Rubian, Roland Joshua G.

NCM
100
BSN1 A

1. Give the different fields of practice nursing and discuss each

responsibilities/functions.

Ambulatory care nursing

o Ambulatory care nurses interact with patients directly and often form long-
term patient care relationships in a variety of settings. Duties include
carrying out a patient treatment plans for acute illnesses, promoting
overall well being, keeping accurate records, coordinating with family
members and possibly providing end of life care.

Advanced practice registered nursing (APRN)

o An advanced practice nurse has completed a masters degree program
and has obtained a variety of skills and knowledge required for advanced
clinical practice. They play a more active and central role in direct patient
diagnosis and treatment.

Cardiac nursing
o Cardiac nurses receive special training related to the heart and supporting
systems. They may work in special cardiac care centers or in more general
hospital settings. From monitoring electrocardiograms to talking with
family members regarding the patients care plan, cardiac nurses support
the health and recovery of patients dealing with cardiac challenges.

Case Management Nurse

o Case management nurses are responsible for coordinating long-term care
for patients, with the goal of developing a treatment plan designed so that
the patients health remains as stable as possible and they can stay out of
the hospital as much as possible. A case management nurse is typically
assigned to a specific group of patients, such as those with cancer or
HIV/AIDS, or to a specific age group.

Critical care nursing

o Patients who are critically ill or injured require vigilant monitoring and
care. Nurses who specialize in critical care provide support and treatment
for patients whose conditions make their overall health particularly
unstable and vulnerable to overall deterioration or death. Critical care
nurses ensure that patients with actual or potentially life-threatening
conditions receive the best care possible.

Dialysis nursing
o Dialysis nurses monitor, medicate, educate and support their patients
through every step of dialysis. They help patients make important lifestyle
choices and changes that can help manage kidney disease. These nursing
professionals have an in-depth understanding of kidney disease and are
specialists in offering their patients the best care during their dialysis
treatment. D
 Emergency and trauma nursing
o Emergency and trauma nurses are registered nurses who have specialized
training and a personality geared toward handling chaotic situations with
caring and calm professionalism. A high degree of stamina and an ability
to quickly integrate information into a care plan is essential for success in
this specialty area.

Forensic nursing
o Forensic nurses play a unique role in the legal system. After tending to the
immediate needs of a person involved in a crime, the nurse will collect
evidence and prepare reports that can be used in a court of law. These
nurses are often called upon to give testimony in a courtroom based on
their medical findings. The special training of forensic nurses provides
invaluable support to victims of abuse, neglect and violent crimes.

Genetics nursing
o Nurses specializing in the area of genetics help individuals understand the
genetic component of disease and illness. They may assist in family risk
assessment, analysis of genetic data or in the research of a particular
disorder or disease. They help families better understand the genetic
implications of disease as well as provide education and ongoing support
for families dealing with health challenges that have a genetic cause.

Geriatric nursing
o Working with elderly patients requires a wide-range of knowledge and
empathy. From understanding complex pharmaceutical treatments to
helping family members follow a loved ones care plan, geriatric nurses
play an important role in todays aging population. Nurses in this field may
further develop a niche in other areas such as home healthcare,
psychology or health education.

Holistic nursing
o Nurses who specialize in holistic nursing integrate traditional and
alternative philosophies of healing. In addition to addressing an
individuals personal medical treatment, a holistic nurse also helps to
meet interconnected emotional, spiritual and cultural needs that support
healing. Holistic nursing involves cultivating a sense of personal
empowerment and responsibility in patients and their family care givers.

Legal nursing
o This specialty area of nursing requires additional legal training for nurses
who wish to consult as a liaison with legal teams. They may review policies
and standards of care to ensure legal compliance or may be called on to
review medical records and prepare depositions. Legal nurse consultants
may also screen records for tampering, prepare arguments for use in court
or help prepare other medical professionals for a court appearance.

