STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

Atty. Howard M. Calleja

SY 2016-2017

Chapter I
STATUTES

A. IN GENERAL

1. Laws, generally
2. Statutes, generally
3. Permanent and temporary statutes
4. Other classes of statutes
5. Manner of referring to statutes

B. ENACTMENT OF STATUTES

1. Generally
2. Legislative power of Congress
3. Procedural requirements in enacting a law, generally
4. Steps in the passage of bill into law

C. PARTS OF STATUTES

1. Statutes generally contain

2. Meaning of certain bills originating from the lower House
3. Enactment of budget and appropriations law
4. Restrictions in passage of budget or revenue bills
5. Rules and records of legislative proceedings
6. Unimpeachability of legislative journals
7. Enrolled bill
8. Withdrawal of authenticity, effect of.
9. Summary rules

Cases:

People vs. Palma G.R. No. L-44113 (March 31, 1977)

Lidasan v. Comelec 21 SCRA 496 (1967)
Ichong vs. Hernandez 101 Phil 1155 (1957)
Municipality of Jose Panganiban v.
Shell 17 SCRA 77 (1966)
Del Rosario vs Carbonell G.R. No. L-32476 October 20, 1970
People vs. Buenviaje 46 Phil 536 (1925)
Alalayan vs NPC 24 SCRA 172 (1968)
Cordero vs Cabatuando 6 SCRA 418 (1962)
Tobias vs Abalos 237 SCRA 106 (1994)
Ayson vs. Provincial Board of Rizal G.R. No. 14019. July 26, 1919
People vs. Valensoy 101 Phil 642 (1957)
People vs Carlos 78 Phil 535 (1947)
Casco Phil Chem v Gimenez G.R. No. L-17931, February 28, 1963
Astorga v. Villegas 56 SCRA 714 (1974)

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D. ISSUANCES, RULES AND ORDINANCES

1. Presidential issuances
2. Administrative rules and regulations
3. Illustrative cases on validity of executive orders, rules and regulations
4. Administrative rule and interpretation distinguished
5. Supreme Court rule-making power
6. Legislative power of local government units
7. Barangay ordinance
8. Municipal ordinance
9. City ordinance
10. Provincial ordinance

Cases:

People v. Lim 108 Phil 1091 (1960)

KMU v. Garcia G.R. 115381, 23 December 1994
Hijo Plantation v. Central Bank G.R. No. L-34526, 9 August 1988
China Bank v. CA 265 SCRA 327 (1996)
Santos v. Estenzo 109 Phil 419 (1960)
Grego v. Comelec 274 SCRA 481 (1997)
Santos v. Municipal Ordinance G.R. No. L-15807, 22 April 1963
People v. Lim 108 Phil 1091 (1960)

E. VALIDITY OF STATUTE

1. Presumption of constitutionality
2. Requisites for exercise of judicial power
3. Appropriate case
4. Standing to sue
5. When to raise constitutionality
6. Necessity of deciding constitutionality
7. Summary of Essential Requisites for Judicial Review
8. Test of constitutionality
9. Effects of constitutionality
10. Invalidity dues to change of conditions
11. Partial invalidity

Cases:

NHA v Reyes G.R. No. L-49439, 29 June 1983

Lao Lim vs CA G.R. 119178, 20 June 1997
Hon. Lim v. Hon. Pacquing G.R. 115044, 27 January 1995
Victoriano vs Elizalde Rope Workers G.R. No. L-25246, 12 September
1974

F. EFFECT AND OPERATION

1. When laws take effect

2. When Presidential issuances, rules and regulations take effect
3. When local ordinance takes effect

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4. Statutes continue in force until repealed

5. Territorial and personal effect of statutes
6. Manner of computing time

Cases:

Tanada v. Tuvera 146 SCRA 446 (1986)

Gutierrez v. Carpio 53 Phil 334
Guzman v. Lichauco 42 Phil 292
US v. Painaga G.R. No. L-8223, 4 March 1914
PNB v. CA 222 SCRA 134 (1993)

