = c (p*)1/k
after rearranging, we have
k 1
p * k k 1 fX k 1 p *
1 ln
p1 2 D k p1
28
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
29
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
21 p1
G*
12
( 1) 2 ( 1)
2
The downstream velocity is called the acoustic
velocity, and is
G* p * RT *
v* a
* * M
RT
For an ideal gas a M
30
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
1 2
1 Ma1
1 1 1 1 Ma2
2
fX
2
ln 2 0
Ma1 Ma2 2 Ma1 1
Ma2 D
2 2
1 2
2
Under choked flow, Ma22 =1
1
1
1 1 1 2
1 ln 1
Ma1 fX 0
Ma12 2 1 1 D
2
After rearrangement
2 1 2 fX 2 1
1
ln 1 1
1 Ma
1 Ma
1 D
2 2
1 1
31
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
2 1
let 1
1 Ma12
2 fX
then 1 D ln 1
2
and Ma1 2 ( 1) and hence v1.
32
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Example 1.9
Solution
21 p1
G*
Substituting equation 12 into
( 1) 2 ( 1)
2
1 2 1 p1 1 2 2 fX
ln 2 1 2 0
1 2 G 1 D
and giving
1 1 1 12 fX
ln 2 1 0
2 2 2 D
1 1 2 fX
1 2 ln
2 2 1 D
Assuming unchanged Re and f, the constants
2 fX
1 23.75 then 1 23.75 2 ln 1
1 D 2 2
33
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
2 1 2 fX 2 1
1
ln 1 1
From 1 Ma
1 Ma
1 D
2 2
1 1
1 1
then Ma 2 1 27.30 1.2 ln 1 0.8333 Ma 2 1
1 1
1
Ma 2 1 0, 27.30, 31.10, 21.251, 31.2569, 31.2571.
1
Ma1 = 0.1761
RT
a 386.92m / s
M
34
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
1
1
2
Ma2
p1 Ma2 2
p2 Ma1 1 1 Ma 2
1
2
1
1
2
Ma2
T1 2
T2 1 1 Ma 2
1
2
1
1
2
Ma1
1 Ma2 2
2 Ma1 1 1 Ma 2
2
2
RT
Mass velocity G v Ma M
Ma p
1 2
1 Ma1
f X 1 1 1 1 Ma2
2
2
ln 2
D Ma1 Ma2 2 Ma1 1 1 Ma 2
2 2
2
2
1
1
1 1 1 2
f X max
1 ln 1
Ma1
Ma1 1
2
2
D
1
2
Using above equation, we can also get the minimum
pipe diameter.
36
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
Example 1.10
Solution
For air
MP 29 103 20 1.01105
1 12.79kg / m3
RT 8.31 553
301.2 60 10 3
GD
Re 6.23 10 5
f =0.0185
0.029 10 3
1
1
f X max 1 1 1 Ma1
2
1
ln 1
D Ma1 2
2 1
From 1
2
1
1
f X max 1 1 1.4 1 0.05 2
280
1 ln 1
D 1.4 0.05 2
2 1.4 1 1.4 1
2
Xmax = 908 m
37
Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
38