Medical-surgical nursing
o Assisting surgeons in todays operating rooms and caring for patients
post-operatively means that medical-surgical nurses need a clear
 understanding of the technological advancements inherent to 21st century
surgical medicine. Ongoing training is essential in this specialty area,
which can have an intense environment and exposure to consistent high
stress situations.

Mental health or psychiatric nursing

o Nurses who find psychology interesting and enjoy working in the mental
health field may gravitate toward a career in mental health or psychiatric
nursing. From administering medicine to helping patients work on other
treatment goals, psychiatric nurses provide an invaluable service to those
struggling with mental health issues.

Midwifery
o Assisting in the birth of babies is both exciting and challenging. Nurse
midwives provide education and long term support to women as they
move through the process of gestation to birth. In addition to solid clinical
training, nurse midwives must also complete a significant amount of hours
of practical training directed by established mentors in the field.

Neonatal nursing
o Supporting the health and emergent medical needs of the youngest
patients in a hospital require highly specialized training and experience.
Neonatal nurses not only support the individual care plan of infants in their
charge, but also play an important role in parent education and training.

Nursing informatics
o Nurses who enjoy working with data communication and electronic file
management systems are in demand to help increase the efficiency and
effectiveness of electronic medical record keeping. Nursing informatics
specialists may coordinate patient records, prepare reports and train other
nurses on new technology.

Nursing management
o With the growing number of nurses entering the profession, strong leaders
are needed to support a well-prepared workforce committed to providing
the best patient care available. Nurse management specialists play a vital
role in creating a stronger healthcare system. A nurse management leader
wears many hats. Overall nurse managers help coordinate a strong
infrastructure across divisions.

Obstetrical nursing
o Nurses who enjoy working with expectant mothers may obtain specialized
training in the field of obstetrics. Obstetrical nurses assess and implement
care plans for women in all stages of pregnancy. They play an important
role assisting in birth and caring for women after delivery. Some nurses
additionally seek complementary specializations in other niche areas such
as neonatal care or labor and delivery.

Occupational health nursing

o Organizations may hire an occupational health nurse to assess potential
risks and develop appropriate plans of action to reduce the probability of
 workplace injury. Some occupational health nurses provide education to
workers over important workplace issues such as decreasing the likelihood
of repetitive motion injury.

Oncology nursing
o Nurses who specialize in oncology work with cancer patients and their
families. While some oncology nurses specialize in diagnostics and
treatments, others may choose to work with families as a health educator
or home health nurse. There are a wide range of areas in this specialty
from nuclear medicine to palliative care.

Orthopaedic nursing
o Orthopaedic nurses play an important role in the management and
treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. From assisting in surgery to
administering medication, nurses who specialize in this area assist
patients of all ages achieve health goals through a best practice approach
to orthopaedic care. Education is also an important role in this specialty
area. Orthopaedic nurses assist patients and their families in better
understanding the injury or condition. They also help to implement short-
term and long-term treatment plans.

Pediatric nursing
o For nurses who enjoy working with infants and young children, pediatric
nursing offers many opportunities to develop long lasting relationships
with young patients and growing families. This fast-paced specialty area
requires great stamina and a personality that can put patients and their
caregivers at ease.

Wound Care - Ostomy nursing

o Ostomy nurses provide care for ostomies of the gastrointestinal and
urinary systems which are necessary for the elimination of bodily wastes
in certain conditions. It is not uncommon for an ostomy nurse to have five
or more years of training before being competitive for top jobs in the field.
In addition to caring for patients with surgical ostomies, ostomy nurses
may also care for wounds caused by injury or infection, as well as pressure
ulcers of all stages.

2. Define health, illness and wellness.

Health - is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Illness - a disease or period of sickness affecting the body or mind.
Wellness - is much more than merely physical health, exercise or nutrition. It is
the full integration of states of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

3. Give the different components of wellness.

Social Wellness is the ability to relate to and connect with other people in our
world. Our ability to establish and maintain positive relationships with family,
 friends and co-workers contributes to our Social Wellness.

Emotional Wellness is the ability to understand ourselves and cope with the
challenges life can bring. The ability to acknowledge and share feelings of anger,
fear, sadness or stress; hope, love, joy and happiness in a productive manner
contributes to our Emotional Wellness.