Chapter II

CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION

A. NATURE AND PURPOSE

1. Construction defined
2. Construction and interpretation distinguished
3. Rules of construction, generally
4. Purpose or object of construction
5. Legislative intent, generally
6. Legislative purpose
7. Legislative meaning
8. Graphical illustration
9. Matters inquired into in construing a statute
10. Where legislative intent is ascertained

Cases:

Hidalgo v. Hidalgo G.R. No. L-25326, 29 May 1970

U.S. v. Navarro 19 Phil 134 (1911)
LITEX v. Eduvala 79 SCRA 88 (1977)
Regalado vs Yulo 61 Phil 173 (1935)
B.E. San Diego Inc. vs. CA 218 SCRA 446 (1993)

B. POWER TO CONSTRUE

1. Construction is a judicial function

2. Legislature cannot overrule judicial construction
3. When judicial interpretation may be set aside
4. When court may construe statute
5. Condition sine qua non before courts can construe statutes; ambiguity
defined
6. Court may not construe where statute is clear
7. Verbalegis or plain meaning rule
8. Rulings of Supreme Court part of legal system
9. Judicial rulings have no retroactive effect

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10. Only Supreme Court en banc can modify or abandon principle of

law, not any division of the Court
11. Court may issue guidelines in construing statute

C. LIMITATIONS ON POWER TO CONSTRUE

1. Courts may not enlarge nor restrict statutes

2. Courts not to be influenced by questions of wisdom

Cases:

Araneta v. Dinglasan G.R. No. L-2044. August 26, 1949

Edencio v. David G.R. No. L-6355-56 August 31, 1953
Daong v. Municipal Judge of San G.R. No. L-34568 March 28, 1988
Nicolas
Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs G.R. Nos. L-28571 and L-28644. July
Lim-Pan 31, 1970
Cebu Portland Cement v. Mun. of G.R. Nos. 24116-17 August 22, 1968
Naga, Cebu
Resins v. Auditor General G.R. No. L-17888 October 29, 196
Quijano v. DBP G.R. No. L-26419 October 16, 1970
Chapter 2: 66 ( Kapisanan vs Manila G.R. No. L-14332 May 20, 1960
Railroad)
Davao Light v. Commissioner of G.R. Nos. L-28739 & L-28902 March
Customs 29, 1972
Ramos v. CA (1981) G.R. No. L-53766 October 30, 1981
Floresca v. PhilEx G.R. No. L-30642 April 30, 1985
Enrile v Salazar G.R. No. 92163 June 5, 1990
Manikad v. Tanodbayan G.R. No. L-65097 February 20, 1984
Senarillos v. Hermosisimo G.R. No. L-10662 December 14, 1956
People v. Macarandang G.R. No. L-12088 December 23, 1959
People v. Mapa G.R. No. L-22301 August 30, 1967
Co v. CA G.R. No. 100776 October 28, 1993
People v. Ferrer G.R. Nos. L-32613-14 December 27,
1972
daong v. Municipal Judge of San G.R. No. L-34568 March 28, 1988
Nicolas
Sumulong v COMELEC G.R. No. 48609 October 10, 1941
Central Capiz v. Ramirez G.R. No. 16197 March 12, 1920
Eugenio vs. Exec Sec. Drilon G.R. No. 16197 March 12, 1920

Chapter III

AIDS TO CONSTRUCTION

A. IN GENERAL

1. Generally
2. Title
3. When resort to title not authorized

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4. Preamble
5. Illustration of rule
6. Context of whole text
7. Punctuation marks
8. Illustrative examples
9. Capitalization of letters
10. Headnotes or epigraphs
11. Lingual text
12. Intent or spirit of law
13. Policy of law
14. Purpose of law or mischief to be suppressed
15. Dictionaries
16. Consequences of various constructions
17. Presumptions

B. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

1. Generally
2. What constitutes legislative history
3. Presidents message to legislature
4. Explanatory note
5. Legislative debates, views and deliberations
6. Reports of commissions
7. Prior laws from which statute is based
8. Change in phraseology
9. Amendment by deletion
10. Exceptions to the rule
11. Adopted statutes
12. Limitations of rule
13. Principles of common law
14. Conditions at time of enactment
15. History of the times

C. CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION

1. Generally
2. Executive construction, generally; kinds of
3. Weight accorded to contemporaneous construction
4. Weight accorded to usage and practice
5. Construction of rules and regulations
6. Reasons why contemporaneous construction is given much weight
7. When contemporaneous construction is disregarded
8. Erroneous contemporaneous construction does not preclude correction
nor create rights; exceptions
9. Legislative interpretation
10. Legislative approval
11. Reenactment
12. Stare decisis

Cases:

People v. Purisima G.R. No. L-42050-66 November 20,

1978

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People v. Echaves
Aboitiz v. City of Cebu
CIR v. TMX
Feliciano v. Aquino
US v. Hart
In re: Estate of Johnson
People v. Yabut
People v. Mendoza
People v Manaba
US vs Quintanar (16 P 504)
Employee's Club Inc. v China
Bank Corp. (1934)
McMicking v. Lichauco
Alonzo v. IAC
Macabenta v. Davao
Stevedoring Terminal
Tinio v. Frances
Home Ins. v. Eastern Shipping
Lines
Luzon Stevedoring Co. v.
Trinidad
Go Chico v. Martinez
US v. De Guzman
Basiana v. Luna
Baga v. PNB
De Villa v. CA
NAPOLCOM v. De Guzman
China Banking V. Ortega
Mayon Motors v, Acting CIR
KilosbayanInc v Morato
Luzon v. Marine Dept. Union
Song Kiat v. Central Bank
People v. Manantan
Director of Lands v Abaja
Com of Customs v CTA
Buenaseda v. Flavier
Carolina v. CMS Stock
Brokerage
Tamayo v.Gsell
People v. Yadao
Chapter IV
ADHERENCE TO, OR DEPARTURE
FROM, LANGUAGE OF STATUTE
A. LITERAL INTERPRETATION
1. Literal meaning or plain-meaning rule
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
Atty. Howard M. Calleja
SY 2016-2017
G.R. No. 47757, 28 January 1980
G.R. No. L-14526 March 31, 1965
G.R. No. 83736. January 15, 1992
G.R. No. 10201, 23 September 1957
G.R. No. L-8848 November 21, 1913
G.R. No. L-12767 November 16, 1918
G.R. No. 39085 September 27, 1933
G.R. No. 104461 February 23, 1996
G.R. No. L-1960 November 26, 1948
G.R. No. L-5654 August 27, 1910
G.R. No. L-40188 July 27, 1934
G.R. No. L-7896 March 30, 1914
G.R. No. 72873 May 28, 1987
G.R. No. L-27489. April 30, 1970
G.R. No. L-7747 November 29, 1955
G.R. No. L-34382 July 20, 1983
G.R. No. 18316. September 23, 1922
G.R. Nos. 19684 & 19685. October 17,
1923
G.R. No. L-9144 March 27, 1915
G.R. No. L-34135-36 February 24, 1981
G.R. No. L-9695 September 10, 1956
G.R. No. 87416 April 8, 1991
G.R. No. 106724 February 9, 1994
G.R. No. L-34964 January 31, 1973
G.R. No. L-15000 March 29, 1961
G.R. No. 118910 November 16, 1995
G.R. No. L-9265 April 29, 1957
G.R. No. L-8888 November 29, 1957
G.R. No. L-14129. July 31, 1962
G.R. No. L-42134 October 21, 1936
G.R. No. L-29059 December 15, 1987
G.R. No. 106719 September 21, 1993
G.R. No. 46908, 17 May 1980
G.R. No. 10765 December 22, 1916
G.R. No. L-6835. March 30, 1954
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2. Dura lex sed lex

B. DEPARTURE FROM LITERAL INTERPRETATION

1. Statute must be capable of interpretation, otherwise inoperative

2. What is within the spirit is within the law
3. Literal import must yield to intent
4. Intent of a statute is the law
5. Limitation of rule
6. Construction to accomplish purpose
7. Illustration of rule
8. Qualification of rule
9. Construction to avoid absurdity
10. Construction to avoid injustice
11. Construction to avoid danger to public interest
12. Construction in favor of right and justice
13. Surplusage and superfluity disregarded
14. Redundant words may be rejected
15. Obscure or missing word or false description may not preclude
construction
16. Exemption from rigid application of law
17. Law does not require the impossible
18. Number and gender of words

C. IMPLICATIONS

1. Doctrine of necessary implication

2. Remedy implied from a right
3. Grant of jurisdiction
4. What may be implied from grant of jurisdiction
5. Grant of power includes incidental power
6. Grant of power excludes greater power
7. What is implied should not be against the law
8. Authority to charge against public funds may not be implied
9. Illegality of act implied from prohibition
10. Exceptions to the rule
11. What cannot be done directly cannot be done indirectly
12. There should be no penalty for compliance with law

Cases:

Bustamante v. NLRC 265 SCRA 61 (1996)

Go v. Anti-Chinese League 84 Phil 468 (1949)
Santiago v. COMELEC 270 SCRA 106 (1997)
Galuba v. Laureta 157 SCRA 627 (1988)
Rufino Lopez v. Court of Tax 100 Phil 850 (1957)
Appeals
Solid Homes v. Tan 465 SCRA 137 (2005)
Tanada v. Cuenco 103 Phil 1051 (1957)
People v. Lacson G.R. No. 149453, 7 October 2003
King v. Hernandez 114 Phil 730 (1962)
US v. Toribio 15 Phil. 85 (1910)
Ramirez v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 23587, 10 June 1967

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Matabuena v. Cervantes G.R. No. 28771, 31 March 1971

Ryfino Lopez v. Court of Tax 100 Phil 850 (1957)
Appeals
Largado v. Masaganda 115 Phil 519 (1962)
Automative Parts and G.R. No. 26406, 30 October 1969
Equipment v. Lingad
Amatan v. Aujero 248 SCRA 511 (1995)
Pitchard v. Republic 81 Phil 244 (1948)
Teehankee v. Director of Prisons 76 Phil 756 (1943)
Demafiles v. COMELEC G.R. No. 28396, 29 December 1967
Munoz v. Hord 12 Phil 624 (1909)
People v. Gutierrez 36 SCRA 172 (1970)
Reyes v. Republic 104 Phil 889 (1958)
Santillon v. Miranda G.R. No. 19281, 30 June 1965
Chua v. CSC 206 SCRA 65 (1992)
Felipe v. Leuterio 91 Phil 482 (1952)
People v. Palana G.R. No. 44113, 31 March 1977
Angara v. Electoral Commission 63 Phil 139 (1936)

Chapter V

INTERPRETATION OF WORDS
AND PHRASES

A. IN GENERAL

1. Generally
2. Statutory definition
3. Qualifications of rule
4. Words construed in their ordinary sense
5. General words construed generally
6. Application of rule
7. Generic term includes things that arise thereafter
8. Words with commercial or trade meaning
9. Words with technical or legal meaning
10. How identical terms in same statue construed
11. Meaning of word qualified by purpose of statute
12. Word or phrase construed in relation to other provisions
13. Meaning of term dictated by context
14. Where the law does not distinguish
15. Illustration of rule
16. Disjunctive and conjunctive words

B. ASSOCIATED WORDS

1. Noscitur a sociis
2. Application of rule
3. Ejusdem generis
4. Illustration of rule
5. Limitations of ejusdem generis
6. Expressio unius est exclusion alterius
7. Negative-opposite doctrine

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8. Application of expression unius rule

9. Limitations of rule
10. Doctrine of casus omissus
11. Doctrine of last antecedent
12. Illustration of rule
13. Qualification of the doctrine
14. Reddendo singular singulis

C. PROVISOS, EXCEPTIONS
AND SAVING CLAUSES

1. Provisos, generally
2. Proviso may enlarge scope of law
3. Proviso as additional legislation
4. What proviso qualifies
5. Exception to the rule
6. Repugnancy between proviso and main provision
7. Exceptions, generally
8. Exception and proviso distinguished
9. Illustration of exception
10. Saving clause

Cases:

Secretary Perez v. LPG Refillers G.R. No. 159149, 28 August 2007

Geotina v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 33500, 30 August 1971
Asiatic Petroleum v. Collector of 38 Phil 510 (1918)
Internal Revenue
Keepner v. US 79 Phil 461 (1947)
Claudio v. COMELEC 331 SCRA 388
Santulan v. Executive Secretary G.R. No. 28021, 15 December 1977
Colgate-Palmolive v. Gimenez G.R. No. 14787, 28 January 1961
Gonzales v. COMELEC G.R. No. 28196, 9 November 1967
Caltex v. Palomar G.R. No. 19650, 29 September 1966
Go Tiaco v. Hermanos v. Union 40 Phil 40 (1919)
Insurance
Murphy Morris v. Collector of 11 Phil 456 (1908)
Customs
Commissioner of Customs v. Court G.R. No. 33741, 31 January 1972
of Appeals
Commissioner of Internal Revenue G.R. No. 152609, 29 june 2005
v. American Express
Canlas v. Republic 103 Phil 712 (1958)
Coconut Refiners v. Torres G.R. No. 132527. 29 July 2005
Chung Fook v. White 264 US 443 (1924)
Escribano v. Avila G.R. No. 30375, 12 September 1978
People v. Manantan 115 Phil 657 (1962)
Roldan v. Villaroman 69 Phil 12 (1939)
People v. Tamani G.R. No. 22160, 21 January 1974
Ibanez de Aldecoa v. Hongkong and 30 Phil 228 (1915)
Shanghai Bank

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Chapter VI

STATUTE CONSTRUED AS WHOLE AND

IN RELATION TO OTHER STATUTES

A. STATUTE CONSTRUED AS WHOLE

1. Generally
2. Intent ascertained from statute as whole
3. Purpose or context as controlling guide
4. Giving effect to statute as a whole
5. Apparently conflicting provisions reconciled
6. Special and general provisions in same statute
7. Construction as not to render provision nugatory
8. Reason for the rule
9. Qualification of rule
10. Construction as to give life to law
11. Construction to avoid surplusage
12. Application of rule
13. Statute and its amendments construed together

B. STATUTE CONSTRUED IN RELATION TO

CONSTITUTION AND OTHER STATUTES

1. Statute construed in harmony with the Constitution

2. Statutes in pari materia
3. How statutes in pari materia construed
4. Reasons why law laws on same subject are reconciled
5. Where harmonization is impossible
6. Illustration of the rule
7. General and special statutes
8. Reason for the rule
9. Qualifications of the rule
10. Reference statutes
11. Supplemental statutes
12. Reenacted statutes
13. Adoption of contemporaneous construction
14. Qualifications of the rule
15. Adopted statutes

Cases:

Sotto v. Sotto 43 Phil 688 (1922)

Loyola Grand Villas v. Court
of Appeals
Maddumba v. Ozaeta
Republic v. Court of Appeals
Lichauco v. Apostol
People v. Gatchalian
UP Board of Regents v.
Auditor General
Cuyegkeng v. Cruz
Asturias Sugar v.
Commissioner of Customs
276 SCRA 681 (1997(
82 Phil 345 (1948)
263 SCRA 758 (1996)
44 Phil 138 (1922)
104 Phil 664 (1958)
G.R. No. 19617, 31 October 1969
108 Phil 1147 (1960)
G.R. No. 19337, 30 September 1969

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Uytengsu v. Republic 95 Phil 890 (1954)

Mejia v. Balalonh 81 Phil 497 (1948)
Manila Lodge v. Court of G.R. No. 41001, 30 September 1976
Appeals
PLDT v. Collector of Internal 90 Phil 674 (1952)
Revenue
Alba v. Evangelista 100 Phil 683
San Miguel v. Avelino G.R. No. 39699, 14 March 1979
Flores v. San Pedro 102 Phil 44 (1957)
Republic v. Asuncion 231 SCRA 211
Lacson v. Roque 92 Phil 456 (1953)
City of Naga v. Agna G.R. No. 36049, 31 May 1976
De Jesus v. People G.R. No. 61998, 22 February 1983
Montelibano v. Ferrer 97 Phil 228 (1955)

Chapter VII

STRICT OR LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION

A. IN GENERAL

1. Generally
2. Strict construction, generally
3. Liberal construction, defined
4. Liberal construction applied, generally
5. Construction to promote social justice
6. Construction taking into consideration general welfare or growth of
civilization

B. STATUTES STRICTLY CONSTRUED

1. Penal statutes, generally

2. Penal statutes strictly construed
3. Reason why penal statutes are strictly construed
4. Acts mala in se and mala prohibita
5. Application of rule
6. Limitation of rule
7. Statutes in derogation of rights
8. Statutes authorizing expropriations
9. Statutes granting privileges
10. Legislative grants to local government units
11. Statutory grounds for removal of officials
12. Naturalization laws
13. Statutes imposing taxes and customs duties
14. Statutes granting tax exemptions
15. Qualification of rule
16. Statutes concerning the sovereign
17. Statutes authorizing suits against the government
18. Statutes prescribing formalities of will
19. Exceptions and provisos

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C. STATUTES LIBERALLY CONSTRUED

1. General social legislation

2. General welfare clause
3. Grant of power to local governments
4. Statutes granting taxing power
5. Statutes prescribing prescriptive period to collect taxese
6. Statutes imposing penalties for non-payment of tax
7. Election laws
8. Amnesty proclamations
9. Statutes prescribing prescription of crimes
10. Adoption statutes
11. Veteran and pension laws
12. Rules of Court
13. Other statutes

Cases:

People v. Garcia 85 Phil 651 (1950)

Gomez v. Government 78 Phil 221 (1947)
Insurance Board
Yu Oh v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 125297, 6 June 2003
US v. Go Chioco 14 Phil 128 (1909)
US v. Ah Chiong 15 Phil 488 (1910)
People v. Gatchalian 104 Phil 664 (1958)
Realy Investments v. 84 Phil 842 (1951)
Villanueva
Manotok v. NHA 150 SCRA 89 (1987)
Barreto v. Tuason 50 Phil 888 (1926)
Manila Lodge v. CA G.R. No. 41001, 30 September
1976
Hebron v. Reyes 104 Phil 175 (1958)
Co v. Republic 104 Phil 889 (1958)
MCIAA v. Marcos 261 SCRA 667 (1996)
CIR v. CA 303 SCRA 508 (1999)
PLDT v. Laguna G.R. No. 151899, 16 August
2005
Alliance of Government G.R. No. 60403, 3 August 1983
Workers v. Minister of Labor
Republic v. Villasor G.R. No. 30671, 28 November
1973
Uy Coque v. Siosa 43 Phil 405 (1922)
PLDT v. Davao G.R. No. 23080, 30 October
1965
Quimsing v. Lachica 112 Phil 110 (1961)
Lorenzo v. Posadas 64 Phil 393 (1937)
Ibasco v. Ilao 110 Phil 553 (1960)
Domalanta v. Court of 148 SCRA 534 (1987)
Appeals

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Chapter VIII

MANDATORY AND DIRECTORY

STATUTES

A. IN GENERAL

1. Generally
2. Mandatory and directory statutes, generally
3. When statute is mandatory or directory
4. Test to determine nature of statute
5. Language used
6. Use of shall or must
7. Use of may
8. When shall is construed as may and vice versa
9. Use of negative, prohibitory or exclusive terms

B. MANDATORY STATUTES

1. Statutes conferring power

2. Statutes granting benefits
3. Statutes prescribing jurisdictional requirements
4. Statutes prescribing time to take action or to appeal
5. Statutes prescribing procedural requirements
6. Election laws on conduct of election
7. Election laws on qualification and disqualification
8. Statutes prescribing qualifications for office
9. Statutes relating to assessment of taxes
10. Statutes concerning public auction sale

C. DIRECTORY STATUTES

1. Statutes prescribing guidance for officers

2. Statutes prescribing manner of judicial action
3. Statutes requiring rendition of decision within prescribed period
4. Constitutional time provision directory

Cases:

Sarina v. Court of First G.R. No. 28511, 22 August 1968

Instance
Querubin v. CA 82 Phil 226 (1948)
Diokno v. Rehabilitation 91 Phil 608 (1952)
Finance Corp.
Legazpi v Estrella 189 SCRA 58 (1990)
De Mesa v. Mencias G.R. no. 24583, 29 October 1966
Valdez v. Tuazon 40 Phil 943 (1920)
Brehn v. republic 118 Phil 1442 (1963)
Mendoza v. Caya 98 Phil 107 (1955)
Palisoc v. Tamondong 43 Phil 789 (1922)
Miranda v. Guanzon 92 Phil 168 (1952)
Gachon v. De Vera 274 SCRA 540 (1997)
Gabriel v. Encarnacion 94 Phil 917 (1954)

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Lina Luna v. Rodriguez 39 Phil 208 (1918)

Gafor v. COMELEC G.R. No. 52365, 22 January 1980
Tecson v. COMELEC G.R. No. 52451, 31 March 1981
Roxas v. Rafferty 37 Phil 957 (1918)
Ramos v. Villaverde 88 Phil 651 (1951)
Ocampo v. Cabangis 15 Phil 626 (1910)

Chapter IX

PROSPECTIVE AND RETROACTIVE

STATUTES

A. IN GENERAL

1. Prospective and retroactive statutes, defined

2. Laws operated prospectively, generally
3. Presumption against retroactivity
4. Words or phrases indicating prospectivity
5. Retroactive statutes, generally

B. STATUTES GIVEN PROSPECTIVE EFFECT

1. Penal statutes, generally

2. Ex post facto law
3. Bill of attainder
4. When penal laws applied retroactively
5. Statutes substantive in nature
6. Effects on pending actions
7. Qualification of rule
8. Statutes affecting vested rights
9. Statutes affecting obligations of contract
10. Illustrations of rule
11. Repealing and amendatory acts

C. STATUTES GIVEN RETROACTIVE EFFECT

1. Laws not retroactive: Exception

2. Exceptions to the rule
3. Procedural laws
4. Exceptions to the rule
5. Curative statutes
6. Limitations of rule
7. Police power legislations
8. Statutes relating to prescription
9. Apparently conflicting decisions on prescription
10. Prescription in criminal and civil cases
11. Statutes relating to appeals

Cases:

Laceste v. Santos 56 Phil 472 (1932)

Grego v. COMELEC 274 SCRA 481 (1997)

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Iburan v. Llabes 87 Phil 234 (1950)

Cebu Portland Cement v. G.R. No. 20563, 29 october 1968
CIR
Santos v. Alvares 78 Phil 503 (1947)
People v. Moran 44 Phil 387 (1923)
In re Kay Villegas Kami, G.R. No. 32485, 22 October 1970
Inc.
People v. Ferrer G.R. No. 32613, 27 December
1972
People v. Subido G.R. No. 21734, 5 September
1975
Primicias v. Ocampo 93 Phil 446 (1953)
Republic v. Samia G.R. No. 17569, 31 May 1963
Municipality of Sta. Fe v. G.R. No. 148308, 21 September
Municipality of Aritao 2007
Chavez v. Court of G.R. No. 17814, 31 October 1963
Agrarian Relations
Yupangco v. Velayo G.R. No. 50439, 20 July 1982
People v. Zeta 98 Phil 143 (1955)
Buyco v. PNB 112 Phil 588 (1961)
Martinez v. People 332 SCRA 694 (2000)
Frivaldo v. COMELEC 257 SCRA 727 (1996)
Philamlife v. Auditor G.R. No. 19255, 18 January 1968
General

Chapter X

AMENDMENT, REVISION, CODIFICATION

AND REPEAL

A. AMENDMENT

1. Power to amend
2. How amendment effected
3. Amendment by implication
4. When amendment takes effect
5. How amendment is construed, generally
6. Meaning of law changed by amendment
7. Amendment operates prospectively
8. Effect of amendment on vested rights
9. Effect of amendment on jurisdiction
10. Effects of nullity of prior or amendatory act

B. REVISION AND CODIFICATION

1. Generally
2. Construction to harmonize different provisions
3. What is omitted is deemed repealed
4. Change in phraseology
5. Continuation of existing laws

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SY 2016-2017

C. REPEAL

1. Power to repeal
2. The constitution prohibits passage of irrepealable laws; all laws are
repealable
3. Repeal, generally
4. Repeal by implication
5. Irreconcilable inconsistency
6. Implied repeal by revision or codification
7. Repeal by re-enactment
8. Other forms of implied repeal
9. All laws or parts thereof which are inconsistent with this Act are
hereby repealed or modified accordingly, construed
10. Repeal by implication not favoured
11. As between two laws, one passed later prevails
12. General law does not repeal law, generally
13. Application of rule
14. When special or general law repeals the other
15. Effects of repeal, generally
16. On jurisdiction, generally
17. On jurisdiction to try criminal case
18. On actions, pending or otherwise
19. On vested rights
20. On contracts
21. Effect or repeal of tax laws
22. Repeal and re-enactment, effect of
23. Effect or repeal of penal laws
24. Distinction as to effect of repeal and expiration of law
25. Effect of repeal of municipal charter
26. Repeal or nullity or repealing law, effect of

Cases:

David v. Dancel G.R. No. 21485, 25 July 1966

Estrada v. Caseda 84 Phil 791 (1949)
Meralco v. Board of Utility 30 Phil 387 (1915)
Pacia v. Kapisanan 99 Phil 45 (1956)
Escasura v. San Miguel, 114 Phil 225 (1962)
Inc.
Iburaan v. Labes 87 Phil 234 (1950)
Manila Motor Co. v. Flores 99 Phil 738 (1956)
Sanchez v. Rigos G.R. No. 25494, 14 June 1972
Mecano v. COA 216 SCRA 500 (1992)
Greenfield v. Meer 77 Phil 394 (1946)
Duarte v. Dade 32 Phil 36 (1915)
City of Manila v. reyes 99 Phil 986 (1956)
People v. Castro 43 Phil 842 (1922)
Ty v. Trampe 250 SCRA 500 (1995)
People v. Almuete G.R. No. 26551, 27 February 1976
Joaquin v. Navarro 81 Phil 373 (1948)
NPC v. Arca G.R. No. 23309, 31 October 1968

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Corona v. CA 214 SCRA 378 (1992)

Chapter XI

CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTION

1. Constitution defined
2. Origin and history of the Philippine Constitutions
3. Primary purpose of constitutional construction
4. Constitution construed as enduring for ages
5. How language of construction construed
6. Aids to construction, generally
7. Realities existing at time of adoption; object to be accomplished
8. Proceedings of the convention
9. Contemporaneous construction and writings
10. Previous laws and judicial rulings
11. Changes in phraseology
12. Consequences of alternative constructions
13. Constitution construed as a whole
14. Mandatory or directory
15. Prospective or retroactive
16. Applicability of rules of statutory construction
17. Generally, constitutional provisions are self-executing
18. Three maxim employed as aids to construe constitutional
provisions
19. Constructions of US Constitutional provisions adopted in
1987 Constitution
20. Other illustrative cases in constitutional construction

Cases:

Legazpi v. Ministry of Finance G.R. No. 58289, 24 July 1982

Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 267 SCRA 408 (1997)
Javellana v. Executive G.R. No. 36142, 31 March 1973
Secretary
US v. Ang Tang Ho 43 Phil 1 (1922)
J.M. Tuason v. Land Tenure G.R. No. 21064, 18 February 1970
Administration
Ordillo v. COMELEC 192 SCRA 100 (1992)
CIR v. Guerrero G.R. no. 20812, 12 September 1967
Aquino v. COMELEC G.R. No. 40004, 31 January 1975
Civil Liberties Union v. 194 SCRA 317 (1991)
Executive Secretary
People v. Munoz 170 SCRA 107 (1989)
Luz Farms v. DAR 192 SCRA 51 (1990)
Roman Catholic Apostolic 102 Phil 596 (1957)
Administration v. LRC
Dissenting Opinion of J. 85 Phil 567 (1950)
Ozaeta, Perfecto v. Meer
Chiongbian v. De Leon 82 Phil 771 (1949)
Marcelino v. Cruz G.R. No. 42428, 18 March 1983
Sarmiento v. Mison 156 SCRA 549 (1987)

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Francisco v. HOR G.R. no. 160261, 10 November 2003

Ombudsman v. Masing G.R. No. 165416, 22 January 2008

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