Solved Problems signals and systems

1. Express the signals shown in Fig. 1 in terms of unit step functions.

Fig. 1

Answer x(t ) u (t 1) 2u (t ) u (t 1) u (t 2) u (t 3)

2. Consider the system shown in Fig. 2. Determine whether it is (a) memoryless, ( b )causal, ( c ) linear,
( d ) time-invariant, or ( e ) stable.

Fig. 2

(a) From Fig. 2 we have y (t ) T x (t ) x (t ) cos c (t ) ; Since the value of the output y ( t ) depends on only
the present values of the input x( t ), the system is memoryless.

(b) E.g . t 5, y (5) x(5) cos c (5) ; Since the output y ( t ) does not depend on the future values of the input
x(t), the system is causal.

(c) Let x(t ) 1 x(t ) 2 x(t ). Then

y (t ) 1x1(t ) 2 x 2(t )cos c t
1x1 (t ) cos ct 2 x2 (t ) cos c t
1 y1 (t ) 2 y2 (t )
Thus, the system is linear.

(d) Let y1 (t ) x1 (t ) x (t t0 ) . Then

be the output produced by the shifted input
y1 (t ) T x(t t0 ) x(t t0 ) cos c (t )

But y (t t0 ) x(t t0 ) cos c (t t0 ) y1 (t ) . Hence, the system is not time-invariant.

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Solved Problems signals and systems

(e) Since cos c t 1, we have

y (t ) x(t ) cos c t x(t )
Thus, if the input x(t) is bounded, then the output y(t) is also bounded and the system is BIB0 stable.

3. Evaluate y (t ) x(t ) h(t ), where x(t ) u (t ) u (t 3) and h(t ) u (t ) u (t 2)

(a) by an analytical technique, and (b) by a graphical method.

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Solved Problems signals and systems

(b) by a graphical method.

Functions h( ), x( ) and h(t ), x( )h(t ) for different values of t are sketched in figure below.
We see that x( ) and h(t ) do not overlap for t 0 and t 5, and hence y (t ) 0 for t 0 and
t 5 . For the other intervals, x( ) and h(t ) overlap. Thus, computing the area under the rectangular
pluses for these intervals, we obtain

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

4. The continuous-time system consists of two integrators and two scalar multipliers. Write a differential
equation that relates the output y(t) and the input x( t ).

dw(t )
e(t ) a1w(t ) a2 y(t ) x(t ) -------------- (1)
dt
Since w(t ) is the input to the second integrator, we have
dy(t )
w(t )) -------------- (2)
dt
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1), we get

d 2 y (t ) dy(t )
a1 a2 y (t ) x(t )
dt 2 dt
d 2 y (t ) dy(t )
Or a1 a2 y (t ) x(t )
dt 2 dt

5. The impulse response h[n] of a discrete-time LTI system. (a). Determine and sketch the output y[n] of this
system to the input x[n]. (b) without using the convolution technique.

h[n] [n] [n 1] [n 2] [n 3] [n 4] [n 5] ,
x[n] [n 2] [n 4]
x[n] h[n] x[n] [n] [n 1] [n 2] [n 3] [n 4] [n 5]
x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2] x[n 3] x[n 4] x[n 5]

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Solved Problems signals and systems

y[n] [n 2] [n 4] [n 3] [n 5] [n 4] [n 6] [n 5] [n 7]
[n 6] [n 8] [n 7] [n 9]
[n 2] [n 3] 2 [n 6] 2 [n 7] [n 8] [n 9]
y[n] 0,0,1,1,0,0,2,2,1,1

6. Consider the discrete-time system. Write a difference equation that relates the output y[n] and the input x[n].

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Solved Problems signals and systems

7. Write the input-output equation for the system.

w[n]

w[n 1]
1
w[n] x[n] w[n 1] ---------------- (1)
2
y[n] 2w[n] w[n 1] ---------------- (2)
Solving Eqs.(1) and (2) for w[n] and w[n 1] in term of x[n] and y[n]
1
w[n 1] y[n] x[n] ---------------- (3)
2
1 1
w[n] y[n] x[n] ---------------- (4)
4 2
Changing n to (n 1) in Eq.(4)
1 1
w[n 1] y[n 1] x[n 1] ---------------- (5)
4 2
Thus, equating Eq.(4) and Eq.(5), we have
1 1 1
y[n] x[n] y[n 1] x[n 1]
2 4 2
Multiplying both sides of the above equation by 4
2 y[n] 4 x[n] y[n 1] 2 x[n 1]
and rearranging terms, we obtain
2 y[n] y[n 1] 4 x[n] 2 x[n 1]

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