Spiritual Wellness is the ability to establish peace and harmony in our lives. The
ability to develop congruency between values and actions and to realize a
common purpose that binds creation together contributes to our Spiritual
Wellness.

Environmental Wellness is the ability to recognize our own responsibility for the
quality of the air, the water and the land that surrounds us. The ability to make a
positive impact on the quality of our environment, be it our homes, our
communities or our planet contributes to our Environmental Wellness.

Occupational Wellness is the ability to get personal fulfillment from our jobs or
our chosen career fields while still maintaining balance in our lives. Our desire to
contribute in our careers to make a positive impact on the organizations we work
in and to society as a whole leads to Occupational Wellness.

Intellectual Wellness is the ability to open our minds to new ideas and
experiences that can be applied to personal decisions, group interaction and
community betterment. The desire to learn new concepts, improve skills and
seek challenges in pursuit of lifelong learning contributes to our Intellectual
Wellness.

Physical Wellness is the ability to maintain a healthy quality of life that allows us
to get through our daily activities without undue fatigue or physical stress. The
ability to recognize that our behaviors have a significant impact on our wellness
and adopting healthful habits (routine check ups, a balanced diet, exercise, etc.)
while avoiding destructive habits (tobacco, drugs, alcohol, etc.) will lead to
optimal Physical Wellness.

4. Give the different models of health and describe each.

Clinical model - A model of health, wellness, and illness that narrowly defines
health as the absence of disease.
Eudemonistic model - A model of health, wellness, and illness that focuses
on health as well-being, self-fulfillment, and self-actualization.
Adaptive model - A model of health, wellness, and illness that views health
as adaptation to the physical and social world in which a person lives and
disease as maladaptation to this world.
Role performance model - A model of health, wellness, and illness that views
health in functional terms; here, if a person can function, he or she is
healthy.
Health Belief Model
1. Individual Perception r/t the severity of their health problem.
2. Modifying Factors-Demographic characteristics (age, race, education), socio-
psychological (personality, peer pressure) and structural characteristics (prior
 experience with HC providers and the disease).
3.Likelihood of action depends of individual perception and modifying factors.

5. Describe the health-illness continuum of Travis and Dunn. Illustrate in a

drawing.

o Health-Illness Continuum

Health and illness can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum
From high level of health, a persons condition can move through good health --
normal health -- poor health -- extremely poor health -- to death.
People move back and forth within this continuum day by day.
How people perceive themselves and how others see them in terms of health and
illness will also affect their placement on the continuum.

o Characteristics of Health-Illness Continuum Model

At any time, any persons health status holds a place on certain point between
two ends of health-illness continuum
Any point on the health-illness continuum is a synthetically representation of
various aspects of individual in physiology, psychology and society.

MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNES

o DUNNS HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS AND GRID MODEL

X-axis is HEALTH ranges from peak wellness to death

Y-axis is ENVIRONMENT ranges from very favorable to very unfavorable

o Travis Illness-Wellness Continuum

Composed of two arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral

point
1. Movement to the right on the arrows (towards high-level wellness) equals an
increasing level of health and well-being

o Achieved in Three Steps:

a. Awareness
b. Education
c. Growth

2. Movement to the left on the arrows (towards premature death) equates a

progressively decreasing state of health

o Achieved in Three Steps:

a. Signs
b. Symptoms
c. Disability

3. Most important is the direction the individual is facing on the pathway

A. If towards high-level health, a person has a genuinely optimistic or positive

outlook despite his/her health status
B. If towards premature death, a person has a genuinely pessimistic or negative
outlook about his/her health status

4. Compares a treatment model with a wellness model

A. If a treatment model is used, an individual can move right only to the neutral
point
B. If a wellness model is used, an individual can move right past the neutral point

6. Give the different stages of illness.

Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms

Stage 2: Assuming the sick role
Stage 3: Medical care contact
Stage 4: Assuming a dependent role
 Stage 5: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation