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Engr. Adonis A.
All the lecture notes of ME56
Closas
Air Conditioning is the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, air movement
and quality of air in a space.
Moist air is a working substance in airconditioning. It is the binary mixture of any air
and water vapor.
Dry air is the non-condensing component of the mixture mainly the nitrogen and
oxygen.
kg
M a=28.966 , molecular weight of dry air
kmol
M v =18.01, molecular weight of water vapor
Dry air:
R Btu ftlbf J
R a= =0.0686 =53.35 =287
Ma lbm R lbmK kgK
Water vapor:
R Btu ftlbf J
Rv = =0.110 =85.78 =462
Mv lbm R lbmK kgK
Gas vapor mixture at temperature below critical temperature, the gas phase of a
substance is frequently referred to as a vapor.
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of some other gases.
The amount of water vapor changes as a result of condensation and evaporation from
oceans.
In airconditioning applications the temperature of air ranges from about -10 to about
50C.In this range, the dry air can be treated as an ideal gas with:
kJ Btu
C p =1.005 =.240
kgK lbm R
At 50C, the Psat of water is 12.3 kPa at pressure below this value can be treated as an
ideal gas. Therefore, water vapor in the air behaves the relation Pv=RT . Then the
P=Pa + P v
atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal gas mixture whose pressure ,
where:
Pa= pressure of dry air
Vapor pressure it is the pressure the water vapor would exert if it existed alone at the
temperature and volume of the mixture.
h v ( T , low P ) =hg ( T ) , enthalpy of water vapor air can be taken be equal the enthalpy of
Pv V Pv
m R T R P
= v = v = v =0.622 v
ma P a V Pa Pa
R a T Ra
0.622 Pv
=
PP v
Saturated air is a mixture of dry air and vapor until such that the air cannot absorb vapor
anymore. Any moisture introduced into saturated air will condense; the amount of water
vapor in saturated air at a specified temperature and pressure.
0.622 P g 0.622 Ps
= = , P g=Ps =saturation pressure of water at a giventemperature
PP g PP s
The amount of moisture in the air has a definite effect on how comfortable we feel in an
environment.
Relative Humidity () is the amount of moisture the air holds (mv) relative to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the same temperature (mg).
Pv V
m R T P
= v = v = v where P g=P sat at T
m g Pg V P g
Rv T
Combining and :
P
=
(0.622+)P g
And:
0.622 P g
=
P P g
The relative humidity ranges 0 for dry air to 1 for saturated air.
Dividing by ma:
H m h
h= =h a+ v v =h a+ h v , hv hg
ma ma
Or:
kJ
h=ha + h g ,
kg dry air
h=C p T + hg
Dry bulb temperature is ordinary temperature of atmospheric air.
Dew point temperature TDP is the temperature at which condensation begins if the air is
cooled at constant pressure.
T DP=T sat at P v
Pv
0.622( )
PPv
=
Ps
0.622( )
PPs
P v PP s
( )
Ps PPv
Ps
P v 1 P
( )
Ps Pv
1
P
=
[ ]
PPs
PP v
Pv =0
If , =0 , no water.
Pv =P s
If , =1100 , completely saturated.
The air containing moisture in such state is called saturated air. In this state, the air is
holding the maximum amount of water vapor (the specific humidity being ws,
corresponding to the partial pressure Ps) at temperature T of the mixture.
Ps
s=0.622
PPs
Wet bulb depression is the difference between the reading of the wet and dry bulb
thermometers and is equal to (TDB - TWB).
Adiabatic Saturation
Adiabatic saturated temperature is that temperature at which water by evaporating
into air can being the air to satisfy adiabatically at the same temperature.
By conservation of mass:
m w + m f = mw2
Or:
m a 1 + m f =m a 2 ,
the mass flow rate of vapor the air increases by an amount equal the rate of evaporation m f
Thus,
m f =m a (2 1 )
By conservation of energy:
m i hi= m e he since Q=0
=0
W
ma 1 h 1+ m f hf 2= ma2 h2
Or:
m a h1+ m a (21 )h f 2=m a h2
m a
Dividing by gives:
h1 +( 21) h f 2=[ C p T 2+2 h g2 ]
Which yields:
T
( 2T 1)+ 2 h fg 2
C p
1 =
Where from:
0.622 P g
2 = , since =100
P P g
Then,
0.622 Pg 0.622 P s
2 = , 2= Equation2
PP g PPs
Thus we conclude that specific humidity and relative humidity of air can be determined
from equations 1 and 2 by measuring the pressure and temperature of the air at the inlet
and exit of an adiabatic saturator.
If the air entering the channel is already saturated, the adiabatic saturation temperature
1 =2
T2 will be identical to the inlet temperature T1 in which .
In general, the adiabatic saturation temperature will be between the inlet and dew point
temperatures.
Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of air and water vapor.
The Psychrometric Chart also serves as a valuable aid in visualizing the air conditioning
process.
Most air conditioning processes can be modified as steady flow processes by applying
the steady flow conservation of mass for both dry air and water and conservation of
energy principles.
W
Energy=Q = m e he m i hi
The conservation of mass for heating and cooling process and neglecting fan work:
1 =2 for water
Q c =m a (h 2h1 )
q s=(h2h 1)
Where:
h1=enthalpy per unit mass of dry air at the inlet
Sensible Heat
Qs= m a C pmix ( t 2t 1 )= m a C pa ( t 2t 1) + m a C pv ( t 2t 1 )
m a (1.005+1.82 ) ( t 2t 1 )
a V C pmix ( t 2 t 1 )
Qs=1.2 V ( t 2t 1 )
L
V = , volume flow rate
s
Qs=watts
t=temp C
lb
standard air =sat . air =0.075
ft 3
Latent Heat
QL =m a ( h2h1 )
m a [ ( C p t 2+ hfg 0 2 )( C p t 1 +h fg0 1) ]
m a hfg 0 ( 2 1 )
a V hfg 0 ( 2 1 )
QL =2.9 V ( 2 1 )
L
V = , volume flow rate
s
QL =watts
g
=
kgDA
MJ
a hfg 0=2.9
m3
Jones, W. P., Air conditioning engineering, 5th ed.Elsevier Science & Technology Books
1.5 m3/s of moist air at a state of 15C dry-bulb, 10C wet-bulb (sling) and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure, enters the spray chamber of an air washer. The humidifying
efficiency of the washer is 90%, all the spray water is recirculated, the spray chamber
and the tank are perfectly lagged, and mains water at 10C is supplied to make good the
losses due to evaporation.
Calculate (a) the dry-bulb temperature at exit from the washer, (b) the rate of flow of
make-up water from the mains.
a.
90 b5.558
=
100 7.6595.558
g
b=7.449
kgDA
Evaporative Cooling
Energy:
mai h1 + ma 2 h2=ma 3 h3
ma 3
When two inlet streams are known, divide by :
1 mai 2 ma 2
+ = 3
ma 3 ma 3
And:
h1 mai h2 ma 2
+ =h3
ma 3 ma 3
Note: If the condition in 3 3, the water vapor in the air will condense because the ratios
mai ma 2
ma 3 and ma 3 represents the factors of the total flow which enter the mixing process at
state 1 and 2.
ma 3
Eliminating from the relation above:
mai 2 3 h2h3
= =
ma 2 3 1 h3h1
Jones, W. P., Air conditioning engineering, 5th ed.Elsevier Science & Technology Books
Moist air at a state of 21C dry-bulb, 15C wet-bulb (sling) and 101.325 kPa barometric
pressure enters a spray chamber. If, for each kilogram of dry air passing through the
chamber, 0.002 kg of water at 100C is injected and totally evaporated, calculate the
moisture content, enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature of the moist air leaving the
chamber.
kJ
ha =41.88 ( psychrometric chart )
kgDA
kg
a=0.008171 ( psychrometric chart )
kgDA
kJ
hw =418.06 ( thermodynamic propertiestable ,100 C saturation water )
kgwater
b=0.008171+0.002
kg
0.010171
kgDA
kJ
hb =41.88+0.002 418.06=42.716
kgDA
t b=16.9
Cooling moist air at constant pressure:
'
v 1= g gives T 1 =56 C by interpolation this isthe temp at which condensation begins .
Note: When a moist air mixture is cooled at constant mixture volume the temp at
which condensation begins is not the dew point temp corresponding to the initial
state. In this state, the condensation begins at 56 C , but the dew point temp at
the initial state determined in part a is 60C.
The process is assumed to be adiabatic. The fan work is neglected, and KE=PE
are negligible.
m hout mh
=0
m
a 1 h m 1+ m
w 3 hw 3= m
a 2 hm 2 + m
w 4 hw 4
Or:
m
a 1 (ha 1 + h v1 )+ m
w 3 h w 3=m
a 2 (ha 2 + h v 2)+ m
w 4 hw 4
m
a 1= m
a 2=m
a , Dry air mass
a [ C pa (T 1 T 2 )+ 1 hg 1 2 hg 2 ] =m
m w 4 hf 1 + m
w 3 hf 3
m
w 4= m
w3 m
a (2 1 )
Water mass:
m wi = m we
m
3m
4 =m
a ( 21 )= m
makeup
Energy:
QW = m
e h e m
i hi
0=m
a 2 h2 + m
4 h 4m
a 1 h1m
3 h3
h
( 2h1)+( m
3 m makeup )h 4 m
3 h3
0=m a
h
( 2h1)+( 21 )h 4
m
(h h )
m a= 3 3 4
Range=t at b
Approach=t bt wb
actual range
Efficiency of cooling tower =
theoretical range
t a t b
tower =
t at wb
Theoretical Range=Range+ Approach
t at b+t b t wb
t at wb
m
w C pw T = m
a ( h 2h1 )
m
w C pw (t a t b)= m
a ( h 2h1 )
Inlet:
DBT = 35oC and WBT = 24oC
Humidity ratio, W = 0.01426 kgw/kgda
i
Enthalpy, h = 71.565 kJ/kgda
i
3
Sp. volume, = 0.89284 m /kgda
Outlet:
DBT = 26oC and RH = 95%
Humidity ratio, W = 0.02025 kgw/kgda
o
Enthalpy, h = 77.588 kJ/kgda
Qc = ma{(hohi) (WoWi)hw} = 100 kW
ma= 18.97 kg/s,
Vi = ma x = 16.94 m3/s
m = m (W - W ) = 18.97(0.02025 0.01426) = 0.1136 kg/s = 113.6 grams/s
w a o i
Billyje L. Tadlas
Cooling Tower
A.R. Trott, T.C. Welsh. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Ed. Butterworths-Heineman
o
In an air conditioning system air at a flow rate of 2 kg/s enters the cooling coil at 25 C
o
and 50% RH and leaves the cooling coil at 11 C and 90% RH. The apparatus dew point of
o
the cooling coil is 7 C. Find a) The required cooling capacity of the coil, b) Sensible Heat
Factor for the process, and c) By-pass factor of the cooling coil. Assume the barometric
pressure to be 1 atm. Assume the condensate water to leave the coil at ADP (h = 29.26
w
kJ/kg)
o
Ti = 25 C and RH = 50%
W = 0.00988 kgw/kgda and h = 50.155 kJ/kgda
i
o
To = 11 C and RH = 90%
Wo = 0.00734 kgw/kgda
ho = 29.496 kJ/kgda
The purpose of the air conditioning system of a building is to provide complete thermal
comfort for its occupants.
Cooling load:
S
Q
a. Sensible, (internal, external). Example: wall, roofs, windows, lighting,
equipment, occupants, infiltration from cracks and windows without sealant, etc.
Q
b. Latent, L . Example: equipment, occupants, infiltration.
In summer comfort:
t
( 2t 1) may vary from approximately 15 to 25F (10 to 15C), depending upon the
method of air distribution.
q' =
Q S + Q L
m w
( h2h 1) h
q' = =
( 2 1 )
kJ
2500
kg w
m
a ( h3h 1) + m
a ( h 2h3 )
m
a hfg 0 ( 31 ) + m
a C pm ( t 2 t 1 )
m
a hfg 0 ( 2 1 ) + m
a C pm ( t 2t 1 )
q S
SHF =SHR= , where q = q S+ q L
q
C pm ( t 2t 1 )
C pm ( t 2t 1 ) +h fg0 ( 2 1)
1
SHF =
h fg0
1+
C pm t
1
SHF =
h fg 0
1+ tan
C pm
C pm 1
tan= ( 1)
hfg 0 SHF
S =mC
Q pmix ( T )
V o C pmix ( T )
Cooling coil:
a. If t2>tDP:
b. If t2<tDP:
i. Apparatus dew point, ADP is the effective surface temperature of the cooling
coil
ii. Coil contact factor or by-pass factor (BF)
t i t 0
t it ADP
C =1BF
Typical BF 10
a.
5500011000
SHF = =0.8
55000
Btu
h sa =19.2
lbmDA
sa=0.0066
3
ft
v sa =12.95
lbmDA
sa =86
b.
55000 lbmDA
m
sa= =9016.4
25.319.2 hr
9016.4 12.95 ft 3
Vsa= =1946
60 min
c.
Btu
hmix =25.3+0.25 ( 43.425.3 )=29.83
lbmDA
coil =m
Q sa ( hmix h sa)
9016.4 ( 29.8319.2 )
Btu
95844
hr
95844
=8 tons
12000
Threlkeld, James L., Thermal Environmental Engineering, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Engelwood Cliffs, N.J., 1970.
A room is to be maintained at a state of 20C dry-bulb and 50 per cent saturation by a
planthandling 0.5 m3/s of outside air at a state of-2C saturated. The airstream is heated
toa temperature warm enough to offset a heat loss of 2.5 kW and dry steam is then
injectedto maintain the humidity required in the room. Calculate the supply air
temperature and theheating and humidification loads.
At state O:
Moisture content = 3.205 g/kg
Enthalpy = 5.992 kJ/kg
Specific volume = 0.7716 m3/kg
ts = 23.8C
At state B:
Enthalpy = 32.10 kJ/kg
At state S:
ts = 23.8C
Moisture content = 7.376 g/kg
Enthalpy = 42.71 kJ/kg