GRAMMAR CHEAT SHEET - ACTION PACK 12 (FIRST SEMESTER)

ASHRAF ABUELUDAM
positive negative question functions
present simple
subject + verb (+ s ) subject + do / does + not + verb (question word +) do / does +
She eats toast. She doesnt eat fish. subject +verb? sth that is true in the present
When does she eat lunch? things that are always true
present simple present routine
subject + am / is / are subject + am / is / are + not (question word +) am / is / are scheduled/fixed future events
with be
She is in a cafe. She isnt happy. +
subject?
Why are you hungry?
present sth happening at the moment
continuous
subject + am / is / are + subject + am / is / are + not + (question word +) am / is / are
something temporary
verb-ing verb-ing + actions that happen repeatedly in the
Shes eating toast. He isnt eating. subject + verb-ing? present
future plan
When are they eating?
present perfect sth true in the past-continues to be true
simple
subject + have / has + v3 subject + have / has + not + v3 (question word +) have / has + in the present
Ive eaten breakfast. We havent eaten yet. subject + v3? experience up to the present
What have you eaten today? action happened in the past; its
consequences are important in the
present
present perfect sth that began in the past; continues in
continuous
subject + have / has + been subject + have / has + not + (question word +) have / has + the present
+ verb-ing been + verb-ing subject + been + verb-ing? action repeated from the past until the
Ive been eating. They havent been eating. What has she been eating? present
longer action recently finished, its
results are in the present
action still occurring started
past simple subject + past simple (verb subject + did + not + verb (question word +) did + subject +
+ed) They did not eat breakfast. verb?
She ate some rice. What did they eat for lunch? sth that started and finished in the past
past routine
past simple subject + was / were subject + was / were + not (question word +) was / were + sth that was true for a period of time
with be
They were in a restaurant. She wasnt at home. subject?
Why was she hungry?
past subject + was / were + subject + was / were + not + (question word +) was / were + sth that was happening before and
continuous after an action in the past
verb-ing verb-ing subject + verb-ing? sth that happened for a long time in
They were eating lunch. She wasnt eating a sandwich. Where were you eating? the past
past perfect subject + had + v3 subject + had + not + v3 (question word) + had + subject + action that happened before a specific
simple moment in the past
Shed eaten lunch. He had not eaten an apple. v3
Had they eaten fish before?
past perfect actions that were happening up to a
continuous
subject + had + been + subject + had + not + been + (question word +) had + subject + specific moment in the past
verb-ing verb- been + verb-ing?
Shed been eating breakfast. ing Had they been eating enough
She hadnt been eating an fruit?
apple.
future with will subject + will + verb subject + will + not + verb (question word +) will + subject + future prediction without evidence
spontaneous decisions
She will eat at home. We wont eat anything tonight. verb?
He will not eat fish. What will you eat for lunch?
Will she eat meat?
w/going to subject + am/is/are + going subject + am/is/are + not + (question word +) is/am/are + future plans
to + verb going to + verb subject + going to + verb? predictions based on evidence
I am going to meet her. I am not going to meet her. Are you going to meet her?
future subject + will + be + verb-ing subject + will + not + be + (question word +) will + subject + continuous action in the future
continuous
She will be eating a verb-ing be + verb-ing?
sandwich. He will not be eating anything. Will they be eating at pm?
future perfect subject + will + have + v3 subject + will + not + have + v3 (question word +) will + subject + action that will be completed by a
specific time in the future
I will have eaten lunch by 3 He wont have eaten lunch yet. have + v3?
oclock. Will she have eaten dinner?
be used to subject + is / am / are + subject + am / is / are + not + (question word +) + subject + things that are familiar, customary,
habitual
used to + verb-ing used to + verb-ing used to + verb-ing?
I am used to cooking dinner I am not used to cooking dinner Is she used to cooking?
every night. every night.
used to subject + used to + verb subject + didnt + use to + verb (question word+) + subject + use past habits that now have changed

She used to go to the gym She didnt use to go to the gym to + verb?
every day. every day. Did she use to go to the gym
every day?
cleft sentences Demi released her album on October 16th in the USA. - Emphasizing the
time:
- Emphasizing Demis possession: The time when Demi released her album in the USA was October 16th.
The album which was released on October 16th in the USA was Demis. It was on October 16th when Demi released her album in the USA.
It was Demis album that was released on October 16th in USA.. - Emphasizing the place:
- Emphasizing Demi
: The place where Demi released her album on October 16th was the USA.
The person who released her album on October 16th in the USA was Demi. It was in the USA where Demi released her album on October 16th.
It was Demi who released her album on October 16th in the USA.
reported present simple past simple /
/
present continuous past continuous This
that. These
those. Here there. Now/just then. Today that day.
speech present perfect simple past perfect simple
// past simple past perfect Yesterday the previous day or the day before. Last night the previous night or the
changes present perfect continuous past perfect continuous/
/ past perfect past perfect night before. Tomorrow the next day. Ago before. The next day/week/year the
past continuous past perfect continuous following day/week/year. Hence thence. Thus so or in that way.
past perfect continuous past perfect continuous